1
|
Duke SO, Pan Z, Bajsa-Hirschel J, Tamang P, Hammerschmidt R, Lorsbach BA, Sparks TC. Molecular Targets of Herbicides and Fungicides─Are There Useful Overlaps for Fungicide Discovery? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:20532-20548. [PMID: 38100716 PMCID: PMC10755756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
New fungicide modes of action are needed for fungicide resistance management strategies. Several commercial herbicide targets found in fungi that are not utilized by commercial fungicides are discussed as possible fungicide molecular targets. These are acetyl CoA carboxylase, acetolactate synthase, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, glutamine synthase, phytoene desaturase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase, long-chain fatty acid synthase, dihydropteroate synthase, hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase, and Ser/Thr protein phosphatase. Some of the inhibitors of these herbicide targets appear to be either good fungicides or good leads for new fungicides. For example, some acetolactate synthase and dihydropteroate inhibitors are excellent fungicides. There is evidence that some herbicides have indirect benefits to certain crops due to their effects on fungal crop pathogens. Using a pesticide with both herbicide and fungicide activities based on the same molecular target could reduce the total amount of pesticide used. The limitations of such a product are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen O. Duke
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University 38667, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Pan
- Natural
Products Utilization Research Unit, United
States Department of Agriculture, University 38667, United States
| | - Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel
- Natural
Products Utilization Research Unit, United
States Department of Agriculture, University 38667, United States
| | - Prabin Tamang
- Natural
Products Utilization Research Unit, United
States Department of Agriculture, University 38667, United States
| | - Raymond Hammerschmidt
- Department
of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Beth A. Lorsbach
- Nufarm, 4020 Aerial Center Parkway, Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Integrative analysis of genomic and metabolomic data reveals key metabolic pathways involved in lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis in oleaginous red yeast Rhodosporidiobolus odoratus XQR. Microbiol Res 2023; 270:127339. [PMID: 36827895 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Rhodosporidiobolus odoratus, one of the oleaginous red yeasts, is gaining biotechnological importance for their ability to produce microbial lipids and carotenoids. However, to date, the genomic resource underling lipid and carotenoid biosynthesis in R. odoratus has not been reported. Here, we reported the first genome assembly of R. odoratus using a combination of PacBio and Illumina techniques. The final genome assembly is 23.74 Mb in size, containing 52 scaffolds with a N50 length of 1200,460 bp and a GC content of 56.90%. Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) assessment showed that our assembly contains 94.23% of Basidiomycota universal single-copy orthologs. The genome was predicted to contain 4986 protein-coding genes, 4967 of which were functionally annotated. Metabolomic profiling identified 574 lipids, 3 carotenoids, and 208 volatile organic compounds synthesized by R. odoratus. Integrative analysis of genomics and metabolomics provides insights into the biosynthesis of lipid, carotenoid, and other bioactive compounds in R. odoratus. Collectively, the results presented herein greatly enhance our understanding of R. odoratus in lipids and carotenoids biosynthesis, and thus further accelerate its fundamental molecular investigations and biotechnological applications.
Collapse
|
3
|
Jarrige D, Haridas S, Bleykasten-Grosshans C, Joly M, Nadalig T, Sancelme M, Vuilleumier S, Grigoriev IV, Amato P, Bringel F. High-quality genome of the basidiomycete yeast Dioszegia hungarica PDD-24b-2 isolated from cloud water. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkac282. [PMID: 36259934 PMCID: PMC9713403 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The genome of the basidiomycete yeast Dioszegia hungarica strain PDD-24b-2 isolated from cloud water at the summit of puy de Dôme (France) was sequenced using a hybrid PacBio and Illumina sequencing strategy. The obtained assembled genome of 20.98 Mb and a GC content of 57% is structured in 16 large-scale contigs ranging from 90 kb to 5.56 Mb, and another 27.2 kb contig representing the complete circular mitochondrial genome. In total, 8,234 proteins were predicted from the genome sequence. The mitochondrial genome shows 16.2% cgu codon usage for arginine but has no canonical cognate tRNA to translate this codon. Detected transposable element (TE)-related sequences account for about 0.63% of the assembled genome. A dataset of 2,068 hand-picked public environmental metagenomes, representing over 20 Tbp of raw reads, was probed for D. hungarica related ITS sequences, and revealed worldwide distribution of this species, particularly in aerial habitats. Growth experiments suggested a psychrophilic phenotype and the ability to disperse by producing ballistospores. The high-quality assembled genome obtained for this D. hungarica strain will help investigate the behavior and ecological functions of this species in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domitille Jarrige
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7156 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sajeet Haridas
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Muriel Joly
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Nadalig
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7156 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Sancelme
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Vuilleumier
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7156 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pierre Amato
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne Institut National Polytechnique (INP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Bringel
- Génétique Moléculaire, Génomique, Microbiologie (GMGM), Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7156 CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li CJ, Zhao D, Li BX, Zhang N, Yan JY, Zou HT. Whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of oleaginous red yeast Sporobolomyces pararoseus NGR identifies candidate genes for biotechnological potential and ballistospores-shooting. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:181. [PMID: 32093624 PMCID: PMC7041287 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporobolomyces pararoseus is regarded as an oleaginous red yeast, which synthesizes numerous valuable compounds with wide industrial usages. This species hold biotechnological interests in biodiesel, food and cosmetics industries. Moreover, the ballistospores-shooting promotes the colonizing of S. pararoseus in most terrestrial and marine ecosystems. However, very little is known about the basic genomic features of S. pararoseus. To assess the biotechnological potential and ballistospores-shooting mechanism of S. pararoseus on genome-scale, the whole genome sequencing was performed by next-generation sequencing technology. RESULTS Here, we used Illumina Hiseq platform to firstly assemble S. pararoseus genome into 20.9 Mb containing 54 scaffolds and 5963 predicted genes with a N50 length of 2,038,020 bp and GC content of 47.59%. Genome completeness (BUSCO alignment: 95.4%) and RNA-seq analysis (expressed genes: 98.68%) indicated the high-quality features of the current genome. Through the annotation information of the genome, we screened many key genes involved in carotenoids, lipids, carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction pathways. A phylogenetic assessment suggested that the evolutionary trajectory of the order Sporidiobolales species was evolved from genus Sporobolomyces to Rhodotorula through the mediator Rhodosporidiobolus. Compared to the lacking ballistospores Rhodotorula toruloides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found genes enriched for spore germination and sugar metabolism. These genes might be responsible for the ballistospores-shooting in S. pararoseus NGR. CONCLUSION These results greatly advance our understanding of S. pararoseus NGR in biotechnological potential and ballistospores-shooting, which help further research of genetic manipulation, metabolic engineering as well as its evolutionary direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ji Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Die Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Xue Li
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yu Yan
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Zou
- College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Iqbal MZ, Cheng M, Zhao Y, Wen X, Ping Zhang, Zhang L, Ali A, Rong T, Tang QL. Mysterious meiotic behavior of autopolyploid and allopolyploid maize. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2018; 12:247-265. [PMID: 30061981 PMCID: PMC6063980 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v12i2.24907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the stability of chromosomes during meiosis in autopolyploid and allopolyploid maize, as well as to determine an association of chromosomes between maize (Zea mays ssp. mays Linnaeus, 1753) and Z. perennis (Hitchcock, 1922) Reeves & Mangelsdor, 1942, by producing a series of autopolyploid and allopolyploid maize hybrids. The intra-genomic and inter-genomic meiotic pairings in these polyploids were quantified and compared using dual-color genomic in-situ hybridization. The results demonstrated higher level of chromosome stability in allopolyploid maize during meiosis as compared to autopolyploid maize. In addition, the meiotic behavior of Z. perennis was relatively more stable as compared to the allopolyploid maize. Moreover, ten chromosomes of "A" subgenome in maize were homologous to twenty chromosomes of Z. perennis genome with a higher pairing frequency and little evolutionary differentiation. At the same time, little evolutionary differentiation has been shown by chromosomes of "A" subgenome in maize, while chromosomes of "B" subgenome, had a lower pairing frequency and higher evolutionary differentiation. Furthermore, 5IM + 5IIPP + 5IIIMPP and 5IIMM + 5IIPP + 5IVMMPP were observed in allotriploids and allotetraploids respectively, whereas homoeologous chromosomes were found between the "A" and "B" genome of maize and Z. perennis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zafar Iqbal
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingjun Cheng
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan Provincial Grassland Work Station, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaodong Wen
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Asif Ali
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingzhao Rong
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Lin Tang
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Maize Research Institute, Wenjiang 611130, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Idnurm A, Bailey AM, Cairns TC, Elliott CE, Foster GD, Ianiri G, Jeon J. A silver bullet in a golden age of functional genomics: the impact of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2017; 4:6. [PMID: 28955474 PMCID: PMC5615635 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-017-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a transformation tool revolutionized approaches to discover and understand gene functions in a large number of fungal species. A. tumefaciens mediated transformation (AtMT) is one of the most transformative technologies for research on fungi developed in the last 20 years, a development arguably only surpassed by the impact of genomics. AtMT has been widely applied in forward genetics, whereby generation of strain libraries using random T-DNA insertional mutagenesis, combined with phenotypic screening, has enabled the genetic basis of many processes to be elucidated. Alternatively, AtMT has been fundamental for reverse genetics, where mutant isolates are generated with targeted gene deletions or disruptions, enabling gene functional roles to be determined. When combined with concomitant advances in genomics, both forward and reverse approaches using AtMT have enabled complex fungal phenotypes to be dissected at the molecular and genetic level. Additionally, in several cases AtMT has paved the way for the development of new species to act as models for specific areas of fungal biology, particularly in plant pathogenic ascomycetes and in a number of basidiomycete species. Despite its impact, the implementation of AtMT has been uneven in the fungi. This review provides insight into the dynamics of expansion of new research tools into a large research community and across multiple organisms. As such, AtMT in the fungi, beyond the demonstrated and continuing power for gene discovery and as a facile transformation tool, provides a model to understand how other technologies that are just being pioneered, e.g. CRISPR/Cas, may play roles in fungi and other eukaryotic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Andy M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Timothy C. Cairns
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Candace E. Elliott
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Gary D. Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morineau C, Gissot L, Bellec Y, Hematy K, Tellier F, Renne C, Haslam R, Beaudoin F, Napier J, Faure JD. Dual Fatty Acid Elongase Complex Interactions in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160631. [PMID: 27583779 PMCID: PMC5008698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are involved in plant development and particularly in several cellular processes such as membrane trafficking, cell division and cell differentiation. However, the precise role of VLCFAs in these different cellular processes is still poorly understood in plants. In order to identify new factors associated with the biosynthesis or function of VLCFAs, a yeast multicopy suppressor screen was carried out in a yeast mutant strain defective for fatty acid elongation. Loss of function of the elongase 3 hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase PHS1 in yeast and PASTICCINO2 in plants prevents growth and induces cytokinesis defects. PROTEIN TYROSIN PHOSPHATASE-LIKE (PTPLA) previously characterized as an inactive dehydratase was able to restore yeast phs1 growth and VLCFAs elongation but not the plant pas2-1 defects. PTPLA interacted with elongase subunits in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and its absence induced the accumulation of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA as expected from a dehydratase involved in fatty acid (FA) elongation. However, loss of PTPLA function increased VLCFA levels, an effect that was dependent on the presence of PAS2 indicating that PTPLA activity repressed FA elongation. The two dehydratases have specific expression profiles in the root with PAS2, mostly restricted to the endodermis, while PTPLA was confined in the vascular tissue and pericycle cells. Comparative ectopic expression of PTPLA and PAS2 in their respective domains confirmed the existence of two independent elongase complexes based on PAS2 or PTPLA dehydratase that are functionally interacting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Morineau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Lionel Gissot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Yannick Bellec
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Kian Hematy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Frédérique Tellier
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Charlotte Renne
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | - Richard Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Frédéric Beaudoin
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Johnathan Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Denis Faure
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kihara A. Synthesis and degradation pathways, functions, and pathology of ceramides and epidermal acylceramides. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:50-69. [PMID: 27107674 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide (Cer) is a structural backbone of sphingolipids and is composed of a long-chain base and a fatty acid. Existence of a variety of Cer species, which differ in chain-length, hydroxylation status, and/or double bond number of either of their hydrophobic chains, has been reported. Ceramide is produced by Cer synthases. Mammals have six Cer synthases (CERS1-6), each of which exhibits characteristic substrate specificity toward acyl-CoAs with different chain-lengths. Knockout mice for each Cer synthase show corresponding, isozyme-specific phenotypes, revealing the functional differences of Cers with different chain-lengths. Cer diversity is especially prominent in epidermis. Changes in Cer levels, composition, and chain-lengths are associated with atopic dermatitis. Acylceramide (acyl-Cer) specifically exists in epidermis and plays an essential role in skin permeability barrier formation. Accordingly, defects in acyl-Cer synthesis cause the cutaneous disorder ichthyosis with accompanying severe skin barrier defects. Although the molecular mechanism by which acyl-Cer is generated was long unclear, most genes involved in its synthesis have been identified recently. In Cer degradation pathways, the long-chain base moiety of Cer is converted to acyl-CoA, which is then incorporated mainly into glycerophospholipids. This pathway generates the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate. This review will focus on recent advances in our understanding of the synthesis and degradation pathways, physiological functions, and pathology of Cers/acyl-Cers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12-jo, Nishi 6-choume, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ianiri G, Idnurm A, Castoria R. Transcriptomic responses of the basidiomycete yeast Sporobolomyces sp. to the mycotoxin patulin. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:210. [PMID: 26956724 PMCID: PMC4784387 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium expansum, the causal agent of blue mold of stored pome fruits, and several other species of filamentous fungi. This mycotoxin has genotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic effects in mammals, and its presence in pome fruits and derived products represents a serious health hazard. Biocontrol agents in the Pucciniomycotina, such as the yeasts Sporobolomyces sp. strain IAM 13481 and Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain LS11, are able to resist patulin and degrade it into the less toxic compounds desoxypatulinic acid and ascladiol. RESULTS In this investigation we applied a transcriptomic approach based on RNAseq to annotate the genome of Sporobolomyces sp. IAM 13481 and then study the changes of gene expression in Sporobolomyces sp. exposed to patulin. Patulin treatment leads to ROS production and oxidative stress that result in the activation of stress response mechanisms controlled by transcription factors. Upregulated Sporobolomyces genes were those involved in oxidation-reduction and transport processes, suggesting the activation of defense mechanisms to resist patulin toxicity and expel the mycotoxin out of the cells. Other upregulated genes encoded proteins involved in metabolic processes such as those of the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, which are essential to restore the cellular redox homeostasis. Conversely, patulin treatment decreased the expression of genes involved in the processes of protein synthesis and modification, such as transcription, RNA processing, translation, protein phosphorylation and biosynthesis of amino acids. Also, genes encoding proteins involved in transport of ions, cell division and cell cycle were downregulated. This indicates a reduction of metabolic activity, probably due to the high energy requirement by the cells or metabolic arrest while recovering from the insult caused by patulin toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Complex mechanisms are activated in a biocontrol yeast in response to patulin. The genes identified in this study can pave the way to develop i) a biodetoxification process of patulin in juices and ii) a biosensor for the rapid and cost-effective detection of this mycotoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ianiri
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
- Present address: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via F. De Sanctis snc, 86100, Campobasso, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|