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Akiyama T, Raftery LA, Wharton KA. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling: the pathway and its regulation. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad200. [PMID: 38124338 PMCID: PMC10847725 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1960s, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified in the extracts of bone to have the remarkable ability to induce heterotopic bone. When the Drosophila gene decapentaplegic (dpp) was first identified to share sequence similarity with mammalian BMP2/BMP4 in the late-1980s, it became clear that secreted BMP ligands can mediate processes other than bone formation. Following this discovery, collaborative efforts between Drosophila geneticists and mammalian biochemists made use of the strengths of their respective model systems to identify BMP signaling components and delineate the pathway. The ability to conduct genetic modifier screens in Drosophila with relative ease was critical in identifying the intracellular signal transducers for BMP signaling and the related transforming growth factor-beta/activin signaling pathway. Such screens also revealed a host of genes that encode other core signaling components and regulators of the pathway. In this review, we provide a historical account of this exciting time of gene discovery and discuss how the field has advanced over the past 30 years. We have learned that while the core BMP pathway is quite simple, composed of 3 components (ligand, receptor, and signal transducer), behind the versatility of this pathway lies multiple layers of regulation that ensures precise tissue-specific signaling output. We provide a sampling of these discoveries and highlight many questions that remain to be answered to fully understand the complexity of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akiyama
- Department of Biology, Rich and Robin Porter Cancer Research Center, The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Kristi A Wharton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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2
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Titlow JS, Kiourlappou M, Palanca A, Lee JY, Gala DS, Ennis D, Yu JJS, Young FL, Susano Pinto DM, Garforth S, Francis HS, Strivens F, Mulvey H, Dallman-Porter A, Thornton S, Arman D, Millard MJ, Järvelin AI, Thompson MK, Sargent M, Kounatidis I, Parton RM, Taylor S, Davis I. Systematic analysis of YFP traps reveals common mRNA/protein discordance in neural tissues. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:214092. [PMID: 37145332 PMCID: PMC10165541 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While post-transcriptional control is thought to be required at the periphery of neurons and glia, its extent is unclear. Here, we investigate systematically the spatial distribution and expression of mRNA at single molecule sensitivity and their corresponding proteins of 200 YFP trap lines across the intact Drosophila nervous system. 97.5% of the genes studied showed discordance between the distribution of mRNA and the proteins they encode in at least one region of the nervous system. These data suggest that post-transcriptional regulation is very common, helping to explain the complexity of the nervous system. We also discovered that 68.5% of these genes have transcripts present at the periphery of neurons, with 9.5% at the glial periphery. Peripheral transcripts include many potential new regulators of neurons, glia, and their interactions. Our approach is applicable to most genes and tissues and includes powerful novel data annotation and visualization tools for post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Titlow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ana Palanca
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeffrey Y Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dalia S Gala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Darragh Ennis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joyce J S Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Sam Garforth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Finn Strivens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugh Mulvey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Staci Thornton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Arman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Aino I Järvelin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Martin Sargent
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Stephen Taylor
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Krzystek TJ, White JA, Rathnayake R, Thurston L, Hoffmar-Glennon H, Li Y, Gunawardena S. HTT (huntingtin) and RAB7 co-migrate retrogradely on a signaling LAMP1-containing late endosome during axonal injury. Autophagy 2023; 19:1199-1220. [PMID: 36048753 PMCID: PMC10012955 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2119351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS Atg5: Autophagy-related 5; Atg8a: Autophagy-related 8a; AL: autolysosome; AP: autophagosome; BAF1: bafilomycin A1; BDNF: brain derived neurotrophic factor; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; Cyt-c-p: Cytochrome c proximal; CQ: chloroquine; DCTN1: dynactin 1; Dhc: dynein heavy chain; EE: early endosome; DYNC1I1: dynein cytoplasmic 1 intermediate chain 1; HD: Huntington disease; HIP1/Hip1: huntingtin interacting protein 1; HTT/htt: huntingtin; iNeuron: iPSC-derived human neurons; IP: immunoprecipitation; Khc: kinesin heavy chain; KIF5C: kinesin family member 5C; LAMP1/Lamp1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LE: late endosome; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP3K12/DLK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 12; MAPK8/JNK/bsk: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8/basket; MAPK8IP3/JIP3: mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 3; NGF: nerve growth factor; NMJ: neuromuscular junction; NTRK1/TRKA: neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 1; NRTK2/TRKB: neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2; nuf: nuclear fallout; PG: phagophore; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; puc: puckered; ref(2)P: refractory to sigma P; Rilpl: Rab interacting lysosomal protein like; Rip11: Rab11 interacting protein; RTN1: reticulon 1; syd: sunday driver; SYP: synaptophysin; SYT1/Syt1: synaptotagmin 1; STX17/Syx17: syntaxin 17; tkv: thickveins; VF: vesicle fraction; wit: wishful thinking; wnd: wallenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Krzystek
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Joseph A. White
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Rasika Rathnayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Layne Thurston
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Hayley Hoffmar-Glennon
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Yichen Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Ogawa C, Mikawa S, Li S, Hayashi Y, Masumoto K, Sato K. BMP10 expression in the adult rat central nervous system. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 121:102084. [PMID: 35182716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 10 (BMP10), is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. Although BMP10 plays pivotal roles during development, including vascular development and cardiogenesis, little information is available for BMP10 expression in the central nervous system (CNS). We, thus, investigated BMP10 expression in the adult rat CNS using immunohistochemistry. BMP10 was intensely expressed in most neurons and their axons. Furthermore, we found that astrocytes and ependymal cells also express BMP10 protein. These data indicate that BMP10 is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS, and this abundant expression strongly supports the idea that BMP10 also plays important roles in the adult CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Ogawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan; Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Sumiko Mikawa
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuma Masumoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
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Banerjee R, Chakraborty P, Yu MC, Gunawardena S. A stop or go switch: glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation of the kinesin 1 motor domain at Ser314 halts motility without detaching from microtubules. Development 2021; 148:273844. [PMID: 34940839 PMCID: PMC8722386 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It is more than 25 years since the discovery that kinesin 1 is phosphorylated by several protein kinases. However, fundamental questions still remain as to how specific protein kinase(s) contribute to particular motor functions under physiological conditions. Because, within an whole organism, kinase cascades display considerable crosstalk and play multiple roles in cell homeostasis, deciphering which kinase(s) is/are involved in a particular process has been challenging. Previously, we found that GSK3β plays a role in motor function. Here, we report that a particular site on kinesin 1 motor domain (KHC), S314, is phosphorylated by GSK3β in vivo. The GSK3β-phosphomimetic-KHCS314D stalled kinesin 1 motility without dissociating from microtubules, indicating that constitutive GSK3β phosphorylation of the motor domain acts as a STOP. In contrast, uncoordinated mitochondrial motility was observed in CRISPR/Cas9-GSK3β non-phosphorylatable-KHCS314A Drosophila larval axons, owing to decreased kinesin 1 attachment to microtubules and/or membranes, and reduced ATPase activity. Together, we propose that GSK3β phosphorylation fine-tunes kinesin 1 movement in vivo via differential phosphorylation, unraveling the complex in vivo regulatory mechanisms that exist during axonal motility of cargos attached to multiple kinesin 1 and dynein motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupkatha Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Piyali Chakraborty
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Michael C. Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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6
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Ogawa C, Mikawa S, Hayashi Y, Masumoto K, Katou F, Sato K. BMP9 expression in the adult rat brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 113:101933. [PMID: 33582251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), also known as growth differentiation factor 2 (GDF2), is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF β) superfamily. Although BMP9 plays pivotal roles during development, including angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, hepatogenesis, osteogenesis, and glucose metabolism, little information is available for BMP9 expression in the central nervous system (CNS). We, thus, investigated BMP9 expression in the adult rat CNS using immunohistochemistry. BMP9 was intensely expressed in most neurons and their axons. Furthermore, we found that oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells also express BMP9 protein. These data indicate that BMP9 is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS, and this abundant expression strongly supports the idea that BMP9 also plays important roles in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Ogawa
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan; Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Sumiko Mikawa
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuma Masumoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Fuminori Katou
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
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7
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Isoflurane post-conditioning attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing apoptotic through activating the BMP7/SMAD signaling pathway in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 112:101916. [PMID: 33373660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The expressions of different temporal patterns of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have changed after ischemic strokes, and ischemic preconditioning-induced neuroprotection was attenuated when BMP7 was inhibited. In the previous study, the neuroprotection of isoflurane postconditioning (ISPOC) against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury has been addressed, with particular relevance to the role of BMP7. Consequently, in the present study, we continued to explore the mechanisms involved in the BMP7 signal mediated the neuroprotection of ISPOC. A rat model of the middle cerebral artery occlusion was used in this study. Rats were administered 1.5 % isoflurane, 60 min after 90 min of ischemia, followed by a 24 h reperfusion period. The 1.5 % ISPOC significantly ameliorated the cerebral infarct volumes, neurologic deficit scores, damaged neurons, and apoptotic neurons. Moreover, ISPOC unregulated the expressions of BMP7, p-Smad1/5/9, and p-p38. Whereas, the neuroprotective effect was weakened by LDN-193189 and SB203580, respectively, a BMP7/Smad1/5/9 and p38MAPK signaling pathway inhibitor. Furthermore, LDN-193189 downregulated the expression of p-p38. The present results of this study indicated that the neuroprotection of 1.5 % isoflurane postconditioning to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury is related to the activating of BMP7/Smad1/5/9 and p38MAPK signal pathway.
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White JA, Krzystek TJ, Hoffmar-Glennon H, Thant C, Zimmerman K, Iacobucci G, Vail J, Thurston L, Rahman S, Gunawardena S. Excess Rab4 rescues synaptic and behavioral dysfunction caused by defective HTT-Rab4 axonal transport in Huntington's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:97. [PMID: 32611447 PMCID: PMC7331280 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is characterized by protein inclusions and loss of striatal neurons which result from expanded CAG repeats in the poly-glutamine (polyQ) region of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Both polyQ expansion and loss of HTT have been shown to cause axonal transport defects. While studies show that HTT is important for vesicular transport within axons, the cargo that HTT transports to/from synapses remain elusive. Here, we show that HTT is present with a class of Rab4-containing vesicles within axons in vivo. Reduction of HTT perturbs the bi-directional motility of Rab4, causing axonal and synaptic accumulations. In-vivo dual-color imaging reveal that HTT and Rab4 move together on a unique putative vesicle that may also contain synaptotagmin, synaptobrevin, and Rab11. The moving HTT-Rab4 vesicle uses kinesin-1 and dynein motors for its bi-directional movement within axons, as well as the accessory protein HIP1 (HTT-interacting protein 1). Pathogenic HTT disrupts the motility of HTT-Rab4 and results in larval locomotion defects, aberrant synaptic morphology, and decreased lifespan, which are rescued by excess Rab4. Consistent with these observations, Rab4 motility is perturbed in iNeurons derived from human Huntington's Disease (HD) patients, likely due to disrupted associations between the polyQ-HTT-Rab4 vesicle complex, accessory proteins, and molecular motors. Together, our observations suggest the existence of a putative moving HTT-Rab4 vesicle, and that the axonal motility of this vesicle is disrupted in HD causing synaptic and behavioral dysfunction. These data highlight Rab4 as a potential novel therapeutic target that could be explored for early intervention prior to neuronal loss and behavioral defects observed in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. White
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14260 USA
| | - Thomas J. Krzystek
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14260 USA
| | - Hayley Hoffmar-Glennon
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14260 USA
| | - Claire Thant
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14260 USA
| | - Katherine Zimmerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14260 USA
| | - Gary Iacobucci
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14260 USA
| | - Julia Vail
- Department of Biological Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Layne Thurston
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14260 USA
| | - Saad Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14260 USA
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, 14260 USA
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Berke B, Le L, Keshishian H. Target-dependent retrograde signaling mediates synaptic plasticity at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 79:895-912. [PMID: 31950660 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurons that innervate multiple targets often establish synapses with target-specific strengths, and local forms of synaptic plasticity. We have examined the molecular-genetic mechanisms that allow a single Drosophila motoneuron, the ventral Common Exciter (vCE), to establish connections with target-specific properties at its various synaptic partners. By driving transgenes in a subset of vCE's targets, we found that individual target cells are able to independently control the properties of vCE's innervating branch and synapses. This is achieved by means of a trans-synaptic growth factor secreted by the target cell. At the larval neuromuscular junction, postsynaptic glutamate receptor activity stimulates the release of the BMP4/5/6 homolog Glass bottom boat (Gbb). As larvae mature and motoneuron terminals grow, Gbb activates the R-Smad transcriptional regulator phosphorylated Mad (pMad) to facilitate presynaptic development. We found that manipulations affecting glutamate receptors or Gbb within subsets of target muscles led to local effects either specific to the manipulated muscle or by a limited gradient within the presynaptic branches. While presynaptic development depends on pMad transcriptional activity within the motoneuron nucleus, we find that the Gbb growth factor may also act locally within presynaptic terminals. Local Gbb signaling and presynaptic pMad accumulation within boutons may therefore participate in a "synaptic tagging" mechanism, to influence synaptic growth and plasticity in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Berke
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Linh Le
- University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Haig Keshishian
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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10
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Follistatin expression in the central nervous system of the adult rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 105:101753. [PMID: 32014555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin was initially cloned as a monomeric polypeptide that inhibits the release of follicle-stimulating hormone. Although follistatin also plays pivotal roles in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and immunoregulation in the epididymis, little information is available regarding follistatin function in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Hence, we investigated follistatin expression in the adult rat CNS using immunohistochemistry. Follistatin was intensely expressed in most neurons and their axons. Furthermore, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and some astrocytes also expressed follistatin protein. These data indicate that follistatin is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS. The abundant expression of follistatin in the adult brain suggests that this protein plays important roles in the CNS.
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11
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Anderson EN, Hirpa D, Zheng KH, Banerjee R, Gunawardena S. The Non-amyloidal Component Region of α-Synuclein Is Important for α-Synuclein Transport Within Axons. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:540. [PMID: 32038170 PMCID: PMC6984405 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper transport of the Parkinson's disease (PD) protein, α-synuclein (α-syn), is thought to be crucial for its localization and function at the synapse. Previous work has shown that defects in long distance transport within narrow caliber axons occur early in PD, but how such defects contribute to PD is unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that the NAC region is involved in facilitating proper transport of α-syn within axons via its association with membranes. Excess α-syn or fPD mutant α-synA53T accumulates within larval axons perturbing the transport of synaptic proteins. These α-syn expressing larvae also show synaptic morphological and larval locomotion defects, which correlate with the extent of α-syn-mediated axonal accumulations. Strikingly, deletion of the NAC region (α-synΔ71-82) prevented α-syn accumulations and axonal blockages, and reduced its synaptic localization due to decreased axonal entry and axonal transport of α-syn, due to less α-syn bound to membranes. Intriguingly, co-expression α-synΔ71-82 with full-length α-syn rescued α-syn accumulations and synaptic morphological defects, and decreased the ratio of the insoluble higher molecular weight (HMW)/soluble low molecular weight (LMW) α-syn, indicating that this region is perhaps important for the dimerization of α-syn on membranes. Together, our observations suggest that under physiological conditions, α-syn associates with membranes via the NAC region, and that too much α-syn perturbs axonal transport via aggregate formation, instigating synaptic and behavioral defects seen in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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12
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Arnés M, Romero N, Casas-Tintó S, Acebes Á, Ferrús A. PI3K activation prevents Aβ42-induced synapse loss and favors insoluble amyloid deposit formation. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:244-260. [PMID: 31877058 PMCID: PMC7183762 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-05-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess of Aβ42 peptide is considered a hallmark of the disease. Here we express the human Aβ42 peptide to assay the neuroprotective effects of PI3K in adult Drosophila melanogaster. The neuronal expression of the human peptide elicits progressive toxicity in the adult fly. The pathological traits include reduced axonal transport, synapse loss, defective climbing ability and olfactory perception, as well as lifespan reduction. The Aβ42-dependent synapse decay does not involve transcriptional changes in the core synaptic protein encoding genes bruchpilot, liprin and synaptobrevin. All toxicity features, however, are suppressed by the coexpression of PI3K. Moreover, PI3K activation induces a significant increase of 6E10 and thioflavin-positive amyloid deposits. Mechanistically, we suggest that Aβ42-Ser26 could be a candidate residue for direct or indirect phosphorylation by PI3K. Along with these in vivo experiments, we further analyze Aβ42 toxicity and its suppression by PI3K activation in in vitro assays with SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell cultures, where Aβ42 aggregation into large insoluble deposits is reproduced. Finally, we show that the Aβ42 toxicity syndrome includes the transcriptional shut down of PI3K expression. Taken together, these results uncover a potential novel pharmacological strategy against this disease through the restoration of PI3K activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ninovska Romero
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | | | - Ángel Acebes
- Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid 28002, Spain.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, University of La Laguna, Tenerife 38200, Spain
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13
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Sabharwal V, Koushika SP. Crowd Control: Effects of Physical Crowding on Cargo Movement in Healthy and Diseased Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:470. [PMID: 31708745 PMCID: PMC6823667 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
High concentration of cytoskeletal filaments, organelles, and proteins along with the space constraints due to the axon's narrow geometry lead inevitably to intracellular physical crowding along the axon of a neuron. Local cargo movement is essential for maintaining steady cargo transport in the axon, and this may be impeded by physical crowding. Molecular motors that mediate active transport share movement mechanisms that allow them to bypass physical crowding present on microtubule tracks. Many neurodegenerative diseases, irrespective of how they are initiated, show increased physical crowding owing to the greater number of stalled organelles and structural changes associated with the cytoskeleton. Increased physical crowding may be a significant factor in slowing cargo transport to synapses, contributing to disease progression and culminating in the dying back of the neuronal process. This review explores the idea that physical crowding can impede cargo movement along the neuronal process. We examine the sources of physical crowding and strategies used by molecular motors that might enable cargo to circumvent physically crowded locations. Finally, we describe sub-cellular changes in neurodegenerative diseases that may alter physical crowding and discuss the implications of such changes on cargo movement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandhya P. Koushika
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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14
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Wang S, Zhao Z, Rodal AA. Higher-order assembly of Sorting Nexin 16 controls tubulation and distribution of neuronal endosomes. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2600-2618. [PMID: 31253649 PMCID: PMC6683739 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201811074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal maturation and distribution, driven by membrane remodeling, are critical for receptor traffic and signaling. Using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, Wang et al. reveal an unexpected coiled-coil–mediated membrane remodeling activity of SNX16 that controls neuronal endosomal tubulation, distribution, and receptor traffic. The activities of neuronal signaling receptors depend heavily on the maturation state of the endosomal compartments in which they reside. However, it remains unclear how the distribution of these compartments within the uniquely complex morphology of neurons is regulated and how this distribution itself affects signaling. Here, we identified mechanisms by which Sorting Nexin 16 (SNX16) controls neuronal endosomal maturation and distribution. We found that higher-order assembly of SNX16 via its coiled-coil (CC) domain drives membrane tubulation in vitro and endosome association in cells. In Drosophila melanogaster motor neurons, activation of Rab5 and CC-dependent self-association of SNX16 lead to its endosomal enrichment, accumulation in Rab5- and Rab7-positive tubulated compartments in the cell body, and concomitant depletion of SNX16-positive endosomes from the synapse. This results in accumulation of synaptic growth–promoting bone morphogenetic protein receptors in the cell body and correlates with increased synaptic growth. Our results indicate that Rab regulation of SNX16 assembly controls the endosomal distribution and signaling activities of receptors in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShiYu Wang
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Zechuan Zhao
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
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15
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BMP6 expression in the adult rat central nervous system. J Chem Neuroanat 2019; 98:41-54. [PMID: 30928603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BMP6, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is known to be involved in many diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, suggesting that BMP6 plays pivotal roles in the central nervous system (CNS), however, there's no information about the distribution of BMP6 in the adult CNS. Therefore, we investigated BMP6 expression in the CNS using immunohistochemistry. BMP6 was intensely expressed in most neurons and their axons. Furthermore, we found that oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and ependymal cells also express BMP6 protein. These data indicate that BMP6 is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS, and its abundant expression in the adult brain strongly supports the idea that BMP6 plays important roles in the adult brain.
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16
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Myostatin expression in the adult rat central nervous system. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 94:125-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Banerjee S, Riordan M. Coordinated Regulation of Axonal Microtubule Organization and Transport by Drosophila Neurexin and BMP Pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17337. [PMID: 30478335 PMCID: PMC6255869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurexins are well known trans-synaptic cell adhesion molecules that are required for proper synaptic development and function across species. Beyond synapse organization and function, little is known about other roles Neurexins might have in the nervous system. Here we report novel phenotypic consequences of mutations in Drosophila neurexin (dnrx), which alters axonal microtubule organization and transport. We show that dnrx mutants display phenotypic similarities with the BMP receptor wishful thinking (wit) and one of the downstream effectors, futsch, which is a known regulator of microtubule organization and stability. dnrx has genetic interactions with wit and futsch. Loss of Dnrx also results in reduced levels of other downstream effectors of BMP signaling, phosphorylated-Mad and Trio. Interestingly, postsynaptic overexpression of the BMP ligand, Glass bottom boat, in dnrx mutants partially rescues the axonal transport defects but not the synapse undergrowth at the neuromuscular junctions. These data suggest that Dnrx and BMP signaling are involved in many diverse functions and that regulation of axonal MT organization and transport might be distinct from regulation of synaptic growth in dnrx mutants. Together, our work uncovers a novel function of Drosophila Neurexin and may provide insights into functions of Neurexins in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Banerjee
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Maeveen Riordan
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.,University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12631 E. 17th Avenue B177, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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18
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Furotani K, Kamimura K, Yajima T, Nakayama M, Enomoto R, Tamura T, Okazawa H, Sone M. Suppression of the synaptic localization of a subset of proteins including APP partially ameliorates phenotypes of the Drosophila Alzheimer's disease model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204048. [PMID: 30226901 PMCID: PMC6143267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
APP (amyloid precursor protein), the causative molecule of Alzheimer's disease, is synthesized in neuronal cell bodies and subsequently transported to synapses. We previously showed that the yata gene is required for the synaptic transport of the APP orthologue in Drosophila melanogaster. In this study, we examined the effect of a reduction in yata expression in the Drosophila Alzheimer's disease model, in which expression of human mutant APP was induced. The synaptic localization of APP and other synaptic proteins was differentially inhibited by yata knockdown and null mutation. Expression of APP resulted in abnormal synaptic morphology and the premature death of animals. These phenotypes were partially but significantly rescued by yata knockdown, whereas yata knockdown itself caused no abnormality. Moreover, we observed that synaptic transmission accuracy was impaired in our model, and this phenotype was improved by yata knockdown. Thus, our data suggested that the phenotypes caused by APP can be partially prevented by inhibition of the synaptic localization of a subset of synaptic proteins including APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koto Furotani
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Rena Enomoto
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Takuya Tamura
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okazawa
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Sone
- Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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19
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Hayashi Y, Mikawa S, Masumoto K, Katou F, Sato K. GDF11 expression in the adult rat central nervous system. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 89:21-36. [PMID: 29448002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), also known as bone morphogenetic protein 11 (BMP11), is a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily. Although GDF11 plays pivotal roles during development, including anterior/posterior patterning, formation of the kidney, stomach, spleen and endocrine pancreas, little information is available for GDF11 expression in the adult central nervous system (CNS). We, thus, investigated GDF11 expression in the adult rat CNS using immunohistochemistry. GDF11 was intensely expressed in most neurons and their axons. Furthermore, we found that astrocytes and ependymal cells also express GDF11 protein. These data indicate that GDF11 is widely expressed throughout the adult CNS, and its abundant expression in the adult brain strongly supports the idea that GDF11 plays important roles in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Hayashi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan; Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Sumiko Mikawa
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kazuma Masumoto
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Fuminori Katou
- Department of Dentistry and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan
| | - Kohji Sato
- Department of Organ & Tissue Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashiku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192, Japan.
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20
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Deshpande M, Feiger Z, Shilton AK, Luo CC, Silverman E, Rodal AA. Role of BMP receptor traffic in synaptic growth defects in an ALS model. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2898-910. [PMID: 27535427 PMCID: PMC5042577 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a Drosophila model of ALS, neuronal defects are associated with altered endosomal traffic of growth factor receptors and loss of growth-promoting signals. Manipulation of an endosomal recycling pathway suppresses these neuronal defects. The findings suggest that rerouting membrane traffic could be therapeutic in ALS. TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is genetically and functionally linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and regulates transcription, splicing, and transport of thousands of RNA targets that function in diverse cellular pathways. In ALS, pathologically altered TDP-43 is believed to lead to disease by toxic gain-of-function effects on RNA metabolism, as well as by sequestering endogenous TDP-43 and causing its loss of function. However, it is unclear which of the numerous cellular processes disrupted downstream of TDP-43 dysfunction lead to neurodegeneration. Here we found that both loss and gain of function of TDP-43 in Drosophila cause a reduction of synaptic growth–promoting bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Further, we observed a shift of BMP receptors from early to recycling endosomes and increased mobility of BMP receptor–containing compartments at the NMJ. Inhibition of the recycling endosome GTPase Rab11 partially rescued TDP-43–induced defects in BMP receptor dynamics and distribution and suppressed BMP signaling, synaptic growth, and larval crawling defects. Our results indicate that defects in receptor traffic lead to neuronal dysfunction downstream of TDP-43 misregulation and that rerouting receptor traffic may be a viable strategy for rescuing neurological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary Feiger
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
| | | | - Christina C Luo
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Ethan Silverman
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Avital A Rodal
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
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21
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White JA, Banerjee R, Gunawardena S. Axonal Transport and Neurodegeneration: How Marine Drugs Can Be Used for the Development of Therapeutics. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E102. [PMID: 27213408 PMCID: PMC4882576 DOI: 10.3390/md14050102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike virtually any other cells in the human body, neurons are tasked with the unique problem of transporting important factors from sites of synthesis at the cell bodies, across enormous distances, along narrow-caliber projections, to distally located nerve terminals in order to maintain cell viability. As a result, axonal transport is a highly regulated process whereby necessary cargoes of all types are packaged and shipped from one end of the neuron to the other. Interruptions in this finely tuned transport have been linked to many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) suggesting that this pathway is likely perturbed early in disease progression. Therefore, developing therapeutics targeted at modifying transport defects could potentially avert disease progression. In this review, we examine a variety of potential compounds identified from marine aquatic species that affect the axonal transport pathway. These compounds have been shown to function in microtubule (MT) assembly and maintenance, motor protein control, and in the regulation of protein degradation pathways, such as the autophagy-lysosome processes, which are defective in many degenerative diseases. Therefore, marine compounds have great potential in developing effective treatment strategies aimed at early defects which, over time, will restore transport and prevent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A White
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Rupkatha Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
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22
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Deshpande M, Rodal AA. The Crossroads of Synaptic Growth Signaling, Membrane Traffic and Neurological Disease: Insights from Drosophila. Traffic 2015; 17:87-101. [PMID: 26538429 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurons require target-derived autocrine and paracrine growth factors to maintain proper identity, innervation, homeostasis and survival. Neuronal growth factor signaling is highly dependent on membrane traffic, both for the packaging and release of the growth factors themselves, and for regulation of intracellular signaling by their transmembrane receptors. Here, we review recent findings from the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that illustrate how specific steps of intracellular traffic and inter-organelle interactions impinge on signaling, particularly in the bone morphogenic protein, Wingless and c-Jun-activated kinase pathways, regulating elaboration and stability of NMJ arbors, construction of synapses and synaptic transmission and homeostasis. These membrane trafficking and signaling pathways have been implicated in human motor neuron diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and hereditary spastic paraplegia, highlighting their importance for neuronal health and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avital A Rodal
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
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23
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White JA, Anderson E, Zimmerman K, Zheng KH, Rouhani R, Gunawardena S. Huntingtin differentially regulates the axonal transport of a sub-set of Rab-containing vesicles in vivo. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:7182-95. [PMID: 26450517 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of huntingtin (HTT), the Huntington's disease (HD) protein, was previously shown to cause axonal transport defects. Within axons, HTT can associate with kinesin-1 and dynein motors either directly or via accessory proteins for bi-directional movement. However, the composition of the vesicle-motor complex that contains HTT during axonal transport is unknown. Here we analyze the in vivo movement of 16 Rab GTPases within Drosophila larval axons and show that HTT differentially influences the movement of a particular sub-set of these Rab-containing vesicles. While reduction of HTT perturbed the bi-directional motility of Rab3 and Rab19-containing vesicles, only the retrograde motility of Rab7-containing vesicles was disrupted with reduction of HTT. Interestingly, reduction of HTT stimulated the anterograde motility of Rab2-containing vesicles. Simultaneous dual-view imaging revealed that HTT and Rab2, 7 or 19 move together during axonal transport. Collectively, our findings indicate that HTT likely influences the motility of different Rab-containing vesicles and Rab-mediated functions. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the complex role HTT plays within neurons normally, which when disrupted may lead to neuronal death and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A White
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Eric Anderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Katherine Zimmerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Kan Hong Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Roza Rouhani
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Shermali Gunawardena
- Department of Biological Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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24
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Camargo LM, Zhang XD, Loerch P, Caceres RM, Marine SD, Uva P, Ferrer M, de Rinaldis E, Stone DJ, Majercak J, Ray WJ, Yi-An C, Shearman MS, Mizuguchi K. Pathway-based analysis of genome-wide siRNA screens reveals the regulatory landscape of APP processing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115369. [PMID: 25723573 PMCID: PMC4344212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive aggregation of Amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain is a major trait of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Aβ is produced as a result of proteolytic processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Processing of APP is mediated by multiple enzymes, resulting in the production of distinct peptide products: the non-amyloidogenic peptide sAPPα and the amyloidogenic peptides sAPPβ, Aβ40, and Aβ42. Using a pathway-based approach, we analyzed a large-scale siRNA screen that measured the production of different APP proteolytic products. Our analysis identified many of the biological processes/pathways that are known to regulate APP processing and have been implicated in AD pathogenesis, as well as revealing novel regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, we also demonstrate that some of these processes differentially regulate APP processing, with some mechanisms favouring production of certain peptide species over others. For example, synaptic transmission having a bias towards regulating Aβ40 production over Aβ42 as well as processes involved in insulin and pancreatic biology having a bias for sAPPβ production over sAPPα. In addition, some of the pathways identified as regulators of APP processing contain genes (CLU, BIN1, CR1, PICALM, TREM2, SORL1, MEF2C, DSG2, EPH1A) recently implicated with AD through genome wide association studies (GWAS) and associated meta-analysis. In addition, we provide supporting evidence and a deeper mechanistic understanding of the role of diabetes in AD. The identification of these processes/pathways, their differential impact on APP processing, and their relationships to each other, provide a comprehensive systems biology view of the “regulatory landscape” of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Miguel Camargo
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Boston, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Patrick Loerch
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Boston, United States of America
| | | | - Shane D. Marine
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, North Wales, United States of America
| | - Paolo Uva
- Merck Research Laboratories, Instituto di Recerca di Biologia Molecolare, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, North Wales, United States of America
| | - Emanuele de Rinaldis
- Merck Research Laboratories, Instituto di Recerca di Biologia Molecolare, Pomezia, Italy
| | - David J. Stone
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, West Point, United States of America
| | - John Majercak
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, West Point, United States of America
| | - William J. Ray
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, West Point, United States of America
| | - Chen Yi-An
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mark S. Shearman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co, Boston, United States of America
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