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Nerella SG, Singh P, Sanam T, Digwal CS. PET Molecular Imaging in Drug Development: The Imaging and Chemistry Perspective. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:812270. [PMID: 35295604 PMCID: PMC8919964 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.812270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography with selective radioligands advances the drug discovery and development process by revealing information about target engagement, proof of mechanism, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an essential and highly significant tool to study therapeutic drug development, dose regimen, and the drug plasma concentrations of new drug candidates. Selective radioligands bring up target-specific information in several disease states including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological conditions by quantifying various rates of biological processes with PET, which are associated with its physiological changes in living subjects, thus it reveals disease progression and also advances the clinical investigation. This study explores the major roles, applications, and advances of PET molecular imaging in drug discovery and development process with a wide range of radiochemistry as well as clinical outcomes of positron-emitting carbon-11 and fluorine-18 radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Goud Nerella
- Department of Neuroimaging and Interventional Radiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Priti Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Tulja Sanam
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Chander Singh Digwal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
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Bolcaen J, Kleynhans J, Nair S, Verhoeven J, Goethals I, Sathekge M, Vandevoorde C, Ebenhan T. A perspective on the radiopharmaceutical requirements for imaging and therapy of glioblastoma. Theranostics 2021; 11:7911-7947. [PMID: 34335972 PMCID: PMC8315062 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous clinical trials and pre-clinical developments, the treatment of glioblastoma (GB) remains a challenge. The current survival rate of GB averages one year, even with an optimal standard of care. However, the future promises efficient patient-tailored treatments, including targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Advances in radiopharmaceutical development have unlocked the possibility to assess disease at the molecular level allowing individual diagnosis. This leads to the possibility of choosing a tailored, targeted approach for therapeutic modalities. Therapeutic modalities based on radiopharmaceuticals are an exciting development with great potential to promote a personalised approach to medicine. However, an effective targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) for the treatment of GB entails caveats and requisites. This review provides an overview of existing nuclear imaging and TRT strategies for GB. A critical discussion of the optimal characteristics for new GB targeting therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and clinical indications are provided. Considerations for target selection are discussed, i.e. specific presence of the target, expression level and pharmacological access to the target, with particular attention to blood-brain barrier crossing. An overview of the most promising radionuclides is given along with a validation of the relevant radiopharmaceuticals and theranostic agents (based on small molecules, peptides and monoclonal antibodies). Moreover, toxicity issues and safety pharmacology aspects will be presented, both in general and for the brain in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bolcaen
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janke Kleynhans
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shankari Nair
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Ingeborg Goethals
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mike Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Huang YC, Farn SS, Chou YC, Yeh CN, Chang CW, Chung YH, Chen TW, Huang WS, Yu CS. Synthesis of para
-[ 18
F]Fluorofenbufen Octylamide for PET Imaging of Brain Tumors. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Chang Gung University; Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Shiow Farn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences; National Tsinghua University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Isotope Application Division; Institute of Nuclear Energy Research; Taoyuan 32546 Taiwan
| | - Yo-Cheng Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences; National Tsinghua University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Chang Gung University; Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Veterans General Hospital at Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Chung
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou; Chang Gung University; Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sheng Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Veterans General Hospital at Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences; National Tsinghua University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science; National Tsing-Hua University; Hsinchu 300 Taiwan
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Chang CW, Yeh CN, Chung YH, Chen YR, Tien SW, Chen TW, Farn SS, Huang YC, Yu CS. Synthesis and evaluation of ortho-[ 18F] fluorocelecoxib for COX-2 cholangiocarcinoma imaging. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1467-1478. [PMID: 29872269 PMCID: PMC5973465 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s161718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background An 18F-tagged NSAID analog was prepared for use as a probe for COX-2 expression, which is associated with tumor development. Methods The in vivo uptake of celecoxib was monitored with ortho-[18F]fluorocelecoxib using positron emission tomography (PET). The binding affinity of ortho-[18F]fluorocelecoxib to COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes were assessed using the competitor celecoxib. Results The IC50 values were 0.039 μM and 0.024 μM, respectively. A selectivity index of 1.63 was obtained (COX-2 vs COX-1). COX-2 overexpressed cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) murine cells took up more ortho-[18F]fluorocelecoxib than that by usual CCA cells from 10 to 60 minutes post incubation. Competitive inhibition (blocking) of the tracer uptake of ortho-[18F]fluorocelecoxib in the presence of celecoxib by the COX-2 overexpressed CCA cells and the usual CCA cells gave the IC50 values of 0.5 μM and 46.5 μM, respectively. Based on the in vitro accumulation data and in vivo metabolism half-life (30 min), PET scanning was performed 30–60 min after the administration of ortho-[18F]fluorocelecoxib through the tail vein. Study of ortho-[18F]F-celecoxib in the CCA rats showed a tumor to normal ratio (T/N) of 1.38±0.23 and uptake dose of 1.14±0.25 (%ID/g). Conclusion The inferior in vivo blocking results of 1.48±0.20 (T/N) and 1.18±0.22 (%ID/g) suggests that the nonspecificity is associated with the complex role of peroxidase or the binding to carbonic anhydrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Liver Research Center, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Chung
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Ren Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Wei Tien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Wen Chen
- Department of Surgery, Liver Research Center, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Shiow Farn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Synthesis and characterization of boron fenbufen and its F-18 labeled homolog for boron neutron capture therapy of COX-2 overexpressed cholangiocarcinoma. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:217-229. [PMID: 28728977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary therapy that employs neutron irradiation on the boron agents to release high-energy helium and alpha particles to kill cancer cells. An optimal response to BNCT depends critically on the time point of maximal 10B accumulation and highest tumor to normal ratio (T/N) for performing the neutron irradiation. The aggressive cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) representing a liver cancer that overexpresses COX-2 enzyme is aimed to be targeted by COX-2 selective boron carrier, fenbufen boronopinacol (FBPin). Two main works were performed including: 1) chemical synthesis of FBPin as the boron carrier and 2) radiochemical labeling with F-18 to provide the radiofluoro congener, m-[18F]fluorofenbufen ester boronopinacol (m-[18F]FFBPin), to assess the binding affinity, cellular accumulation level and distribution profile in CCA rats. FBPin was prepared from bromofenbufen via 3 steps with 82% yield. The binding assay employed [18F]FFBPin to compete FBPin for binding to COX-1 (IC50=0.91±0.68μM) and COX-2 (IC50=0.33±0.24μM). [18F]FFBPin-derived 60-min dynamic PET scans predict the 10B-accumulation of 0.8-1.2ppm in liver and 1.2-1.8ppm in tumor and tumor to normal ratio=1.38±0.12. BNCT was performed 40-55min post intravenous administration of FBPin (20-30mg) in the CCA rats. CCA rats treated with BNCT display more tumor reduction than that by NCT with respect of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy glucose uptake in the tumor region of interest, 20.83±3.00% (n=12) vs. 12.83±3.79% (n=10), P=0.05. The visualizing agent [18F]FFBPin resembles FBPin to generate the time-dependent boron concentration profile. Optimal neutron irradiation period is thus determinable for BNCT. A boron-substituted agent based on COX-2-binding features has been prepared. The moderate COX-2/COX-1 selectivity index of 2.78 allows a fair tumor selectivity index of 1.38 with a mild cardiovascular effect. The therapeutic effect from FBPin with BNCT warrants a proper COX-2 targeting of boron NSAIDs.
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van der Born D, Pees A, Poot AJ, Orru RVA, Windhorst AD, Vugts DJ. Fluorine-18 labelled building blocks for PET tracer synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:4709-4773. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00492j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive overview of the synthesis and application of fluorine-18 labelled building blocks since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion van der Born
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Anna Pees
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Alex J. Poot
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Romano V. A. Orru
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Amsterdam Institute for Molecules
- Medicines & Systems (AIMMS)
- VU University Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Albert D. Windhorst
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J. Vugts
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
- VU University Medical Center
- 1081 HV Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of an (18)Fluorine-Labeled COX Inhibitor--[(18)F]Fluorooctyl Fenbufen Amide--For Imaging of Brain Tumors. Molecules 2016; 21:387. [PMID: 27007363 PMCID: PMC6273898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging of brain tumors remains a great challenge, despite the advances made in imaging technology. An anti-inflammatory compound may be a useful tool for this purpose because there is evidence of inflammatory processes in brain tumor micro-environments. Fluorooctylfenbufen amide (FOFA) was prepared from 8-chlorooctanol via treatment with potassium phthalimide, tosylation with Ts2O, fluorination with KF under phase transfer catalyzed conditions, deprotection using aqueous hydrazine, and coupling with fenbufen. The corresponding radiofluoro product [18F]FOFA, had a final radiochemical yield of 2.81 mCi and was prepared from activated [18F]F− (212 mCi) via HPLC purification and concentration. The radiochemical purity was determined to be 99%, and the specific activity was shown to exceed 22 GBq/μmol (EOS) based on decay-corrected calculations. Ex-vivo analysis of [18F]FOFA in plasma using HPLC showed that the agent had a half-life of 15 min. PET scanning showed significant accumulation of [18F]FOFA over tumor loci with reasonable contrast in C6-glioma bearing rats. These results suggest that this molecule is a promising agent for the visualization of brain tumors. Further investigations should focus on tumor micro-environments.
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Huang YC, Huang HL, Yeh CN, Lin KJ, Yu CS. Investigation of brain tumors using (18)F-fluorobutyl ethacrynic amide and its metabolite with positron emission tomography. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:1877-85. [PMID: 26244025 PMCID: PMC4521672 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s78404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, imaging of malignant glioma remains challenging. In positron emission tomography-related diagnostic imaging, differential tumor uptake of 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F] fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) has been shown to reflect the levels of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. However, additional biomarkers for tumors are urgently required. Aberrant levels of glutathione transferase (GST) activity have been hypothesized to constitute such a novel diagnostic marker. Here, a C6 rat glioma tumor model was used to assess the ability of the positron emission tomography tracers, [18F]FLT and 18F-fluorobutyl ethacrynic amide ([18F]FBuEA), to indicate reactive oxygen species-induced stress responses as well as detoxification-related processes in tumors. Using a GST activity assay, we were able to demonstrate that FBuEA is more readily catalyzed by GST-π than by GST-α. Furthermore, we showed that FBuEA-GS, a metabolite of FBuEA, elicits greater cytotoxicity in tumor cells than in normal fibroblast cells. Finally, in vitro and in vivo investigation of radiotracer distribution of [18F]FBuEA and [18F] FBuEA-GS revealed preferential accumulation in C6 glioma tumor cells over normal fibroblast cells for [18F]FBuEA-GS but not for [18F]FBuEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cheng Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Lien Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Chang Gung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shan Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsinghua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan ; Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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