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Kim M, Kim KY. Wound healing effects of Asparagus lucidus Lindl extract through the phosphorylation of ERK1/2. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:238. [PMID: 37454069 PMCID: PMC10349518 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin is the outermost part of the human body and is essential in maintaining body homeostasis. In the event of skin injury, rapid wound repair is crucial to protect the body. In this study, we investigated the wound-healing properties of Asparagus lucidus Lindl extract by promoting keratinocyte proliferation. METHODS To evaluate the effect of Asparagus lucidus Lindl extract on skin regeneration, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to measure keratinocyte proliferation, while an in vitro wound-healing assay was performed to evaluate wound closure through keratinocyte re-epithelialization. The intracellular mechanisms of the extract were studied using Western blot analysis to measure the phosphorylated forms of mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B. The mRNA expression of cell cycle-related genes was analyzed using quantitative real time-PCR analysis. A murine in vivo wound-healing assay was also conducted to observe the effect of the extract on wound closure. RESULTS Asparagus lucidus Lindl extract induced 131.15% keratinocyte proliferation compared to the control in the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The in vitro wound-healing assay showed that the extract improved wound closure by 216.94% through keratinocyte re-epithelialization. Western blot analysis revealed that the phosphorylated form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 was increased by extract treatment. Quantitative real time-PCR analysis showed a dose-dependent increase in the mRNA expression of c-fos, c-jun, and VEGF. The in vivo wound-healing assay showed a significant increase (22.13%) of wound closure compared to the control on day 5. CONCLUSION Asparagus lucidus Lindl extract promotes keratinocyte proliferation by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 pathway and up-regulating the mRNA expression of c-fos, c-jun, and vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea.
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Seocheon, Giheung, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-701, Korea.
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Shan J, Wu MY, Zhang YC, Lin YJ, Cheng B, Gao YR, Liu ZH, Xu HM. Hsa-miR-379 down-regulates Rac1/MLK3/JNK/AP-1/Collagen I cascade reaction by targeting connective tissue growth factor in human alveolar basal epithelial A549 cells. Cytokine 2023; 166:156191. [PMID: 37002970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to screen and identify miRNAs that could regulate human CTGF gene and downstream cascade reaction Rac1/MLK3/JNK/AP-1/Collagen I by bioinformatics and experimental means. METHODS TargetScan and Tarbase were used to predict miRNAs that may have regulatory effects on human CTGF gene. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was employed to verify the results obtained in bioinformatics. Human alveolar basal epithelial A549 cells were exposed to silica (SiO2) culture medium for 24 h to establish an in vitro model of pulmonary fibrosis, and bleomycin (BLM) of 100 ng/mL was used as a positive control. The miRNA and mRNA expression levels were determined by RT-qPCR, and the protein levels were measured by western blot in hsa-miR-379-3p overexpression group or not. RESULTS A total of 9 differentially expressed miRNAs that might regulate the human CTGF gene were predicted. Hsa-miR-379-3p and hsa-miR-411-3p were selected for the subsequent experiments. The results of the dual-luciferase reporter assay showed that hsa-miR-379-3p could bind to CTGF, but hsa-miR-411-3p could not. Compared with the control group, SiO2 exposure (25 and 50 μg/mL) could significantly reduce the expression level of hsa-miR-379-3p in A549 cells. SiO2 exposure (50 μg/mL) could significantly increase the mRNA expression levels of CTGF, Collagen I, Rac1, MLK3, JNK, AP1, and VIM in A549 cells, while CDH1 level was significantly decreased. Compared with SiO2 + NC group, the mRNA expression levels of CTGF, Collagen I, Rac1, MLK3, JNK, AP1, and VIM were significantly decreased, and CDH1 level was significantly higher when hsa-miR-379-3p was overexpressed. At the same time, overexpression of hsa-miR-379-3p improved the protein levels of CTGF, Collagen I, c-Jun and phospho-c-Jun, JNK1 and phospho-JNK1 significantly compared with SiO2 + NC group. CONCLUSION Hsa-miR-379-3p was demonstrated for the first time that could directly target and down-regulate human CTGF gene, and further affect the expression levels of key genes and proteins in Rac1/MLK3/JNK/AP-1/Collagen I cascade reaction.
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Andrade ADO, Mesquita RA, Gordón-Núñez MA, Alves PM, Nonaka CFW. Immunoexpression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in Radicular Cysts, Dentigerous Cysts, and Odontogenic Keratocysts. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2023; 31:113-120. [PMID: 36449693 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunoexpression of chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 in radicular cysts (RCs), dentigerous cysts (DCs), and odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs), and to correlate the findings with morphologic parameters of RCs (inflammatory infiltrate and cystic epithelium). Twenty RCs, 20 DCs, and 20 OKCs were submitted to immunohistochemistry. The percentages of cytoplasmic (CXCL12 and CXCR4) and nuclear (CXCR4) staining in epithelial and fibrous capsule cells were determined. RCs and DCs exhibited higher epithelial expression of CXCL12 than OKCs ( P <0.05). The expression of CXCL12 in the fibrous capsule was higher in DCs than in RCs and OKCs ( P <0.05). Higher cytoplasmic expression of CXCR4 was observed in the epithelial lining and fibrous capsule of RCs and DCs compared with OKCs ( P <0.05). In the fibrous capsule, DCs exhibited higher nuclear expression of CXCR4 than OKCs ( P <0.05). No significant differences in the immunoexpression of CXCL12 or CXCR4 were observed according to the morphologic parameters of RCs ( P >0.05). Strong positive correlations were found between cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of CXCR4 in the epithelial lining of RCs and DCs and in the fibrous capsule of all groups ( P <0.05). The results suggest the participation of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in the pathogenesis of RCs, DCs, and OKCs. These proteins may be particularly relevant for the development of odontogenic cysts with less aggressive biological behavior, irrespective of their nature (inflammatory or developmental). In RCs, the expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 may not be related to the intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate or the status of cystic epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Alves Mesquita
- Department of Oral Pathology and Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Pollianna Muniz Alves
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, Brazil
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de Lima WP, Andrade ADO, Cavalcante RB, Nogueira RLM, Alves PM, Nonaka CFW, Gordón-Núñez MA. Immunoexpression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in sporadic and Gorlin-Goltz syndrome-related odontogenic keratocysts. J Clin Exp Dent 2022; 14:e426-e432. [PMID: 35582358 PMCID: PMC9094726 DOI: 10.4317/jced.59561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Differences in the pathogenesis and biological behavior of sporadic and Gorlin-Goltz syndrome-related odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) have been reported, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Chemokine CXCL12 and its main receptor CXCR4 regulate important events in the pathogenesis of several lesions. Material and Methods This study evaluated the immunoexpression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in sporadic and syndromic OKCs. Twenty-two sporadic OKCs and 22 syndromic OKCs were subjected to immunohistochemistry. The percentages of cytoplasmic (CXCL12 and CXCR4) and nuclear (CXCR4) staining in epithelial and fibrous capsule cells were determined. The results were analyzed statistically using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation test (p<0.05). Results Higher cytoplasmic expression of CXCL12 was observed in the epithelial lining and fibrous capsule of sporadic OKCs compared to syndromic OKCs (p<0.001). No statistically significant differences in the cytoplasmic expression of CXCR4 were observed between syndromic OKCs and sporadic OKCs (p>0.05). Compared to syndromic OKCs, sporadic OKCs exhibited higher nuclear expression of CXCR4 in the epithelial lining and lower immunoexpression in the fibrous capsule (p<0.05). In the epithelial lining of syndromic OKCs, positive correlation was observed between cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of CXCR4 (p=0.003). In the fibrous capsule of syndromic OKCs and sporadic OKCs, cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of CXCR4 were positively correlated (p<0.001). Conclusions The results suggest a potential participation of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in the development of OKCs. The heterogeneous expression of these proteins in syndromic and sporadic OKCs may reflect differences in their pathogenesis and biological behavior. Key words:Odontogenic keratocyst, CXCL12, CXCR4, Immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wliana-Pontes de Lima
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Department of Dentistry, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Pollianna-Muniz Alves
- Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Department of Dentistry, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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Kou L, Kou P, Luo G, Wei S. Progress of Statin Therapy in the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:6197219. [PMID: 35345828 PMCID: PMC8957418 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6197219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a type of interstitial lung disease (ILD) characterized by the proliferation of fibroblasts and aberrant accumulation of extracellular matrix. These changes are accompanied by structural destruction of the lung tissue and the progressive decline of pulmonary function. In the past few decades, researchers have investigated the pathogenesis of IPF and sought a therapeutic approach for its treatment. Some studies have shown that the occurrence of IPF is related to pulmonary inflammatory injury; however, its specific etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown, and no effective treatment, with the exception of lung transplantation, has been identified yet. Several basic science and clinical studies in recent years have shown that statins, the traditional lipid-lowering drugs, exert significant antifibrotic effects, which can delay the progression of IPF and impairment of pulmonary function. This article is aimed at summarizing the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF, the progress of research on the use of statins in IPF models and clinical trials, and its main molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiya Kou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Pei Kou
- Department of Medical Record, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Guangwei Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Hasan M, Paul NC, Paul SK, Saikat ASM, Akter H, Mandal M, Lee SS. Natural Product-Based Potential Therapeutic Interventions of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Molecules 2022; 27:1481. [PMID: 35268581 PMCID: PMC8911636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a disease-refractive lung condition with an increased rate of mortality. The potential factors causing PF include viral infections, radiation exposure, and toxic airborne chemicals. Idiopathic PF (IPF) is related to pneumonia affecting the elderly and is characterized by recurring scar formation in the lungs. An impaired wound healing process, defined by the dysregulated aggregation of extracellular matrix components, triggers fibrotic scar formation in the lungs. The potential pathogenesis includes oxidative stress, altered cell signaling, inflammation, etc. Nintedanib and pirfenidone have been approved with a conditional endorsement for the management of IPF. In addition, natural product-based treatment strategies have shown promising results in treating PF. In this study, we reviewed the recently published literature and discussed the potential uses of natural products, classified into three types-isolated active compounds, crude extracts of plants, and traditional medicine, consisting of mixtures of different plant products-in treating PF. These natural products are promising in the treatment of PF via inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial mesenchymal transition, as well as affecting TGF-β-mediated cell signaling, etc. Based on the current review, we have revealed the signaling mechanisms of PF pathogenesis and the potential opportunities offered by natural product-based medicine in treating PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbub Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Oriental Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
| | - Nidhan Chandra Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Shamrat Kumar Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Hafeza Akter
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Medical Science Research Foundation, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Sang-Suk Lee
- Department of Oriental Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
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Wang G, Wang F, Meng Z, Wang N, Zhou C, Zhang J, Zhao L, Wang G, Shan B. Uncovering potential genes in colorectal cancer based on integrated and DNA methylation analysis in the gene expression omnibus database. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:138. [PMID: 35114976 PMCID: PMC8815138 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is major cancer-related death. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes, contributing to explore the molecular mechanism of CRC. Methods Firstly, the data of gene transcriptome and genome-wide DNA methylation expression were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Secondly, functional analysis of differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes was performed, followed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. Thirdly, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and in vitro experiment was used to validate the expression of selected differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes. Finally, diagnosis and prognosis analysis of selected differentially expressed and differentially methylated genes was performed. Results Up to 1958 differentially expressed (1025 up-regulated and 993 down-regulated) genes and 858 differentially methylated (800 hypermethylated and 58 hypomethylated) genes were identified. Interestingly, some genes, such as GFRA2 and MDFI, were differentially expressed-methylated genes. Purine metabolism (involved IMPDH1), cell adhesion molecules and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were significantly enriched signaling pathways. GFRA2, FOXQ1, CDH3, CLDN1, SCGN, BEST4, CXCL12, CA7, SHMT2, TRIP13, MDFI and IMPDH1 had a diagnostic value for CRC. In addition, BEST4, SHMT2 and TRIP13 were significantly associated with patients’ survival. Conclusions The identified altered genes may be involved in tumorigenesis of CRC. In addition, BEST4, SHMT2 and TRIP13 may be considered as diagnosis and prognostic biomarkers for CRC patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09185-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Wang
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zesong Meng
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Institute of Tumor, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chaoxi Zhou
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Scientific Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jiankang Road, Chang'an District, Shijiazhuang, 050010, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guiying Wang
- The Second Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Baoen Shan
- Scientific Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12, Jiankang Road, Chang'an District, Shijiazhuang, 050010, Hebei Province, China.
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Lappano R, Todd LA, Stanic M, Cai Q, Maggiolini M, Marincola F, Pietrobon V. Multifaceted Interplay between Hormones, Growth Factors and Hypoxia in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:539. [PMID: 35158804 PMCID: PMC8833523 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones and growth factors (GFs) are signaling molecules implicated in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes. They play important roles in both healthy and tumor cells, where they function by binding to specific receptors on target cells and activating downstream signaling cascades. The stages of tumor progression are influenced by hormones and GF signaling. Hypoxia, a hallmark of cancer progression, contributes to tumor plasticity and heterogeneity. Most solid tumors contain a hypoxic core due to rapid cellular proliferation that outgrows the blood supply. In these circumstances, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play a central role in the adaptation of tumor cells to their new environment, dramatically reshaping their transcriptional profile. HIF signaling is modulated by a variety of factors including hormones and GFs, which activate signaling pathways that enhance tumor growth and metastatic potential and impair responses to therapy. In this review, we summarize the role of hormones and GFs during cancer onset and progression with a particular focus on hypoxia and the interplay with HIF proteins. We also discuss how hypoxia influences the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy, considering that a hypoxic environment may act as a determinant of the immune-excluded phenotype and a major hindrance to the success of adoptive cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Lauren A. Todd
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Mia Stanic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Qi Cai
- Kite Pharma Inc., Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA; (Q.C.); (F.M.)
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy;
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Mo H, Ren Q, Song D, Xu B, Zhou D, Hong X, Hou FF, Zhou L, Liu Y. CXCR4 induces podocyte injury and proteinuria by activating β-catenin signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:767-781. [PMID: 34976212 PMCID: PMC8692909 DOI: 10.7150/thno.65948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) plays a crucial role in mediating podocyte dysfunction, proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we studied the role of β-catenin in mediating CXCR4-triggered podocyte injury. Methods: Mouse models of proteinuric kidney diseases were used to assess CXCR4 and β-catenin expression. We utilized cultured podocytes and glomeruli to delineate the signal pathways involved. Conditional knockout mice with podocyte-specific deletion of CXCR4 were generated and used to corroborate a role of CXCR4/β-catenin in podocyte injury and proteinuria. Results: Both CXCR4 and β-catenin were induced and colocalized in the glomerular podocytes in several models of proteinuric kidney diseases. Activation of CXCR4 by its ligand SDF-1α stimulated β-catenin activation but did not affect the expression of Wnt ligands in vitro. Blockade of β-catenin signaling by ICG-001 preserved podocyte signature proteins and inhibited Snail1 and MMP-7 expression in vitro and ex vivo. Mechanistically, activation of CXCR4 by SDF-1α caused the formation of CXCR4/β-arrestin-1/Src signalosome in podocytes, which led to sequential phosphorylation of Src, EGFR, ERK1/2 and GSK-3β and ultimately β-catenin stabilization and activation. Silencing β-arrestin-1 abolished this cascade of events and inhibited β-catenin in response to CXCR4 stimulation. Podocyte-specific knockout of CXCR4 in mice abolished β-catenin activation, preserved podocyte integrity, reduced proteinuria and ameliorated glomerulosclerosis after Adriamycin injury. Conclusion: These results suggest that CXCR4 promotes podocyte dysfunction and proteinuria by assembling CXCR4/β-arrestin-1/Src signalosome, which triggers a cascade of signal events leading to β-catenin activation.
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Cheng WH, Chen CL, Chen JY, Lin CH, Chen BC. Hypoxia-induced preadipocyte factor 1 expression in human lung fibroblasts through ERK/PEA3/c-Jun pathway. Mol Med 2021; 27:69. [PMID: 34229599 PMCID: PMC8259210 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have reported that hypoxia plays a pathological role in severe asthma and tissue fibrosis. Our previous study showed that hypoxia induces A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) expression in human lung fibroblasts. Moreover, preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref-1) is cleaved by ADAM17, which participates in adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, Pref1 overexpression is involved in tissue fibrosis including liver and heart. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) could active downstram gene expression through polyoma enhancer activator 3 (PEA3) phosphorylation. Studies have demonstrated that PEA3 and activator protein 1 (AP-1) play crucial roles in lung fibrosis, and the Pref-1 promoter region contains PEA3 and AP-1 binding sites as predicted. However, the roles of ERK, PEA3, and AP-1 in hypoxia-stimulated Pref-1 expression in human lung fibroblasts remain unknown. Methods The protein expression in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice was performed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The protein expression or the mRNA level in human lung fibroblasts (WI-38) was detected by western blot or quantitative PCR. Small interfering (si) RNA was used to knockdown gene expression. The collaboration with PEA3 and c-Jun were determined by coimmunoprecipitation. Translocation of PEA3 from the cytosol to the nucleus was observed by immunocytochemistry. The binding ability of PEA3 and AP-1 to Pref-1 promoter was assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Results Pref-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) were expressed in the lung sections of OVA-treated mice. Colocalization of PEA3 and Fibronectin was detected in lung sections from OVA-treated mice. Futhermore, Hypoxia induced Pref1 protein upregulation and mRNA expression in human lung fibroblasts (WI38 cells). In 60 confluent WI-38 cells, hypoxia up-regulated HIF-1α and Pref-1 protein expression. Moreover, PEA3 small interfering (si) RNA decreased the expression of hypoxia-induced Pref1 in WI38 cells. Hypoxia induced PEA3 phosphorylation, translocation of PEA3 from the cytosol to the nucleus, PEA3 recruitment and AP-1 binding to the Pref1 promoter region, and PEA3-luciferase activity. Additionally, hypoxia induced c-Jun-PEA3 complex formation. U0126 (an ERK inhibitor), curcumin (an AP1 inhibitor) or c-Jun siRNA downregulated hypoxia-induced Pref-1 expression. Conclusions These results implied that ERK, PEA3, and AP1 participate in hypoxiainduced Pref1 expression in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Hao Cheng
- Gradual Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Respiratory Therapy, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yun Chen
- Gradual Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Gradual Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Respiratory Therapy, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Division of Thoracic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hall RJ, O'Loughlin J, Billington CK, Thakker D, Hall IP, Sayers I. Functional genomics of GPR126 in airway smooth muscle and bronchial epithelial cells. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21300. [PMID: 34165809 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002073r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GPR126 is an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor which lies on chromosome 6q24. Genetic variants in this region are reproducibly associated with lung function and COPD in genome wide association studies (GWAS). The aims of this study were to define the role of GPR126 in the human lung and in pulmonary disease and identify possible casual variants. Online tools (GTEx and LDlink) identified SNPs which may have effects on GPR126 function/ expression, including missense variant Ser123Gly and an intronic variant that shows eQTL effects on GPR126 expression. GPR126 signaling via cAMP-mediated pathways was identified in human structural airway cells when activated with the tethered agonist, stachel. RNA-seq was used to identify downstream genes/ pathways affected by stachel-mediated GPR126 activation in human airway smooth muscle cells. We identified ~350 differentially expressed genes at 4 and 24 hours post stimulation with ~20% overlap. We identified that genes regulated by GPR126 activation include IL33, CTGF, and SERPINE1, which already have known roles in lung biology. Pathways altered by GPR126 included those involved in cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. Here, we suggest a role for GPR126 in airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan O'Loughlin
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Charlotte K Billington
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dhruma Thakker
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Sayers
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Fukushima K, Akira S. Novel insights into the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis: the RBM7-NEAT1-CXCL12-SatM axis at fibrosis onset. Int Immunol 2021; 33:659-663. [PMID: 34165514 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a life-threatening disorder with significant morbidity and mortality and is caused by excessive formation of connective tissue that can affect several important organs. Fibrosis in organ tissues is caused by an abnormal wound-healing process from repeated injuries. In our recent study using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, we examined the role of RNA-binding protein 7 (RBM7) on the development of lung fibrosis. RBM7 is upregulated in the injured lung epithelium and disturbs normal epithelial cell repair and regeneration by promoting apoptosis of damaged epithelial cells. RBM7 causes the decay of nuclear-enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1), which results in apoptosis of lung epithelial cells. These apoptotic cells then produce C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), which leads to the recruitment of a fibrosis-promoting monocyte population called segregated-nucleus-containing atypical monocytes (SatM) to the damaged area, followed by the initiation and promotion of lung fibrosis. Here, we review recent insights into the crosstalk between lung parenchymal cells and hematopoietic cells during the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoharu Fukushima
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuo Akira
- Department of Host Defense, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Host Defense, World Premier Institute Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Amano H, Matsui Y, Hatanaka K, Hosono K, Ito Y. VEGFR1-tyrosine kinase signaling in pulmonary fibrosis. Inflamm Regen 2021; 41:16. [PMID: 34082837 PMCID: PMC8173728 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-021-00166-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is not only an important factor for angiogenesis but also lung development and homeostasis. VEGF-A binds three tyrosine kinase (TK) receptors VEGFR1–3. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the poor prognoses of lung diseases. The relationship of VEGF and IPF remains to be clarified. Treatment with nintedanib used for the treatment of IPF reduced fibroblast proliferation, inhibited TK receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), and VEGFR. Because the effect of that treatment is still not satisfactory, the emergence of new therapeutic agents is needed. This review describes the enhancement of pulmonary fibrosis by VEGFR1-TK signal and suggests that the blocking of the VEGFR1-TK signal may be useful for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Amano
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Matsui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ko Hatanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Kanako Hosono
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ito
- Department of Pharmacology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Over the last few years, cancer immunotherapy experienced tremendous developments and it is nowadays considered a promising strategy against many types of cancer. However, the exclusion of lymphocytes from the tumor nest is a common phenomenon that limits the efficiency of immunotherapy in solid tumors. Despite several mechanisms proposed during the years to explain the immune excluded phenotype, at present, there is no integrated understanding about the role played by different models of immune exclusion in human cancers. Hypoxia is a hallmark of most solid tumors and, being a multifaceted and complex condition, shapes in a unique way the tumor microenvironment, affecting gene transcription and chromatin remodeling. In this review, we speculate about an upstream role for hypoxia as a common biological determinant of immune exclusion in solid tumors. We also discuss the current state of ex vivo and in vivo imaging of hypoxic determinants in relation to T cell distribution that could mechanisms of immune exclusion and discover functional-morphological tumor features that could support clinical monitoring.
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15
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Ullah A, Chen G, Hussain A, Khan H, Abbas A, Zhou Z, Shafiq M, Ahmad S, Ali U, Usman M, Raza F, Ahmed A, Qiu Z, Zheng M, Liu D. Cyclam-Modified Polyethyleneimine for Simultaneous TGFβ siRNA Delivery and CXCR4 Inhibition for the Treatment of CCl 4-Induced Liver Fibrosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4451-4470. [PMID: 34234436 PMCID: PMC8257077 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s314367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver disease with excessive production of extracellular matrix proteins, leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death. PURPOSE This study aimed at the development of a novel derivative of polyethyleneimine (PEI) that can effectively deliver transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) siRNA and inhibit chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) for TGFβ silencing and CXCR4 Inhibition, respectively, to treat CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in a mouse model. METHODS Cyclam-modified PEI (PEI-Cyclam) was synthesized by incorporating cyclam moiety into PEI by nucleophilic substitution reaction. Gel electrophoresis confirmed the PEI-Cyclam polyplex formation and stability against RNAase and serum degradation. Transmission electron microscopy and zeta sizer were employed for the morphology, particle size, and zeta potential, respectively. The gene silencing and CXCR4 targeting abilities of PEI-Cyclam polyplex were evaluated by luciferase and CXCR4 redistribution assays, respectively. The histological and immunohistochemical staining determined the anti-fibrotic activity of PEI-Cyclam polyplex. The TGFβ silencing of PEI-Cyclam polyplex was authenticated by Western blotting. RESULTS The 1H NMR of PEI-Cyclam exhibited successful incorporation of cyclam content onto PEI. The PEI-Cyclam polyplex displayed spherical morphology, positive surface charge, and stability against RNAse and serum degradation. Cyclam modification decreased the cytotoxicity and demonstrated CXCR4 antagonistic and luciferase gene silencing efficiency. PEI-Cyclam/siTGFβ polyplexes decreased inflammation, collagen deposition, apoptosis, and cell proliferation, thus ameliorating liver fibrosis. Also, PEI-Cyclam/siTGFβ polyplex significantly downregulated α-smooth muscle actin, TGFβ, and collagen type III. CONCLUSION Our findings validate the feasibility of using PEI-Cyclam as a siRNA delivery vector for simultaneous TGFβ siRNA delivery and CXCR4 inhibition for the combined anti-fibrotic effects in a setting of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Ullah
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Aftab Ullah; Daojun Liu Email ;
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abid Hussain
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanif Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Azar Abbas
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanwei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Shafiq
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, people's Republic of China
| | - Saleem Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, Shantou University Medical College Cancer Hospital, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Usman Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, people's Republic of China
| | - Faisal Raza
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abrar Ahmed
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijie Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210028, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maochao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daojun Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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WANG H, LYU J, CHEN L, YU W. [IL-17A activates mouse lung fibroblasts through promoting chemokine CXCL12 secretion]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2020; 49:758-764. [PMID: 33448179 PMCID: PMC10412412 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.12.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of IL-17A in promoting the activation of lung fibroblasts and the secretion of chemokine CXCL12, and to explore the possible mechanism. METHODS Lung tissues of BALB/c mice were collected after intraperitoneal injection of recombinant mouse IL-17A (rmIL-17A). Real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I in lung tissues, and immunohistochemical staining and real-time RT-PCR were used to determine the expression of CXCL12. Normal mouse primary lung fibroblasts were isolated and cultured, and identified by immunofluorescence staining with optical microscopy. Cells and supernatant of culture medium were collected after stimulation with rmIL-17A at different concentrations. mRNA levels of α-SMA, collagen I, and CXCL12 in the cells were determined by real-time RT-PCR, and the levels of collagen I and CXCL12 in the supernatant of culture medium were determined by ELISA. RESULTS The mRNA and protein levels of α-SMA and collagen I in the lung tissue of mice injected with rmIL-17A were significantly increased compared with the control group (all P<0.01). The mRNA levels of α-SMA, collagen I and CXCL12 in mice primary lung fibroblasts were increased after stimulation of rmIL-17A at different concentrations (all P<0.01), and the concentration of collagen Ⅰ and CXCL12 in the supernatants of culture medium were also increased in a dose-dependent manner (all P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS s: IL-17A can promote the activation of lung fibroblasts and translation into myofibroblast. The secretion of collagen is increased, which promote the deposition of extracullular matrix, and leads to the occurrence and development of lung fibrosis. CXCL12, a chemokine secreted by activated fibroblasts, may be involved in this process.
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17
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Yang P, Hu Y, Zhou Q. The CXCL12-CXCR4 Signaling Axis Plays a Key Role in Cancer Metastasis and is a Potential Target for Developing Novel Therapeutics against Metastatic Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5543-5561. [PMID: 31724498 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191113113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in cancer patients; there is currently no effective treatment for cancer metastasis. This is primarily due to our insufficient understanding of the metastatic mechanisms in cancer. An increasing number of studies have shown that the C-X-C motif chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCL12) is overexpressed in various tissues and organs. It is a key niche factor that nurtures the pre-metastatic niches (tumorigenic soil) and recruits tumor cells (oncogenic "seeds") to these niches, thereby fostering cancer cell aggression and metastatic capabilities. However, the C-X-C motif chemokine Receptor 4 (CXCR4) is aberrantly overexpressed in various cancer stem/progenitor cells and functions as a CXCL12 receptor. CXCL12 activates CXCR4 as well as multiple downstream multiple tumorigenic signaling pathways, promoting the expression of various oncogenes. Activation of the CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling axis promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and mobilization of cancer stem/progenitor cells to pre-metastatic niches. It also nurtures cancer cells with high motility, invasion, and dissemination phenotypes, thereby escalating multiple proximal or distal cancer metastasis; this results in poor patient prognosis. Based on this evidence, recent studies have explored either CXCL12- or CXCR4-targeted anti-cancer therapeutics and have achieved promising results in the preclinical trials. Further exploration of this new strategy and its potent therapeutics effect against metastatic cancer through the targeting of the CXCL12- CXCR4 signaling axis may lead to a novel therapy that can clean up the tumor microenvironment ("soil") and kill the cancer cells, particularly the cancer stem/progenitor cells ("seeds"), in cancer patients. Ultimately, this approach has the potential to effectively treat metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine (School of Nursing), Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Yae Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine (School of Nursing), Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Quansheng Zhou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Soochow University; Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Xu Z, Mo L, Feng X, Huang M, Li L. Using bioinformatics approach identifies key genes and pathways in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22099. [PMID: 32899090 PMCID: PMC7478566 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic and irreversible respiratory disease with a high incidence worldwide and no specific treatment. Currently, the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease remain largely unknown. In main purpose of this study, bioinformatics analysis was used to uncover key genes and pathways related to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Gene expression profiles of GSE2052 and GSE35145 were obtained. After combining the 2 chip groups; then, we normalized the data, eliminating batch difference. R software was used to process and to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the IPF and normal tissues. Then, functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs was carried out, and a protein-protein interaction network (PPI) was also constructed. A total of 276 DEGs (152 up and 134 down-regulated genes) were identified in the IPF lung samples. The PPI network was established with 227 nodes and 763 edges. The top 10 hub genes were CAM1, CDH1, CXCL12, JUN, CTGF, SERPINE1, CXCL1, EDN1, COL1A2, and SPARC. Analyzing the PPI network modules with close interaction, the 3 key modules in the whole PPI network were screened out. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways enriched for the module containing DEGs contained the viral protein interaction with cytokine and the cytokine receptor, the TNF signaling pathway, and the chemokine signaling pathway. The identified key genes and pathways may play an important role in the occurrence and development of IPF, and may be expected to be biomarkers or therapeutic targets for the diagnosis of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Xu
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Lisha Mo
- Graduate College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xin Feng
- Health Education Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingru Huang
- Graduate College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Lin Li
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Revisiting Cell Death Responses in Fibrotic Lung Disease: Crosstalk between Structured and Non-Structured Cells. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10070504. [PMID: 32708315 PMCID: PMC7400296 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a life-threatening disorder caused by excessive formation of connective tissue that can affect several critical organs. Innate immune cells are involved in the development of various disorders, including lung fibrosis. To date, several hematopoietic cell types have been implicated in fibrosis, including pro-fibrotic monocytes like fibrocytes and segregated-nucleus-containing atypical monocytes (SatMs), but the precise cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its development remain unclear. Repetitive injury and subsequent cell death response are triggering events for lung fibrosis development. Crosstalk between lung structured and non-structured cells is known to regulate the key molecular event. We recently reported that RNA-binding motif protein 7 (RBM7) expression is highly upregulated in the fibrotic lung and plays fundamental roles in fibrosis development. RBM7 regulates nuclear degradation of NEAT1 non-coding RNA, resulting in sustained apoptosis in the lung epithelium and fibrosis. Apoptotic epithelial cells produce CXCL12, which leads to the recruitment of pro-fibrotic monocytes. Apoptosis is also the main source of autoantigens. Recent studies have revealed important functions for natural autoantibodies that react with specific sets of self-antigens and are unique to individual diseases. Here, we review recent insights into lung fibrosis development in association with crosstalk between structured cells like lung epithelial cells and non-structured cells like migrating immune cells, and discuss their relevance to acquired immunity through natural autoantibody production.
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20
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Li F, Xu X, Geng J, Wan X, Dai H. The autocrine CXCR4/CXCL12 axis contributes to lung fibrosis through modulation of lung fibroblast activity. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1844-1854. [PMID: 32104240 PMCID: PMC7027131 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4/C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CXCR4/CXCL12) axis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. However, the mechanisms governing this remain to be determined. The current study demonstrated that human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) exhibit high CXCL12 expression and also exhibit high expression of its corresponding receptor CXCR4. Exogenous CXCL12 was revealed to significantly promote the migration and proliferation of HLFs, and potentiate CXCR4 expression. These effects were demonstrated to be inhibited by AMD3100, which is an antagonist of CXCR4. Lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid CXCR4 and CXCL12 expression was upregulated by in vivo bleomycin administration, which was partially inhibited by pre-treatment with AMD3100. AMD3100 also reduced lung collagen content in the bleomycin model. Inhibiting CXCR4 was indicated to ameliorate the lung compliance and resistance of pulmonary fibrosis. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that autocrine CXCR4/CXCL12 axis is an important mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and may serve as a potential therapeutic target that can be used in the treatment of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing An-Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing An-Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Jing Geng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Wan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Huaping Dai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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21
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Zhu W, Men X. Retracted
: Negative feedback of NF‐κB signaling by long noncoding RNA MALAT1 controls lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammation injury in human lung fibroblasts WI‐38. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1945-1952. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Jinan No. 4 People's Hospital Jinan Shandong China
| | - Xuelin Men
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Jinan No. 4 People's Hospital Jinan Shandong China
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22
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Dias HB, de Oliveira JR, Donadio MVF, Kimura S. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate prevents pulmonary fibrosis by regulating extracellular matrix deposition and inducing phenotype reversal of lung myofibroblasts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222202. [PMID: 31509566 PMCID: PMC6738633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is the result of chronic injury where fibroblasts become activated and secrete large amounts of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to impaired fibroblasts degradation followed by stiffness and loss of lung function. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), an intermediate of glycolytic pathway, decreases PF development, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. To address this issue, PF was induced in vivo using a mouse model, and pulmonary fibroblasts were isolated from healthy and fibrotic animals. In PF model mice, lung function was improved by FBP as revealed by reduced collagen deposition and downregulation of ECM gene expression such as collagens and fibronectin. Fibrotic lung fibroblasts (FLF) treated with FBP for 3 days in vitro showed decreased proliferation, contraction, and migration, which are characteristic of myofibroblast to fibroblast phenotype reversal. ECM-related genes and proteins such as collagens, fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin, were also downregulated in FBP-treated FLF. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, responsible for ECM degradation, was produced only in fibroblasts obtained from healthy lungs (HLF) and FBP did not alter its expression. On the other hand, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, a MMP1 inhibitor, and MMP2, related to fibroblast tissue-invasion, were predominantly produced by FLF and FBP was able to downregulate its expression. These results demonstrate that FBP may prevent bleomycin-induced PF development through reduced expression of collagen and other ECM components mediated by a reduced TIMP-1 and MMP2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Bregolin Dias
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics and Inflammation, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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23
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Lee HS, Hua HS, Wang CH, Yu MC, Chen BC, Lin CH. Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces connective tissue growth factor expression through the TLR2-JNK-AP-1 pathway in human lung fibroblasts. FASEB J 2019; 33:12554-12564. [PMID: 31451010 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900487r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in lung causes pulmonary fibrosis, which leads to the irreversible reduction of pulmonary function. Fibrotic protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression has been confirmed to play a crucial role in lung fibrosis. However, the underlying signal pathway and effect of M.tb on CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts are unclear. Our results revaled that M.tb caused time- and concentration-dependent increases in CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts. A mechanistic investigation revealed that M.tb induced CTGF expression through TLR2 but not TLR4. The promoter activity assay indicated that M.tb-induced CTGF activity was mainly controlled by the promoter region at -747 to -184 bp, which contained signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and activator protein 1 (AP-1) binding sites. Moreover, curcumin (AP-1 inhibitor) restrained M.tb-induced CTGF expression. M.tb also induced increases in AP-1 luciferase activity and DNA binding activity of c-Jun and c-Fos on the CTGF promoter. Furthermore, the knockdown of c-Jun by small interfering RNA attenuated M.tb-induced CTGF expression and AP-1 luciferase activity. A JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and a JNK dominant-negative mutant suppressed M.tb-induced CTGF expression. We also discovered that M.tb could induce the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun. Furthermore, SP600125 inhibited M.tb-induced c-Jun phosphorylation and AP-1- luciferase activity. M.tb-induced fibronectin expression was inhibited by anti-CTGF antibody. These results demonstrate that M.tb is activated through TLR2 to induce JNK activation, further increasing the DNA binding activity of c-Jun and c-Fos and finally inducing CTGF expression and extracellular matrix production.-Lee, H.-S., Hua, H.-S., Wang, C.-H., Yu, M.-C., Chen, B.-C., Lin, C.-H. Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces connective tissue growth factor expression through the TLR2-JNK-AP-1 pathway in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Sheng Hua
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hui Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Pulmonary Research Center, Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Yu
- Pulmonary Research Center, Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Weng Y, Lou J, Liu X, Lin S, Xu C, Du C, Tang L. Effects of high glucose on proliferation and function of circulating fibrocytes: Involvement of CXCR4/SDF‑1 axis. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:927-938. [PMID: 31257476 PMCID: PMC6657976 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to further investigate the effects of high glucose on the function of circulating fibrocytes and its underlying mechanisms. The total peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from normal glucose tolerance patients and type 2 diabetic mellitus patients. Circulating fibrocytes were stimulated with different glucose concentrations for different time periods (24, 48 and 72 h). Cell proliferation was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was detected by western blotting. The expression of COL-I was detected by flow cytometry. The apoptotic bodies of cells were detected by fluorescence microscopy after Hoechst33258 staining. The invasive and migration abilities of fibrocytes were detected by Transwell chamber assay. Secretion of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) was measured by ELISA. The circulating fibrocytes showed a typical spindle-shape and were double-positive for cluster of differentiation 45 (green) and COL-I (red). Compared with the 5.5 mmol/l glucose group, a high glucose concentration significantly promoted the proliferation of circulating fibrocytes and showed the most significant effects at 30 mmol/l after treatment for 48 h. AMD3100 showed no effects on the proliferation of circulating fibrocytes. Flow cytometry revealed that 30 mmol/l glucose significantly promoted the expression of COL-I vs. 5.5 mmol/l glucose group (P<0.01), while AMD3100 reversed this (P<0.05). Hoechst33258 staining showed no differences in the apoptotic bodies between experimental groups (P>0.05). Western blotting revealed that the expression of CTGF was decreased significantly by AMD3100 pretreatment (P<0.01). Transwell chamber assay showed that 30 mmol/l glucose significantly promoted the invasive and transfer abilities (P<0.01) of fibrocytes when compared with the 5.5 mmol/l glucose group. While AMD3100 reversed the cell migratory effects induced by high glucose (P<0.01). In addition, the secretion of SDF-1 stimulated by 30 mmol/l glucose DMEM showed no differences compared with 5.5 mmol/l glucose DMEM (P>0.05). High glucose stimulated the expressions of CTGF and COL-I, and promoted migration of circulating fibrocytes via the CXC chemokine receptor 4/SDF-1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Jiangjie Lou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Senna Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Chenkai Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Changqing Du
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Lijiang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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HIV-1 Protein gp120 Induces Mouse Lung Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation via CXCR4 Activation. Am J Med Sci 2019; 357:483-491. [PMID: 31000424 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with HIV have ∼2-fold increased risk of developing pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanism(s) by which this occurs has yet to be determined. HIV-1 protein gp120 activates CXCR4 in the lymphocyte, promoting a variety of intracellular signaling pathways including those common to TGFβ1 associated with lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation. We hypothesized that gp120 promotes pulmonary fibrotic changes via activation of CXCR4 in the lung fibroblast. METHODS Mouse primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs) were cultured ± gp120, then analyzed for α-SMA expression and stress fiber formation. In parallel, PLFs were cultured ± gp120 ± AMD3100 (a CXCR4 antagonist), and α-SMA, pan and phospho-Akt, and total and phospho-MAPK (or ERK1/2) protein expression was quantified. Finally, lungs and PLFs from wild-type and HIV-1 transgenic mice were analyzed for hydroxyproline and α-SMA content. RESULTS gp120 treatment increased α-SMA expression and myofibroblast differentiation in PLFs. gp120 treatment activated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but not PI3K-Akt. Pretreatment with AMD3100 inhibited gp120-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and gp120-induced α-SMA expression. In parallel, there was a significant increase in hydroxyproline content in lungs from older HIV-1 transgenic mice and a >3-fold increase in α-SMA expression in PLFs isolated from HIV-1 transgenic mice. CONCLUSIONS gp120 induces α-SMA expression and fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transdifferentiation by activating the CXCR4-ERK1/2 signaling pathway in mouse PLFs. Lungs of older HIV-1 transgenic mice contain higher hydroxyproline content and their PLFs have a striking increase in α-SMA expression. These results suggest a mechanism by which individuals with HIV are at increased risk of developing pulmonary fibrotic changes as they age.
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Chen HY, Lin CH, Chen BC. ADAM17/EGFR-dependent ERK activation mediates thrombin-induced CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wang C, Chen W, Shen J. CXCR7 Targeting and Its Major Disease Relevance. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:641. [PMID: 29977203 PMCID: PMC6021539 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are the target of small peptide chemokines. They play various important roles in physiological and pathological processes. CXCR7, later renamed ACKR3, is a non-classical seven transmembrane-spanning receptor whose function as a signaling or non-signaling scavenger/decoy receptor is currently under debate. Even for cell signaling mechanisms, there has been inconsistency on whether CXCR7 couples to G-proteins or β-arrestins. Several reasons may contribute to this uncertainty or controversy. In one hand, it has been neglected that CXCR7 has more than five natural ligands and unfortunately, most of the prior research only studied SDF-1 (CXCL12) and/or I-TAC (CXCL11); on the other hand, there are mounting evidence supporting ligand and tissue bias for receptor signaling, but limited such information is available for CXCR7. In this review we focus on summarizing the endogenous and exogenous ligands of CXCR7, the main diseases related to CXCR7 and the biased signaling events happening on CXCR7. These three aspects of CXCR7 pharmacologic properties may explain why the contradicting opinions of whether CXCR7 is a signaling or non-signaling receptor exist. Further, potential new direction and perspective for the study of CXCR7 biology and pharmacology are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Weilin Chen
- Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Ding L, Zhu C, Yu F, Wu P, Chen G, Ullah A, Wang K, Sun M, Li J, Oupický D. Pulmonary delivery of polyplexes for combined PAI-1 gene silencing and CXCR4 inhibition to treat lung fibrosis. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:1765-1776. [PMID: 29777878 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the development of polyplexes based on CXCR4-inhibiting poly(ethylenimine) derivative (PEI-C) for pulmonary delivery of siRNA to silence plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (siPAI-1) as a new combination treatment of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Safety and delivery efficacy of the PEI-C/siPAI-1 polyplexes was investigated in vitro in primary lung fibroblasts isolated from mice with bleomycin-induced PF. Biodistribution analysis following intratracheal administration of fluorescently labeled polyplexes showed prolonged retention in the lungs. Treatment of mice with bleomycin-induced PF using the PEI-C/siPAI-1 polyplexes resulted in a significant down-regulation of the PAI-1 expression and decreased collagen deposition in the lung. The results of this study provide first evidence of the potential benefits of combined inhibition of CXCR4 and PAI-1 in the pulmonary treatment of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenfei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pengkai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aftab Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David Oupický
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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Lin CH, Shih CH, Lin YC, Yang YL, Chen BC. MEKK1, JNK, and SMAD3 mediate CXCL12-stimulated connective tissue growth factor expression in human lung fibroblasts. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:19. [PMID: 29499695 PMCID: PMC5833071 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the interaction of CXCL12 and CXC receptor 4 (CXCR4) plays a critical role in lung fibrosis. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) overexpression underlies the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Our previous report showed that the Rac1-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and activator protein (AP)-1 pathways are involved in CXCL12-generated CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts (WI-38). In present study, we additionally inspected the involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1)/JNK-dependent SMAD3 in CXCL12-triggered CTGF expression in WI-38 cells. Methods WI-38 cells were stimulated with CXCL12 in the absence or presence of specific inhibitors or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). CTGF expression and signaling transduction molecules were assessed by Western blot, luciferase activity assay, or ChIP assay. Results CXCL-12-induced CTGF expression was attenuated by SIS3 (a SMAD3 inhibitor) and SMAD3 siRNA, but not by SB431542 (an activin receptor-like kinase 5, ALK5, inhibitor). CXCL12-stimulated CTGF expression was also attenuated by MEKK1 siRNA. Treatment of cells with CXCL12 caused an increase in SMAD3 phosphorylation at Ser208, translocation to nuclei, SMAD3-luciferase activity, and recruitment of SMAD3 to the CTGF promoter. Stimulation of cells with CXCL12 resulted in increase in JNK phosphorylation at Thr183/Tyr185 and MEKK1 phosphorylation at Thr261. Moreover, CXCL12-mediated SMAD3 phosphorylation or SMAD3-luciferase activity was inhibited by MEKK1 siRNA or SP600125. Finally, CXCL12-mediated JNK phosphorylation was attenuated by MEKK1 siRNA. Conclusion In conclusion, results of this study suggest that CXCL12 activates the MEKK1/JNK signaling pathway, which in turn initiates SMAD3 phosphorylation, its translocation to nuclei, and recruitment of SMAD3 to the CTGF promoter, which ultimately induces CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Huang Shih
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Lan Yang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hwang AR, Nam JO, Kang YJ. Fluvastatin inhibits advanced glycation end products-induced proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix accumulation in vascular smooth muscle cells by targeting connective tissue growth factor. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29520172 PMCID: PMC5840078 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.2.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a novel fibrotic mediator, which is considered to mediate fibrosis through extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in diabetic cardiovascular complications. Statins have significant immunomodulatory effects and reduce vascular injury. We therefore examined whether fluvastatin has anti-fibrotic effects in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and elucidated its putative transduction signals. We show that advanced glycation end products (AGEs) stimulated CTGF mRNA and protein expression in a time-dependent manner. AGE-induced CTGF expression was mediated via ERK1/2, JNK, and Egr-1 pathways, but not p38; consequently, cell proliferation and migration and ECM accumulation were regulated by CTGF signaling pathway. AGE-stimulated VSMC proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation were blocked by fluvastatin. However, the inhibitory effect of fluvastatin was restored by administration of CTGF recombinant protein. AGE-induced VSMC proliferation was dependent on cell cycle arrest, thereby increasing G1/G0 phase. Fluvastatin repressed cell cycle regulatory genes cyclin D1 and Cdk4 and augmented cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27 and p21 in AGE-induced VSMCs. Taken together, fluvastatin suppressed AGE-induced VSMC proliferation, migration, and ECM accumulation by targeting CTGF signaling mechanism. These findings might be evidence for CTGF as a potential therapeutic target in diabetic vasculature complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae-Rang Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Ju-Ock Nam
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Young Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea
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CXCL12 gene silencing down-regulates metastatic potential via blockage of MAPK/PI3K/AP-1 signaling pathway in colon cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2018; 20:1035-1045. [PMID: 29305742 PMCID: PMC6061162 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-017-1821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background To investigate the effect of CXCL12 gene silencing on proliferation,invasion, angiogenesis and the relationship of MAPK/PI3K/AP-1 signaling pathway in colon cancer cells. Methods RT-PCR and Western-blot were used to detect the expression of CXCL12 mRNA and protein in four colon cancer cell lines. Human colon cancer cells were transfected with CXCL12 siRNA carrying by Lipofectamine 2000. The expression of CXCL12 protein was confirmed by immunoblotting. WST-1, invasion and angiogenesis assay were used to examine the effect on proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in colon cancer cells after CXCL12 siRNA silence, respectively. The phosphorylation of MAPK/PI3K/AP-1 protein levels was detected by Western blotting in CXCL12 siRNA suppression DLD-1 cell. Results CXCL12 mRNA and proteins were only expressed in DLD-1 colon cancer cell lines. CXCL12 siRNA were transfected into DLD-1 cells, the expression CXCL12 proteins was significantly inhibited (P < 0.01), and the proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis of DLD-1 cells were inhibited significantly (P < 0.01). CXCL12 gene silencing resulted in blockage of MAPK, PI3K and AP-1 phosphorylation by CXCL12-induced in DLD-1 colon cancer cell. Conclusion The silencing CXCL12 gene significantly inhibits the proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis ability of some types colon carcinoma cells through down-regulation of MAPK/PI3K/AP-1 signaling pathway.
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The chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL14 differentially regulate connective tissue markers during limb development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17279. [PMID: 29222527 PMCID: PMC5722906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17490-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissues (CT) support and connect organs together. Understanding the formation of CT is important, as CT deregulation leads to fibrosis. The identification of CT specific markers has contributed to a better understanding of CT function during development. In developing limbs, Osr1 transcription factor is involved in the differentiation of irregular CT while the transcription factor Scx labels tendon. In this study, we show that the CXCL12 and CXCL14 chemokines display distinct expression pattern in limb CT during chick development. CXCL12 positively regulates the expression of OSR1 and COL3A1, a collagen subtype of irregular CT, while CXCL14 activates the expression of the tendon marker SCX. We provide evidence that the CXCL12 effect on irregular CT involves CXCR4 receptor and vessels. In addition, the expression of CXCL12, CXCL14 and OSR genes is suppressed by the anti-fibrotic BMP signal. Finally, mechanical forces, known to be involved in adult fibrosis, control the expression of chemokines, CT-associated transcription factors and collagens during limb development. Such unexpected roles of CXCL12 and CXCL14 chemokines during CT differentiation can contribute to a better understanding of the fibrosis mechanisms in adult pathological conditions.
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Mo H, Wu Q, Miao J, Luo C, Hong X, Wang Y, Tang L, Hou FF, Liu Y, Zhou L. C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 Plays a Crucial Role in Mediating Oxidative Stress-Induced Podocyte Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:345-362. [PMID: 27960539 PMCID: PMC6435352 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative stress plays a role in mediating podocyte injury and proteinuria. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the potential role of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), the receptor for stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), in mediating oxidative stress-induced podocyte injury. RESULTS In mouse model of adriamycin nephropathy (ADR), CXCR4 expression was significantly induced in podocytes as early as 3 days. This was accompanied by an increased upregulation of oxidative stress in podocyte, as demonstrated by malondialdehyde assay, nitrotyrosine staining and secretion of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in urine, and induction of NOX2 and NOX4, major subunits of NADPH oxidase. CXCR4 was also induced in human kidney biopsies with proteinuric kidney diseases and colocalized with advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), an established oxidative stress trigger. Using cultured podocytes and mouse model, we found that AOPPs induced significant loss of podocyte marker Wilms tumor 1 (WT1), nephrin, and podocalyxin, accompanied by upregulation of desmin both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, AOPPs worsened proteinuria and aggravated glomerulosclerosis in ADR. These effects were associated with marked activation of SDF-1α/CXCR4 axis in podocytes. Administration of AMD3100, a specific inhibitor of CXCR4, reduced proteinuria and ameliorated podocyte dysfunction and renal fibrosis triggered by AOPPs in mice. In glomerular miniorgan culture, AOPPs also induced CXCR4 expression and downregulated nephrin and WT1. Innovation and Conclusion: These results suggest that chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays a crucial role in mediating oxidative stress-induced podocyte injury, proteinuria, and renal fibrosis. CXCR4 could be a new target for mitigating podocyte injury, proteinuria, and glomerular sclerosis in proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 345-362.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Mo
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinyu Wu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Miao
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Congwei Luo
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Hong
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongping Wang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Tang
- 2 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Department of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Fan Hou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China .,3 Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lili Zhou
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
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Chen JY, Lin CH, Chen BC. Hypoxia-induced ADAM 17 expression is mediated by RSK1-dependent C/EBPβ activation in human lung fibroblasts. Mol Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28646679 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia was identified as a mediator of lung fibrosis in patients with chronic obstructive asthma (COA). Overexpression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM 17) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) leads to development of tissue fibrosis. However, the signaling pathway in hypoxia-induced ADAM 17 expression remains poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the roles that ribosomal S-6 kinase 1 (RSK1)/CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ)-dependent ADAM 17 expression plays in hypoxia-induced CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts. We observed that hypoxia caused increases in ADAM 17 expression and ADAM 17-luciferase activity in WI-38 cells. Hypoxia-induced CTGF-luciferase activity and CTGF expression were reduced in cells transfected with small interfering (si)RNA of ADAM 17 in WI-38 cells. Moreover, hypoxia-induced ADAM 17 expression was reduced by RSK1 siRNA and C/EBPβ siRNA. Hypoxia caused time-dependent increases in RSK1 phosphorylation at Thr359/Ser363. Exposure of cells to hypoxia resulted in increased C/EBPβ phosphorylation at Thr266 and C/EBPβ-luciferase activity in time-dependent manners, and these effects were suppressed by RSK1 siRNA. Hypoxia induced recruitment of C/EBPβ to the ADAM 17 promoter. Furthermore, CTGF-luciferase activity induced by hypoxia was attenuated by RSK1 siRNA and C/EBPβ siRNA. These results suggest that hypoxia instigates the RSK1-dependent C/EBPβ signaling pathway, which in turn initiates binding of C/EBPβ to the ADAM 17 promoter and ultimately induces ADAM 17 expression in human lung fibroblasts. Moreover, RSK1/C/EBPβ-dependent ADAM 17 expression is involved in hypoxia-induced CTGF expression. Our results suggest possible therapeutic approaches for treating hypoxia-mediated lung fibrosis in COA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yun Chen
- Gradual Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Gradual Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hummler JK, Dapaah-Siakwan F, Vaidya R, Zambrano R, Luo S, Chen S, Kerr N, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Keane RW, Dietrich WD, Bancalari E, Young KC, Wu S. Inhibition of Rac1 Signaling Downregulates Inflammasome Activation and Attenuates Lung Injury in Neonatal Rats Exposed to Hyperoxia. Neonatology 2017; 111:280-288. [PMID: 28013306 DOI: 10.1159/000450918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory injury, particularly the production of active interleukin (IL)-1β plays a major role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants. The release of active IL-1β is controlled by posttranscriptional modifications of its proform (pro-IL-1β) through the inflammasome. Rac1 is a member of the Rho family of GTPases that regulate the inflammatory process. OBJECTIVE This study tested the hypothesis that Rac1 signaling increases inflammasome activation that results in damaging inflammation, and that the inhibition of Rac1 signaling prevents lung injury, by inhibiting inflammasome activation in a newborn rat model of BPD induced by hyperoxia. METHODS Newborn rat pups were exposed to room air or hyperoxia (85% O2) and received daily intraperitoneal injections of placebo (normal saline) or NSC23766, a specific Rac1 inhibitor, for 10 days. The effects on lung inflammation, alveolarization, vascular development, vascular remodeling, right ventricular systolic pressure, and right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) were then assessed. RESULTS Hyperoxia exposure upregulated Rac1 and increased the production of active IL-1β, which was accompanied by increasing expression of the inflammasome. In addition, hyperoxia induced the pathological hallmarks of BPD. However, treatment with NSC23766 significantly decreased inflammasome activation and macrophage infiltration, improved alveolar and vascular development, and reduced pulmonary vascular remodeling and RVH. CONCLUSION These results indicate that Rac1 signaling regulates the expression of the inflammasome and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury. Therefore, targeting Rac1 signaling may provide a novel strategy to prevent and treat BPD in preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia K Hummler
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Batchelor Children's Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Lu J, Zhang ZL, Huang D, Tang N, Li Y, Peng Z, Lu C, Dong Z, Tang F. Cdk3-promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition through activating AP-1 is involved in colorectal cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7012-28. [PMID: 26755651 PMCID: PMC4872765 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase-3 (Cdk3) is a positive regulator of the G1 mammalian cell cycle phase. Cdk3 is involved in cancer progression, but very little is known about its mechanism in cancer development and progression. Herein, we found that Cdk3 increased colorectal cancer metastasis through promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) shift. Cdk3 was found to highly express in metastatic cancer and induce cell motility and invasion. Cdk3 was shown to phosphorylate c-Jun at Ser 63 and Ser 73 in vitro and ex vivo. Cdk3-phosphorylated c-Jun at Ser 63 and Ser 73 resulted in an increased AP-1 activity. Ectopic expression of Cdk3 promoted colorectal cancer from epithelial to mesenchymal transition conjugating AP-1 activation, while AP-1 inhibition dramatically decreased Cdk3-increased EMT shift. These results showed that the Cdk3/c-Jun signaling axis mediating epithelial-mesenchymal transition plays an important role in colorectal cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Lu
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Lin Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Damao Huang
- Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Na Tang
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Yuejin Li
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Zhengke Peng
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Chengrong Lu
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Institution of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, P.R. China
| | - Faqing Tang
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, P.R. China.,Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
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Liu H, Chen J, Jiang X, Wang T, Xie X, Hu H, Yu F, Wang X, Fan H. Apoptotic signal pathways and regulatory mechanisms of cancer cells induced by IL-24. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11859-016-1205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kolahian S, Fernandez IE, Eickelberg O, Hartl D. Immune Mechanisms in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 55:309-22. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0121tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Cheng Y, Lin CH, Chen JY, Li CH, Liu YT, Chen BC. Induction of Connective Tissue Growth Factor Expression by Hypoxia in Human Lung Fibroblasts via the MEKK1/MEK1/ERK1/GLI-1/GLI-2 and AP-1 Pathways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160593. [PMID: 27486656 PMCID: PMC4972311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reports have indicated that hypoxia, GLI, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) contribute to pulmonary fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We investigated the participation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) kinase 1 (MEKK1)/MEK1/ERK1/GLI-1/2 and activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling in hypoxia-induced CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts. Hypoxia time-dependently increased CTGF expression, which was attenuated by the small interfering RNA (siRNA) of GLI-1 (GLI-1 siRNA) and GLI-2 (GLI-2 siRNA) in both human lung fibroblast cell line (WI-38) and primary human lung fibroblasts (NHLFs). Moreover, GLI-1 siRNA and GLI-2 siRNA attenuated hypoxia-induced CTGF-luciferase activity, and the treatment of cells with hypoxia induced GLI-1 and GLI-2 translocation. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced CTGF expression was reduced by an MEK inhibitor (PD98059), MEK1 siRNA, ERK inhibitor (U0126), ERK1 siRNA, and MEKK1 siRNA. Both PD98059 and U0126 significantly attenuated hypoxia-induced CTGF-luciferase activity. Hypoxia time-dependently increased MEKK1, ERK, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Moreover, SB203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor) also apparently inhibited hypoxia-induced CTGF expression. The treatment of cells with hypoxia induced ERK, GLI-1, or GLI-2 complex formation. Hypoxia-induced GLI-1 and GLI-2 translocation into the nucleus was significantly attenuated by U0126. In addition, hypoxia-induced ERK Tyr204 phosphorylation was impeded by MEKK1 siRNA. Moreover, hypoxia-induced CTGF-luciferase activity was attenuated by cells transfected with AP-1 site mutation in a CTGF construct. Exposure to hypoxia caused a time-dependent phosphorylation of c-Jun, but not of c-Fos. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) revealed that hypoxia induced the recruitment of c-Jun, GLI-1, and GLI-2 to the AP-1 promoter region of CTGF. Hypoxia-treated cells exhibited an increase in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen production, which was blocked by GLI-1 siRNA and GLI-2 siRNA. Overall, these data implied that the MEKK1/MEK1/ERK1/GLI-1/GLI-2, and AP-1 pathways mediated hypoxia-induced CTGF expression in human lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, GLI-1 and GLI-2 found to be involved in hypoxia-induced α-SMA and collagen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cheng
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-huang Lin
- Gradual Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yun Chen
- Gradual Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hua Li
- Gradual Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Pal J, Patil V, Mondal B, Shukla S, Hegde AS, Arivazhagan A, Santosh V, Somasundaram K. Epigenetically silenced GNG4 inhibits SDF1α/CXCR4 signaling in mesenchymal glioblastoma. Genes Cancer 2016; 7:136-47. [PMID: 27382437 PMCID: PMC4918951 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common and aggressive form of primary brain tumor in adults is glioblastoma (GBM). From the global DNA methylation profiling study, previously published from our laboratory, we identified Guanine Nucleotide binding-protein Gamma subunit 4 (GNG4) to be one of the most hyper methylated and down regulated genes in GBM. GBM derived cell lines showed reduced GNG4 transcript levels, which could be reversed by methylation inhibitor treatment. Bisulphite sequencing confirmed the methylation status in glioblastoma tumor tissue and GBM derived cell lines. Overexpression of GNG4 was found to inhibit proliferation and colony formation of GBM cell lines and in vitro transformation of immortalized human astrocytes, thus suggesting a potential tumor suppressor role of GNG4 in GBM. Correlation of GNG4 transcript levels with that of all GPCRs from TCGA data revealed chemokine receptors as the potential target of GNG4. Furthermore, exogenous over expression of GNG4 inhibited SDF1α/CXCR4-dependent chemokine signaling as seen by reduced pERK and pJNK and GBM cell migration. The inhibitory association between GNG4 and SDF1α/CXCR4 was more evident in mesenchymal subtype of GBM. Thus, this study identifies GNG4 as an inhibitor of SDF1α/CXCR4-dependent signaling and emphasizes the significance of epigenetic inactivation of GNG4 in glioblastoma, especially in mesenchymal subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagriti Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vikas Patil
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Baisakhi Mondal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sudhanshu Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Alangar S Hegde
- Sri Satya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Arimappamagan Arivazhagan
- Departments of Neuropathology and Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Vani Santosh
- Departments of Neuropathology and Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Kumaravel Somasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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The phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast augments the Th17-promoting capability of dendritic cells by enhancing IL-23 production, and impairs their T cell stimulatory activity due to elevated IL-10. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 35:174-184. [PMID: 27070502 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors serve to prevent degradation of the intracellular second messenger cAMP, resulting in broad anti-inflammatory effects on different cell types including immune cells. Agents that elevate cAMP levels via activation of adenylate cyclase have been shown to imprint a Th17-promoting capacity in dendritic cells (DCs). Therefore, we studied the potential of therapeutically relevant PDE inhibitors to induce a pronounced Th17-skewing capacity in DCs. Here we show that mouse bone marrow-derived (BM-) DCs when treated with the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast (ROF, trade name: Daxas) in the course of stimulation with LPS (ROF-DCs) evoked elevated IL-17 levels in cocultured allogeneic T cells. In addition, as compared with control settings, levels of IFN-γ remained unaltered, while contents of Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-10) were diminished. ROF enhanced expression of the Th17-promoting factor IL-23 in BM-DCs. In line, neutralizing antibodies specific for IL-23 or IL-6 when applied to DC/T cell cocultures partially inhibited the IL17-promoting effect of ROF-DCs. Furthermore, ROF-DCs displayed a markedly diminished allogeneic T cell stimulatory capacity due to enhanced production of IL-10, which was restored upon application of IL-10 specific neutralizing antibody to DC/T cell cocultures. Both the IL-17-inducing and impaired T cell stimulatory capacity of BM-DCs were mimicked by a specific activator of protein kinase A, while stimulation of EPACs (exchange proteins of activated cAMP) did not yield such effects. Taken together, our findings suggest that PDE4 inhibitors aside from their broad overall anti-inflammatory effects may enhance the Th17-polarizing capacity in DCs as an unwanted side effect.
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Zhu Z, Ding J, Ma Z, Iwashina T, Tredget EE. The natural behavior of mononuclear phagocytes in HTS formation. Wound Repair Regen 2016; 24:14-25. [PMID: 26519112 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HTS) are caused by trauma or burn injuries to the deep dermis and are considered fibrosis in the skin. Monocytes, M1 and M2 macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Studies suggest that M2 macrophages are profibrotic and might contribute to HTS formation. Our lab has established a human HTS-like nude mouse model, in which the grafted human skin develops red, raised, and firm scarring, resembling HTS seen in humans. In this study, we observed the natural behavior of mononuclear phagocyte system in this nude mouse model of dermal fibrosis at multiple time points. Thirty athymic nude mice received human skin grafts and an equal number of mice received mouse skin grafts as controls. The grafted skin and blood were harvested at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks. Wound area, thickness, collagen morphology and level, the cell number of myofibroblasts, M1- and M2-like macrophages in the grafted skin, as well as monocyte fraction in the blood were investigated at each time points. Xenografted mice developed contracted and thickened scars grossly. The xenografted skin resembled human HTS tissue based on enhanced thickness, fibrotic orientation of collagen bundles, increased collagen level, and infiltration of myofibroblasts. In the blood, monocytes dramatically decreased at 1 week postgrafting and gradually returned to normal in the following 8 weeks. In the xenografted skin, M1-like macrophages were found predominantly at 1-2 weeks postgrafting; whereas, M2-like macrophages were abundant at later time points, 3-4 weeks postgrafting coincident with the development of fibrosis in the human skin tissues. This understanding of the natural behavior of mononuclear phagocytes in vivo in our mouse model provides evidence for the role of M2-like macrophages in fibrosis of human skin and suggests that macrophage depletion in the subacute phases of wound healing might reduce or prevent HTS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensen Zhu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wound Healing Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Burn and Reconstructive Surgery, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wound Healing Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zengshuan Ma
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wound Healing Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Takashi Iwashina
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wound Healing Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Edward E Tredget
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wound Healing Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Dai C, Lv S, Shi R, Ding J, Zhong X, Song H, Ma X, Fan J, Sun B, Wang R, Ma W. Nuclear Protein C23 on the Cell Surface Plays an Important Role in Activation of CXCR4 Signaling in Glioblastoma. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1521-1526. [PMID: 25367885 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) plays an important role in tumor progression and are associated with angiogenesis. Meanwhile, the implications of C23 in multiple signaling pathways have been also investigated. However, the effects of C23 on CXCR4 pathway in glioblastoma are not fully characterized. In the present study, C23 and CXCR4 of U87 cell line were inhibited by anti-C23 and anti-CXCR4 antibodies, respectively; and then C23 and CXCR4 siRNAs were used to knock down endogenous C23 and CXCR4, respectively. In addition, MTT assay was also introduced. Our data showed that either anti-C23 or anti-CXCR4 antibodies efficaciously repressed the phosphorylation levels of ERK (p < 0.000) and AKT (p < 0.000) compared with SDF-1 alone and control. As expected, either C23 or CXCR4 siRNAs indeed resulted in C23 and CXCR4 knockdown and further suppressed the expression of p-ERK and p-AKT. Most importantly, immunoprecipitation revealed C23 interacted with CXCR4 once U87 was exposed to SDF-1 treatment. In addition, MTT assay identified that C23 or CXCR4 siRNAs could obviously decreased cell proliferation capacity (p = 0.002). In conclusion, our results suggest that C23 plays a crucial role in activation of SDF-1-induced ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways via interacting with CXCR4. Furthermore, C23 could be recommended as an important element in glioblastoma development and a new target for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxin Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shunzeng Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ranran Shi
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Department of Paediatrics, Xiaolan People's Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Huishu Song
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianzhen Fan
- Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bowen Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Renzhi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Shao M, Tang ST, Liu B, Zhu HQ. Rac1 mediates HMGB1‑induced hyperpermeability in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells via MAPK signal transduction. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:529-35. [PMID: 26549372 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is closely associated with the failure of alveolar‑capillary barrier integrity and alveolar filling by high protein pulmonary edema, resulting from hyperpermeability. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a novel late mediator of sepsis, which is specifically involved in endotoxin‑induced acute lung injury and sepsis‑associated lethality. Although the role of HMGB1 in endothelial cell cytoskeletal rearrangement and vascular permeability have been investigated preliminarily, the molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. As the ras‑related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) gene is important role in regulating microvascular barrier maintenance, the present study was designed to determine whether Rac1 is involved in HMGB1‑induced hyperpermeability in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). The results of the present study demonstrated that HMGB1 induced dose and time‑dependent decreases in transendothelial electrical resistance (TER). Notably, HMGB1 induced a dose‑dependent increase in the activity and expression levels of Rac1. Using small interfering RNA and an agonist of Rac1, the present study demonstrated that Rac1 was a novel factor mediating the HMGB1‑induced decrease in TER via extracellular signal‑regulated kinase and p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. These data suggested that Rac1 is involved in HMGB1‑induced hyperpermeability in PMVECs via MAPK signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Song-Tao Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Bao Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Qing Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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Luzina IG, Todd NW, Sundararajan S, Atamas SP. The cytokines of pulmonary fibrosis: Much learned, much more to learn. Cytokine 2015; 74:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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He J, Gong J, Ding Q, Tan Q, Han P, Liu J, Zhou Z, Tu W, Xia Y, Yan W, Tian D. Suppressive effect of SATB1 on hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis in rats. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1359-68. [PMID: 25896016 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a worldwide clinical issue. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is the central event during liver fibrosis. We investigated the role of SATB1 in HSC activation and liver fibrogenesis. The results show that SATB1 expression is reduced during HSC activation. Additionally, SATB1 inhibits HSC activation, proliferation, migration, and collagen synthesis. Furthermore, CTGF, a pro-fibrotic agent, is also significantly inhibited by SATB1 through the Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK/Ets-1 pathway. In vivo, SATB1 deactivates HSCs and attenuates fibrosis in TAA-induced fibrotic rat livers. These data indicate that SATB1 plays an important role in HSC activation and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinghai Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingmei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujia Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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