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Jin Q, Wang Z, Sandhu D, Chen L, Shao C, Xie S, Shang F, Wen S, Wu T, Jin H, Huang F, Liu G, Hu J, Su Q, Huang M, Zhu Q, Zhou B, Zhu L, Peng L, Liu Z, Huang J, Tian N, Liu S. miR828a-CsMYB114 Module Negatively Regulates the Biosynthesis of Theobromine in Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4464-4475. [PMID: 38376143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Theobromine is an important quality component in tea plants (Camellia sinensis), which is produced from 7-methylxanthine by theobromine synthase (CsTbS), the key rate-limiting enzyme in theobromine biosynthetic pathway. Our transcriptomics and widely targeted metabolomics analyses suggested that CsMYB114 acted as a potential hub gene involved in the regulation of theobromine biosynthesis. The inhibition of CsMYB114 expression using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) led to a 70.21% reduction of theobromine level in leaves of the tea plant, which verified the involvement of CsMYB114 in theobromine biosynthesis. Furthermore, we found that CsMYB114 was located in the nucleus of the cells and showed the characteristic of a transcription factor. The dual luciferase analysis, a yeast one-hybrid assay, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that CsMYB114 activated the transcription of CsTbS, through binding to CsTbS promoter. In addition, a microRNA, miR828a, was identified that directly cleaved the mRNA of CsMYB114. Therefore, we conclude that CsMYB114, as a transcription factor of CsTbS, promotes the production of theobromine, which is inhibited by miR828a through cleaving the mRNA of CsMYB114.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Devinder Sandhu
- United States Salinity Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Lan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Chenyu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Siyi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Fanghuizi Shang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Shuai Wen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Huiying Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Feiyi Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Small and Medium Leaf Tea Plant Germplasm Resource Nursery, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Guizhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Jinyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Qin Su
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Mengdi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Biao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Lvwen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Na Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
| | - Shuoqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
- CoInnovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410127, China
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Wang Y, Liu YF, Wei MY, Zhang CY, Chen JD, Yao MZ, Chen L, Jin JQ. Deeply functional identification of TCS1 alleles provides efficient technical paths for low-caffeine breeding of tea plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac279. [PMID: 36793757 PMCID: PMC9926157 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is an important functional component in tea, which has the effect of excitement and nerve stimulation, but excessive intake can cause insomnia and dysphoria. Therefore, the production of tea with low-caffeine content can meet the consumption needs of certain people. Here, in addition to the previous alleles of the tea caffeine synthase (TCS1) gene, a new allele (TCS1h) from tea germplasms was identified. Results of in vitro activity analysis showed that TCS1h had both theobromine synthase (TS) and caffeine synthase (CS) activities. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments of TCS1a, TCS1c, and TCS1h demonstrated that apart from the 225th amino acid residue, the 269th amino acid also determined the CS activity. GUS histochemical analysis and dual-luciferase assay indicated the low promoter activity of TCS1e and TCS1f. In parallel, insertion and deletion mutations in large fragments of alleles and experiments of site-directed mutagenesis identified a key cis-acting element (G-box). Furthermore, it was found that the contents of purine alkaloids were related to the expression of corresponding functional genes and alleles, and the absence or presence and level of gene expression determined the content of purine alkaloids in tea plants to a certain extent. In summary, we concluded TCS1 alleles into three types with different functions and proposed a strategy to effectively enhance low-caffeine tea germplasms in breeding practices. This research provided an applicable technical avenue for accelerating the cultivation of specific low-caffeine tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meng-Yuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jie-Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
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3
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Li J, Xiao Y, Zhou X, Liao Y, Wu S, Chen J, Qian J, Yan Y, Tang J, Zeng L. Characterizing the cultivar-specific mechanisms underlying the accumulation of quality-related metabolites in specific Chinese tea (Camellia sinensis) germplasms to diversify tea products. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111824. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Yu S, Bekkering CS, Tian L. Metabolic engineering in woody plants: challenges, advances, and opportunities. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:299-313. [PMID: 36303882 PMCID: PMC9590576 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Woody plant species represent an invaluable reserve of biochemical diversity to which metabolic engineering can be applied to satisfy the need for commodity and specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy. Woody plants are particularly promising for this application due to their low input needs, high biomass, and immeasurable ecosystem services. However, existing challenges have hindered their widespread adoption in metabolic engineering efforts, such as long generation times, large and highly heterozygous genomes, and difficulties in transformation and regeneration. Recent advances in omics approaches, systems biology modeling, and plant transformation and regeneration methods provide effective approaches in overcoming these outstanding challenges. Promises brought by developments in this space are steadily opening the door to widespread metabolic engineering of woody plants to meet the global need for a wide range of sustainably sourced chemicals and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yu
- Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 3, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Cody S. Bekkering
- Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 3, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Plant Sciences, Mail Stop 3, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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5
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Zhou MZ, Yan CY, Zeng Z, Luo L, Zeng W, Huang YH. N-Methyltransferases of Caffeine Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15359-15372. [PMID: 33206517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine (Cf) is one of the important components of plant-derived drinks, such as tea, coffee, and cola. It can protect soft tissues from being infected by pathogens and is also medically beneficial for human health. In this review, we first introduced the Cf biosynthesis pathways in plants and the related N-methyltransferases (NMTs), with a focus on the current research status of the substrate specificity, structural basis for substrate recognition, and catalytic mechanism in members of the caffeine synthase gene family. In addition, we addressed the expression characteristics and potential regulatory mechanisms of NMTs and also projected the future research directions. The goal was to summarize the Cf biosynthetic pathway and related NMTs in plants and to provide the molecular basis for regulating the caffeine biosynthesis, so as to effectively guide future tea and coffee breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chang-Yu Yan
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangzhou 510642, China
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6
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Zhao C, Li S, Zhang J, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhao F, Du X, Hou J, Zhang T, Shi C, Wang P, Huo R, Woodman OL, Qin CX, Xu H, Huang L. Current state and future perspective of cardiovascular medicines derived from natural products. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107698. [PMID: 33039419 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of natural products (NPs) to cardiovascular medicine has been extensively documented, and many have been used for centuries. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the past 40 years, approximately 50% of newly developed cardiovascular drugs were based on NPs, suggesting that NPs provide essential skeletal structures for the discovery of novel medicines. After a period of lower productivity since the 1990s, NPs have recently regained scientific and commercial attention, leveraging the wealth of knowledge provided by multi-omics, combinatorial biosynthesis, synthetic biology, integrative pharmacology, analytical and computational technologies. In addition, as a crucial part of complementary and alternative medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine has increasingly drawn attention as an important source of NPs for cardiovascular drug discovery. Given their structural diversity and biological activity NPs are one of the most valuable sources of drugs and drug leads. In this review, we briefly described the characteristics and classification of NPs in CVDs. Then, we provide an up to date summary on the therapeutic potential and the underlying mechanisms of action of NPs in CVDs, and the current view and future prospect of developing safer and more effective cardiovascular drugs based on NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Sen Li
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuanyun Huang
- Biology Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States of America
| | - Luoqi Zhang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xia Du
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Jinli Hou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chenjing Shi
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ruili Huo
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Owen L Woodman
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3800, Australia; School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Shandong 250100, China; Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Haiyu Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Deng C, Ku X, Cheng LL, Pan SA, Fan L, Deng WW, Zhao J, Zhang ZZ. Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiling on Xanthine Alkaloids-Fed Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Shoot Tips and Roots Reveal the Complex Metabolic Network for Caffeine Biosynthesis and Degradation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:551288. [PMID: 33013969 PMCID: PMC7509060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.551288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While caffeine is one of the most important bioactive metabolites for tea as the most consumed non-alcohol beverage, its biosynthesis and catabolism in tea plants are still not fully understood. Here, we integrated purine alkaloid profiling and transcriptome analysis on shoot tips and roots fed with caffeine, theophylline, or theobromine to gain further understanding of caffeine biosynthesis and degradation. Shoot tips and roots easily took up and accumulated high concentrations of alkaloids, but roots showed much faster caffeine and theophylline degradation rates than shoot tips, which only degraded theophylline significantly but almost did not degrade caffeine. Clearly feedback inhibition on caffeine synthesis or inter-conversion between caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, and 3-methylxanthine had been observed in alkaloids-fed shoot tips and roots, and these were also evidenced by significant repression of TCS and MXMT genes critical for caffeine biosynthesis. Among these responsively repressed genes, two highly expressed genes TCS-4 and TCS-8 were characterized for their enzyme activity. While we failed to detect TCS-4 activity, TCS-8 displayed N-methyltransferase activities towards multiple substrates, supporting the complex metabolic network in caffeine biosynthesis in tea plants since at least 13 TCS-like N-methyltransferase genes may function redundantly. This study provides new insight into complex metabolic networks of purine alkaloids in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiuping Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin-Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Si-An Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Limao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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8
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Cloning and coexpression of recombinant N-demethylase B and Glycolate oxidase genes in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:505-510. [PMID: 30498881 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
NdmB genes from Pseudomonas putida CBB5 and GO genes from spinach, which encode N-demethylase B (NdmB) and Glycolate oxidase (GO) respectively, were separately ligated into expression vectors of pACYCDuet-1 and pET32a to construct recombinant plasmids of pACYCDuet-1-ndmBHis (pBH) and pET32a-GOHis (pGOH). Then the two plasmids were both transformed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain BL21 (DE3) and screening the recombinants (pBHGOH) using ampicillin and chloramphonicol as two antibiotics in Luria-Bertani medium. After induction with IPTG, both recombinant ndmB and GO genes were coexpressed in E. coli. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that the estimated molecular weight of NdmB and GO was 35 kDa and 40 kDa, respectively. By two-step purification of Ni affinity chromatography and Q-Sepharose chromatography, the coexpressed NdmB and GO were separated and resulted in a 15.8-fold purification with 8.7% yield and 12.8-fold purification with 7.2% yield, respectively.
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9
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Jin JQ, Chai YF, Liu YF, Zhang J, Yao MZ, Chen L. Hongyacha, a Naturally Caffeine-Free Tea Plant from Fujian, China. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11311-11319. [PMID: 30303011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hongyacha (HYC) is a type of new wild tea plant discovered in Fujian Province, China. This tea is helpful to the healing or prevention of disease in its original growing area. However, research on this tea is limited. Our results showed that HYC displayed obvious differences in its morphological characteristics compared with Cocoa tea ( Camellia ptilophylla Chang), a famous caffeine-free tea plant in China. Theobromine and trans-catechins, but not caffeine and cis-catechins, were the dominant purine alkaloids and catechins detected in HYC. HYC might contain abundant gallocatechin-(4 → 8)-gallocatechin gallate, 1,3,4,6-tetra- O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranose, and (-)-gallocatechin-3,5-di- O-gallate, which were not detected in regular tea. We also found that the TCS1 of HYC was distinct, and the responding recombinant protein exhibited only theobromine synthase activity. The obtained results showed that HYC is a new kind of caffeine-free tea plant and may be used for scientific protection and efficient utilization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Qiang Jin
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Yun-Feng Chai
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Yu-Fei Liu
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
| | - Liang Chen
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 9 South Meiling Road , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310008 , China
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10
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Guerriero G, Berni R, Muñoz-Sanchez JA, Apone F, Abdel-Salam EM, Qahtan AA, Alatar AA, Cantini C, Cai G, Hausman JF, Siddiqui KS, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT, Faisal M. Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Examples, Tips and Suggestions for Biotechnologists. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E309. [PMID: 29925808 PMCID: PMC6027220 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms and, in order to defend themselves against exogenous (a)biotic constraints, they synthesize an array of secondary metabolites which have important physiological and ecological effects. Plant secondary metabolites can be classified into four major classes: terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds. These phytochemicals can be antimicrobial, act as attractants/repellents, or as deterrents against herbivores. The synthesis of such a rich variety of phytochemicals is also observed in undifferentiated plant cells under laboratory conditions and can be further induced with elicitors or by feeding precursors. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the production of representatives of three plant secondary metabolite classes: artemisinin (a sesquiterpene), lignans (phenolic compounds) and caffeine (an alkaloid). Their respective production in well-known plants, i.e., Artemisia, Coffea arabica L., as well as neglected species, like the fibre-producing plant Urtica dioica L., will be surveyed. The production of artemisinin and caffeine in heterologous hosts will also be discussed. Additionally, metabolic engineering strategies to increase the bioactivity and stability of plant secondary metabolites will be surveyed, by focusing on glycosyltransferases (GTs). We end our review by proposing strategies to enhance the production of plant secondary metabolites in cell cultures by inducing cell wall modifications with chemicals/drugs, or with altered concentrations of the micronutrient boron and the quasi-essential element silicon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Guerriero
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Roberto Berni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - J Armando Muñoz-Sanchez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Fabio Apone
- Arterra Biosciences srl/Vitalab srl, via B. Brin 69, 80142 Naples, Italy.
| | - Eslam M Abdel-Salam
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad A Qahtan
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Claudio Cantini
- Trees and timber institute-National research council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), via Aurelia 49, 58022 Follonica (GR), Italy.
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Jean-Francois Hausman
- Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Khawar Sohail Siddiqui
- Life Sciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), 31261 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - S M Teresa Hernández-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 X 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán 97205, Mexico.
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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11
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Li D, Han Q. Cloning and co-expression of recombinant N-demethylase B and N-demethylase D genes in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1295819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dengchao Li
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture and Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Qiumin Han
- School of Health, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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12
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Li M, Sun Y, Pan SA, Deng WW, Yu O, Zhang Z. Engineering a novel biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for the production of caffeine. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10986e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrated a novel biosynthetic pathway to produce caffeine in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
| | - Si-an Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zhengzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei 230036
- People's Republic of China
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13
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Diethard M, Gasser B, Egermeier M, Marx H, Sauer M. Industrial Microorganisms: Saccharomyces cerevisiaeand other Yeasts. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807796.ch18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mattanovich Diethard
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH); Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Brigitte Gasser
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH); Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Egermeier
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; CD-Laboratory for Biotechnology of Glycerol; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Hans Marx
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Michael Sauer
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Department of Biotechnology; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH); Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
- BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; CD-Laboratory for Biotechnology of Glycerol; Muthgasse 18 1190 Vienna Austria
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14
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Wang M, Deng WW, Zhang ZZ, Yu O. Engineering an ABC Transporter for Enhancing Resistance to Caffeine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7973-7978. [PMID: 27696877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In addressing caffeine toxicity to the producing cells, engineering a transporter that can move caffeine from cytoplasm across the cell membrane to the extracellular space, thus enhancing caffeine resistance and potentially increasing the yield in yeast, is important. An ABC-transporter bfr1 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was cloned and transformed into S. cerevisiae, resulting in enhancing caffeine resistance. Afterward, a library of randomly mutagenized bfr1 mutants through error-prone PCR was generated. One mutant was identified with drastically increased caffeine resistance (15 mg/mL). Sequencing and structural analysis illustrated that many of the mutations occurred at the cytosolic domain. Site-directed mutagenesis of these mutations confirmed at least one amino acid that conferred enhancing caffeine resistance in the mutated bfr1. These data demonstrated engineering ABC-transporters can be an efficient way to reduce product toxicity in heterologous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
- Wuxi NewWay Biotechnology , 100 Konggang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214145, China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University , 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Oliver Yu
- Conagen Inc., 15 DeAngelo Drive, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, United States
- Wuxi NewWay Biotechnology , 100 Konggang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214145, China
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15
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Engineering a microbial platform for de novo biosynthesis of diverse methylxanthines. Metab Eng 2016; 38:191-203. [PMID: 27519552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Engineered microbial biosynthesis of plant natural products can support manufacturing of complex bioactive molecules and enable discovery of non-naturally occurring derivatives. Purine alkaloids, including caffeine (coffee), theophylline (antiasthma drug), theobromine (chocolate), and other methylxanthines, play a significant role in pharmacology and food chemistry. Here, we engineered the eukaryotic microbial host Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the de novo biosynthesis of methylxanthines. We constructed a xanthine-to-xanthosine conversion pathway in native yeast central metabolism to increase endogenous purine flux for the production of 7-methylxanthine, a key intermediate in caffeine biosynthesis. Yeast strains were further engineered to produce caffeine through expression of several enzymes from the coffee plant. By expressing combinations of different N-methyltransferases, we were able to demonstrate re-direction of flux to an alternate pathway and develop strains that support the production of diverse methylxanthines. We achieved production of 270μg/L, 61μg/L, and 3700μg/L of caffeine, theophylline, and 3-methylxanthine, respectively, in 0.3-L bench-scale batch fermentations. The constructed strains provide an early platform for de novo production of methylxanthines and with further development will advance the discovery and synthesis of xanthine derivatives.
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16
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Jin JQ, Yao MZ, Ma CL, Ma JQ, Chen L. Natural allelic variations of TCS1 play a crucial role in caffeine biosynthesis of tea plant and its related species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 100:18-26. [PMID: 26773541 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea caffeine synthase 1 (TCS1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of N-3 and N-1 and considered to be the most critical enzyme in the caffeine biosynthetic pathway of tea plant. This study shows that TCS1 has six types of allelic variations, namely, TCS1a, TCS1b, TCS1c, TCS1d, TCS1e, and TCS1f, with a 252 bp insertion/deletion mutation in the 5'-untranslated region. Among tea plant and its related species, TCS1a is the predominant allele, and TCS1b-f are the rare alleles that mainly appear in few wild germplasms. The full-length cDNA sequences of three new alleles, namely, TCS1d, TCS1e, and TCS1f, were isolated from specific germplasms, and all of recombinant proteins have higher caffeine synthase (CS, EC 2.1.1.160) activity than theobromine synthase (TS, EC 2.1.1.159). Amino acid residue 269 is responsible for the difference in TCS activity and substrate recognition, which was demonstrated by using site-directed mutagenesis experiments. Furthermore, natural variations in TCS1 change the transcription levels. There are two molecular mechanisms controlling the caffeine biosynthesis in low-caffeine-accumulating tea germplasms, i.e., TCS1 allele with low transcription level or its encoded protein with only TS activity. Allelic variations of TCS1 play a crucial role in caffeine biosynthesis. Taken together, our work provides valuable foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of caffeine biosynthesis in section Thea plants and useful guidance for effective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Qiang Jin
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Yao
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Chun-Lei Ma
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Ma
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310008, China.
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17
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Algharrawi KHR, Summers RM, Gopishetty S, Subramanian M. Direct conversion of theophylline to 3-methylxanthine by metabolically engineered E. coli. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:203. [PMID: 26691652 PMCID: PMC4687300 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methylxanthines are natural and synthetic compounds found in many foods, drinks, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Aside from caffeine, production of many methylxanthines is currently performed by chemical synthesis. This process utilizes many chemicals, multiple reactions, and different reaction conditions, making it complicated, environmentally dissatisfactory, and expensive, especially for monomethylxanthines and paraxanthine. A microbial platform could provide an economical, environmentally friendly approach to produce these chemicals in large quantities. The recently discovered genes in our laboratory from Pseudomonasputida, ndmA, ndmB, and ndmD, provide an excellent starting point for precisely engineering Escherichia coli with various gene combinations to produce specific high-value paraxanthine and 1-, 3-, and 7-methylxanthines from any of the economical feedstocks including caffeine, theobromine or theophylline. Here, we show the first example of direct conversion of theophylline to 3-methylxanthine by a metabolically engineered strain of E. coli. Results Here we report the construction of E. coli strains with ndmA and ndmD, capable of producing 3-methylxanthine from exogenously fed theophylline. The strains were engineered with various dosages of the ndmA and ndmD genes, screened, and the best strain was selected for large-scale conversion of theophylline to 3-methylxanthine. Strain pDdA grown in super broth was the most efficient strain; 15 mg/mL cells produced 135 mg/L (0.81 mM) 3-methylxanthine from 1 mM theophylline. An additional 21.6 mg/L (0.13 mM) 1-methylxanthine were also produced, attributed to slight activity of NdmA at the N3-position of theophylline. The 1- and 3-methylxanthine products were separated by preparative chromatography with less than 5 % loss during purification and were identical to commercially available standards. Purity of the isolated 3-methylxanthine was comparable to a commercially available standard, with no contaminant peaks as observed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry or nuclear magnetic resonance. Conclusions We were able to biologically produce and separate 100 mg of highly pure 3-methylxanthine from theophylline (1,3-dimethylxanthine). The N-demethylation reaction was catalyzed by E. coli engineered with N-demethylase genes, ndmA and ndmD. This microbial conversion represents a first step to develop a new biological platform for the production of methylxanthines from economical feedstocks such as caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-015-0395-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid H R Algharrawi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Ryan M Summers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Sridhar Gopishetty
- Center for Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing, University of Iowa Research Park, The University of Iowa, 2501 Crosspark Road-Suite C100, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA.
| | - Mani Subramanian
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Iowa, Coralville, IA, 52241, USA.
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18
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Gopalakrishnan S, Maranas CD. Achieving Metabolic Flux Analysis for S. cerevisiae at a Genome-Scale: Challenges, Requirements, and Considerations. Metabolites 2015; 5:521-35. [PMID: 26393660 PMCID: PMC4588810 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5030521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in 13C-Metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA) have increased its capability to accurately resolve fluxes using a genome-scale model with narrow confidence intervals without pre-judging the activity or inactivity of alternate metabolic pathways. However, the necessary precautions, computational challenges, and minimum data requirements for successful analysis remain poorly established. This review aims to establish the necessary guidelines for performing 13C-MFA at the genome-scale for a compartmentalized eukaryotic system such as yeast in terms of model and data requirements, while addressing key issues such as statistical analysis and network complexity. We describe the various approaches used to simplify the genome-scale model in the absence of sufficient experimental flux measurements, the availability and generation of reaction atom mapping information, and the experimental flux and metabolite labeling distribution measurements to ensure statistical validity of the obtained flux distribution. Organism-specific challenges such as the impact of compartmentalization of metabolism, variability of biomass composition, and the cell-cycle dependence of metabolism are discussed. Identification of errors arising from incorrect gene annotation and suggested alternate routes using MFA are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saratram Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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