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Cabibel V, Héraud N, Perrey S, Oliver N, Alexandre F, Varray A. Is bilateral corticospinal connectivity impaired in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? J Physiol 2020; 598:4591-4602. [PMID: 32697330 DOI: 10.1113/jp279560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS During moderate and high levels of quadriceps force production, the ipsilateral motor cortex is concomitantly activated with the contralateral motor cortex throughout the corpus callosum to generate the motor command. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients display a structurally impaired corpus callosum that may explain the reduced motor command in this population, which in turn contributes to COPD-related muscle weakness of the knee extensors. The study aimed to determine whether bilateral connectivity was impaired and ipsilateral activation was lowered during unilateral strength production of the knee extensors. Our results indicate impaired bilateral connectivity but preserved ipsilateral activation in patients during unilateral isometric contractions of 50% of maximum voluntary strength. The preservation of ipsilateral activation during force production despite impaired bilateral connectivity is consistent with a reorganization of bilateral motor network function that drives unilateral strength production. ABSTRACT The contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) is not the only brain area implicated in motor command generation. During moderate and high levels of quadriceps force production, the ipsilateral M1 is concomitantly activated. Such activation is mediated by the corpus callosum, the main component of bilateral connectivity. Structural damage to the corpus callosum has been observed in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, which might reduce ipsilateral activation and contribute to the lower motor command associated with COPD muscle weakness. We thus aimed to determine whether bilateral connectivity and ipsilateral activation were impaired in COPD. Twenty-two COPD patients and 21 healthy age-matched controls were evaluated by transcranial magnetic stimulation, at rest and during 50% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the dominant vastus lateralis muscle. Bilateral connectivity was determined by the ipsilateral silent period (iSP) during 50% MVIC. Ipsilateral activation was determined as the increase in ipsilateral excitability from rest to 50% MVIC. As expected, COPD patients had significantly lower MVIC (-25%, p = 0.03). These patients also showed a significantly lower iSP (-53%, p < 0.001) compared to controls. The ipsilateral excitability was increased in patients and controls (×2.5 and ×3.5, respectively, p < 0.001) but not differently between groups (p = 0.84). Despite impaired bilateral connectivity in COPD, ipsilateral activation was not increased. Reorganization in the patients' interhemispheric pathways could explain the preserved ipsilateral activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cabibel
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France.,Les Cliniques du Souffle, Groupe 5 Santé, France
| | - Nelly Héraud
- Les Cliniques du Souffle, Groupe 5 Santé, France
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Alain Varray
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
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2
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Chettouf S, Rueda-Delgado LM, de Vries R, Ritter P, Daffertshofer A. Are unimanual movements bilateral? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:39-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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3
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Cabibel V, Hordacre B, Perrey S. Implication of the ipsilateral motor network in unilateral voluntary muscle contraction: the cross-activation phenomenon. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:2090-2098. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00064.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Voluntary force production requires that the brain produces and transmits a motor command to the muscles. It is widely acknowledged that motor commands are executed from the primary motor cortex (M1) located in the contralateral hemisphere. However, involvement of M1 located in the ipsilateral hemisphere during moderate to high levels of unilateral muscle contractions (>30% of the maximum) has been disclosed in recent years. This phenomenon has been termed cross-activation. The activation of the ipsilateral M1 relies on complex inhibitory and excitatory interhemispheric interactions mediated via the corpus callosum and modulated according to the contraction level. The regulatory mechanisms underlying these interhemispheric interactions, especially excitatory ones, remain vague, and contradictions exist in the literature. In addition, very little is known regarding the possibility that other pathways could also mediate the cross-activation. In the present review, we will therefore summarize the concept of cross-activation during unilateral voluntary muscle contraction and explore the associated mechanisms and other nervous system pathways underpinning this response. A broader knowledge of these mechanisms would consequently allow a better comprehension of the motor system as a whole, as distant brain networks working together to produce the motor command.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Cabibel
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Brenton Hordacre
- Innovation, IMPlementation and Clinical Translation (IIMPACT) in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stéphane Perrey
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
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4
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Vanbellingen T, Pastore-Wapp M, Kübel S, Nyffeler T, Schüpfer AC, Kiefer C, Zizlsperger L, Lutz K, Luft AR, Walther S, Bohlhalter S. Interhemispheric facilitation of gesturing: A combined theta burst stimulation and diffusion tensor imaging study. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:457-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Bundy DT, Leuthardt EC. The Cortical Physiology of Ipsilateral Limb Movements. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:825-839. [PMID: 31514976 PMCID: PMC6825896 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Whereas voluntary movements have long been understood to derive primarily from the cortical hemisphere contralateral to a moving limb, substantial cortical activations also occur in the same-sided, or ipsilateral, cortical hemisphere. These ipsilateral motor activations have recently been shown to be useful to decode specific movement features. Furthermore, in contrast to the classical understanding that unilateral limb movements are solely driven by the contralateral hemisphere, it appears that the ipsilateral hemisphere plays an active and specific role in the planning and execution of voluntary movements. Here we review the movement-related activations observed in the ipsilateral cortical hemisphere, interpret this evidence in light of the potential roles of the ipsilateral hemisphere in the planning and execution of movements, and describe the implications for clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Bundy
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Eric C Leuthardt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center of Innovation in Neuroscience and Technology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Xi SD, Zhu YL, Chen C, Liu HQ, Wang WW, Li F. The plasticity of the corticospinal tract in children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy after Botulinum Toxin A treatment. J Neurol Sci 2018; 394:19-25. [PMID: 30196131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A (BTX-A) intervention has long-term benefits for children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP). Although cortical plasticity has been widely studied, plasticity in white matter has not received as much attention. Here, six children with OBPP underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) before and 6 months after BTX-A treatment. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded. The aim was to investigate changes in the corticospinal tract (CST) as an example longitudinal observation of white matter plasticity. Deterministic fiber tracking with a Fiber Assignment by Continuous Tracking algorithm was used to reconstruct the CST. Fiber tracts passing through a region of interest (ROI) in the posterior limb of the internal capsule and a target ROI in the upper-limb representation of M1 (defined by task-related fMRI) were selected as the CST. Motor performances were improved while EMG showed no significant difference 6 months after the treatment. We observed a significant increase in mean fractional anisotropy and a significant decrease in fiber number after treatment. We analyzed the correlations between DTI metrics and clinical motor assessments. Although the correlation results were not statistically significant, they support the notion that BTX-A treatment causes white matter plasticity and has a positive long-term outcome. Peripheral deafferentation may lead to altered information flow, resulting in the positive adaptation of white matter. This study provides novel insight into cerebral plasticity following peripheral nerve regeneration and indicates that a combination of relatively non-invasive therapies can accelerate plasticity of sensorimotor circuits and promote functional recovery in OBPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-da Xi
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Lan Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Qiu Liu
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Renhe Hospital, Baoshan District, Shanghai, China.
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Chye L, Riek S, de Rugy A, Carson RG, Carroll TJ. Unilateral movement preparation causes task-specific modulation of TMS responses in the passive, opposite limb. J Physiol 2018; 596:3725-3738. [PMID: 29775218 DOI: 10.1113/jp275433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Activity in the primary motor cortices of both hemispheres increases during unilateral movement preparation, but the functional role of ipsilateral motor cortex activity is unknown. Ipsilateral motor cortical activity could represent subliminal 'motor planning' for the passive limb. Alternatively, it could represent the state of the active limb, to support coordination between the limbs should a bimanual movement be required. Here we assessed how preparation of forces toward different directions, with the left wrist, alters evoked responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation of left motor cortex. Preparation of a unilateral movement caused excitability increases in ipsilateral motor cortex that reflected forces produced with the active limb in an intrinsic (body-centred), rather than an extrinsic (world-centred), coordinate system. These results suggest that ipsilateral motor cortical activity prior to unilateral action reflects the state of the active limb, rather than subliminal motor planning for the passive limb. ABSTRACT Corticospinal excitability is modulated for muscles on both sides of the body during unilateral movement preparation. For the effector, there is a progressive increase in excitability, and a shift in direction of muscle twitches evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) toward the impending movement. By contrast, the directional characteristics of excitability changes in the opposite (passive) limb have not been fully characterized. Here we assessed how preparation of voluntary forces towards four spatially distinct visual targets with the left wrist alters muscle twitches and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by TMS of left motor cortex. MEPs were facilitated significantly more in muscles homologous to agonist rather than antagonist muscles in the active limb, from 120 ms prior to voluntary EMG onset. Thus, unilateral motor preparation has a directionally specific influence on pathways projecting to the opposite limb that corresponds to the active muscles rather than the direction of movement in space. The directions of TMS-evoked twitches also deviated toward the impending force direction of the active limb, according to muscle-based coordinates, following the onset of voluntary EMG. The data indicate that preparation of a unilateral movement increases task-dependent excitability in ipsilateral motor cortex, or its downstream projections, that reflects the forces applied by the active limb in an intrinsic (body-centred), rather than an extrinsic (world-centred), coordinate system. The results suggest that ipsilateral motor cortical activity prior to unilateral action reflects the state of the active limb, rather than subliminal motor planning for the passive limb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Chye
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephan Riek
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Aymar de Rugy
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Richard G Carson
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Maudrich T, Kenville R, Lepsien J, Villringer A, Ragert P. Structural Neural Correlates of Physiological Mirror Activity During Isometric Contractions of Non-Dominant Hand Muscles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9178. [PMID: 29907835 PMCID: PMC6003937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27471-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mirror Activity (MA) describes involuntarily occurring muscular activity in contralateral homologous limbs during unilateral movements. This phenomenon has not only been reported in patients with neurological disorders (i.e. Mirror Movements) but has also been observed in healthy adults referred to as physiological Mirror Activity (pMA). However, despite recent hypotheses, the underlying neural mechanisms and structural correlates of pMA still remain insufficiently described. We investigated the structural correlates of pMA during isometric contractions of hand muscles with increasing force demands on a whole-brain level by means of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS). We found significant negative correlations between individual tendencies to display pMA and grey matter volume (GMV) in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as well as fractional anisotropy (FA) of white matter (WM) tracts of left precuneus (PrC) during left (non-dominant) hand contractions. No significant structural associations for contractions of the right hand were found. Here we extend previously reported functional associations between ACC/PrC and the inhibtion of intrinsically favoured mirror-symmetrical movement tendencies to an underlying structural level. We provide novel evidence that the individual structural state of higher order motor/executive areas upstream of primary/secondary motor areas might contribute to the phenomen of pMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Maudrich
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04109, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Rouven Kenville
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04109, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Jöran Lepsien
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Mind and Brain Institute, Berlin, 10099, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04109, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
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9
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Maudrich T, Kenville R, Lepsien J, Villringer A, Ragert P, Steele CJ. Mirror Electromyografic Activity in the Upper and Lower Extremity: A Comparison between Endurance Athletes and Non-Athletes. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:485. [PMID: 29085288 PMCID: PMC5649197 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During unimanual motor tasks, muscle activity may not be restricted to the contracting muscle, but rather occurs involuntarily in the contralateral resting limb, even in healthy individuals. This phenomenon has been referred to as mirror electromyographic activity (MEMG). To date, the physiological (non-pathological) form of MEMG has been observed predominately in upper extremities (UE), while remaining sparsely described in lower extremities (LE). Accordingly, evidence regarding the underlying mechanisms and modulation capability of MEMG, i.e., the extent of MEMG in dependency of exerted force during unilateral isometric contractions are insufficiently investigated in terms of LE. Furthermore, it still remains elusive if and how MEMG is affected by long-term exercise training. Here, we provide novel quantitative evidence for physiological MEMG in homologous muscles of LE (tibialis anterior (TA), rectus femoris (RF)) during submaximal unilateral dorsiflexion in healthy young adults. Furthermore, endurance athletes (EA, n = 11) show a higher extent of MEMG in LE compared to non-athletes (NA, n = 11) at high force demands (80% MVC, maximum voluntary contraction). While the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of MEMG still remain elusive, our study indicates, at least indirectly, that sport-related long-term training might affect the amount of MEMG during strong isometric contractions specifically in trained limbs. To support this assumption of exercise-induced limb-specific MEMG modulation, future studies including different sports disciplines with contrasting movement patterns and parameters should additionally be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Maudrich
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rouven Kenville
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jöran Lepsien
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher J Steele
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Du X, Kochunov P, Summerfelt A, Chiappelli J, Choa FS, Hong LE. The role of white matter microstructure in inhibitory deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Brain Stimul 2016; 10:283-290. [PMID: 27867023 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory-excitatory (I-E) imbalance has increasingly been proposed as a fundamental mechanism giving rise to many schizophrenia-related pathophysiology. The integrity of I-E functions should require precise and rapid electrical signal transmission. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that part of the I-E abnormality in schizophrenia may originate from their known abnormal white matter connectivity that may interfere the I-E functions. METHODS We test this using short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) vs. intracortical facilitation (ICF) which is a non-invasive measurement of I-E signaling. SICI-ICF from left motor cortex and white matter microstructure were assessed in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. RESULTS Schizophrenia patients showed significantly reduced SICI but not ICF. White matter microstructure as measured by fraction anisotropy (FA) in diffusion tensor imaging had a significant effect on SICI in patients, such that weaker SICI was associated with lower FA in several white matter tracts, most strongly with left corona radiata (r = -0.68, p = 0.0002) that contains the fibers connecting with left motor cortex. Left corticospinal tract, which carries the motor fibers to peripheral muscular output, also showed significant correlation with SICI (r = -0.54, p = 0.005). Mediation analysis revealed that much of the schizophrenia disease effect on SICI can be accounted for by mediation through left corona radiata. SICI was also significantly associated with the performance of processing speed in patients. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the importance of structural circuitry integrity in inhibitory signaling in schizophrenia, and encouraged modeling the I-E dysfunction in schizophrenia from a circuitry perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Du
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann Summerfelt
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Chiappelli
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fow-Sen Choa
- The Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Elliot Hong
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sehm B, Steele CJ, Villringer A, Ragert P. Mirror Motor Activity During Right-Hand Contractions and Its Relation to White Matter in the Posterior Midbody of the Corpus Callosum. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:4347-4355. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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