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Yu Z, Yuan Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Duan Y, Zhou Y. Review of the lethal mechanism of insulin poisoning and the characteristic of forensic identification. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2024; 70:102478. [PMID: 38959585 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2024.102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Insulin, as the only hypoglycemic hormone in the body, plays a key role in blood sugar control. However, excessive insulin intake can lead to insulin poisoning and even death, which often occurs in clinical and forensic work. At present, some researches on insulin poisoning have been carried out at home and abroad, however, it seems that the mechanism and forensic characteristics of insulin poisoning are not clear and complete. Therefore, in this paper, we reviewed the potential mechanism of insulin poisoning, the methods of insulin detection and the forensic identification of poisoning cases, aiming at providing services for the forensic identification of insulin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghao Yu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yuhao Yuan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yiling Li
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Zhaoxuan Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yubei Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yijie Duan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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2
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Sakamuri SSVP, Sure VN, Oruganti L, Wisen W, Chandra PK, Liu N, Fonseca VA, Wang X, Klein J, Katakam PVG. Acute severe hypoglycemia alters mouse brain microvascular proteome. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024; 44:556-572. [PMID: 37944245 PMCID: PMC10981402 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231212961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia increases the risk related to stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. For the first time, we studied the effect of a single episode (acute) of severe (ASH) and mild (AMH) hypoglycemia on mouse brain microvascular proteome. After four-hour fasting, insulin was administered (i.p) to lower mean blood glucose in mice and induce ∼30 minutes of ASH (∼30 mg/dL) or AMH (∼75 mg/dL), whereas a similar volume of saline was given to control mice (∼130 mg/dL). Blood glucose was allowed to recover over 60 minutes either spontaneously or by 20% dextrose administration (i.p). Twenty-four hours later, the brain microvessels (BMVs) were isolated, and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics was performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS). When compared to control, ASH significantly downregulated 13 proteins (p ≤ 0.05) whereas 23 proteins showed a strong trend toward decrease (p ≤ 0.10). When compared to AMH, ASH significantly induced the expression of 35 proteins with 13 proteins showing an increasing trend. AMH downregulated only 3 proteins. ASH-induced downregulated proteins are involved in actin cytoskeleton maintenance needed for cell shape and migration which are critical for blood-brain barrier maintenance and angiogenesis. In contrast, ASH-induced upregulated proteins are RNA-binding proteins involved in RNA splicing, transport, and stability. Thus, ASH alters BMV proteomics to impair cytoskeletal integrity and RNA processing which are critical for cerebrovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva SVP Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Venkata N Sure
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lokanatha Oruganti
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - William Wisen
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Partha K Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Jennifer Klein
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prasad VG Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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3
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Gravina G, Ardalan M, Chumak T, Nilsson AK, Ek JC, Danielsson H, Svedin P, Pekny M, Pekna M, Sävman K, Hellström A, Mallard C. Proteomics identifies lipocalin-2 in neonatal inflammation associated with cerebrovascular alteration in mice and preterm infants. iScience 2023; 26:107217. [PMID: 37496672 PMCID: PMC10366453 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus (S.) epidermidis is the most common nosocomial coagulase-negative staphylococci infection in preterm infants. Clinical signs of infection are often unspecific and novel markers to complement diagnosis are needed. We investigated proteomic alterations in mouse brain after S. epidermidis infection and in preterm infant blood. We identified lipocalin-2 (LCN2) as a crucial protein associated with cerebrovascular changes and astrocyte reactivity in mice. We further proved that LCN2 protein expression was associated with endothelial cells but not astrocyte reactivity. By combining network analysis and differential expression approaches, we identified LCN2 linked to blood C-reactive protein levels in preterm infants born <28 weeks of gestation. Blood LCN2 levels were associated with similar alterations of cytokines and chemokines in both infected mice and human preterm infants with increased levels of C-reactive protein. This experimental and clinical study suggests that LCN2 may be a marker of preterm infection/inflammation associated with cerebrovascular changes and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Gravina
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Translational Neuropsychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tetyana Chumak
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders K. Nilsson
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim C. Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Danielsson
- Centre for Translational Microbiome Research, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Sach’s Children’s and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcela Pekna
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neurobiology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Sävman
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Region Västra Götaland, Department of Neonatology, The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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4
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Relationship between Brain Metabolic Disorders and Cognitive Impairment: LDL Receptor Defect. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158384. [PMID: 35955522 PMCID: PMC9369234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The low-density-lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) removes low-density lipoprotein (LDL), an endovascular transporter that carries cholesterol from the bloodstream to peripheral tissues. The maintenance of cholesterol content in the brain, which is important to protect brain function, is affected by LDLr. LDLr co-localizes with the insulin receptor and complements the internalization of LDL. In LDLr deficiency, LDL blood levels and insulin resistance increase, leading to abnormal cholesterol control and cognitive deficits in atherosclerosis. Defects in brain cholesterol metabolism lead to neuroinflammation and blood–brain-barrier (BBB) degradation. Moreover, interactions between endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and mitochondria are induced by ox-LDL accumulation, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) regulates the levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain, and hypoxia is induced by apoptosis induced by the LDLr defect. This review summarizes the association between neurodegenerative brain disease and typical cognitive deficits.
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5
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de Oliveira J, Engel DF, de Paula GC, Dos Santos DB, Lopes JB, Farina M, Moreira ELG, de Bem AF. High Cholesterol Diet Exacerbates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in LDLr-/- Mice: Impact on Cognitive Function. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 78:97-115. [PMID: 32925052 PMCID: PMC7683087 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Evidence has revealed an association between familial hypercholesterolemia and cognitive impairment. In this regard, a connection between cognitive deficits and hippocampal blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown was found in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice (LDLr–/–), a mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia. Objective: Herein we investigated the impact of a hypercholesterolemic diet on cognition and BBB function in C57BL/6 wild-type and LDLr–/–mice. Methods: Animals were fed with normal or high cholesterol diets for 30 days. Thus, wild-type and LDLr–/–mice were submitted to memory paradigms. Additionally, BBB integrity was evaluated in the mice’s prefrontal cortices and hippocampi. Results: A tenfold elevation in plasma cholesterol levels of LDLr–/–mice was observed after a hypercholesterolemic diet, while in wild-type mice, the hypercholesterolemic diet exposure increased plasma cholesterol levels only moderately and did not induce cognitive impairment. LDLr–/–mice presented memory impairment regardless of the diet. We observed BBB disruption as an increased permeability to sodium fluorescein in the prefrontal cortices and hippocampi and a decrease on hippocampal claudin-5 and occludin mRNA levels in both wild-type and LDLr–/–mice treated with a hypercholesterolemic diet. The LDLr–/–mice fed with a regular diet already presented BBB dysfunction. The BBB-increased leakage in the hippocampi of LDLr–/–mice was related to high microvessel content and intense astrogliosis, which did not occur in the control mice. Conclusion: Therefore, LDLr–/–mice seem to be more susceptible to cognitive impairments and BBB damage induced by exposure to a high cholesterol diet. Finally, BBB disruption appears to be a relevant event in hypercholesterolemia-induced brain alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)M, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daiane F Engel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Danúbia B Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jadna B Lopes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Farina
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo L G Moreira
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Andreza F de Bem
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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6
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Więckowska-Gacek A, Mietelska-Porowska A, Wydrych M, Wojda U. Western diet as a trigger of Alzheimer's disease: From metabolic syndrome and systemic inflammation to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101397. [PMID: 34214643 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An excess of saturated fatty acids and simple sugars in the diet is a known environmental risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the holistic view of the interacting processes through which such diet may contribute to AD pathogenesis is missing. We addressed this need through extensive analysis of published studies investigating the effects of western diet (WD) on AD development in humans and laboratory animals. We reviewed WD-induced systemic alterations comprising metabolic changes, induction of obesity and adipose tissue inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis and acceleration of systemic low-grade inflammation. Next we provide an overview of the evidence demonstrating that WD-associated systemic alterations drive impairment of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and development of neuroinflammation paralleled by accumulation of toxic amyloid. Later these changes are followed by dysfunction of synaptic transmission, neurodegeneration and finally memory and cognitive impairment. We conclude that WD can trigger AD by acceleration of inflammaging, and that BBB impairment induced by metabolic and systemic inflammation play the central role in this process. Moreover, the concurrence of neuroinflammation and Aβ dyshomeostasis, which by reciprocal interactions drive the vicious cycle of neurodegeneration, contradicts Aβ as the primary trigger of AD. Given that in 2019 the World Health Organization recommended focusing on modifiable risk factors in AD prevention, this overview of the sequential, complex pathomechanisms initiated by WD, which can lead from peripheral disturbances to neurodegeneration, can support future prevention strategies.
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Cheon SY, Song J. The Association between Hepatic Encephalopathy and Diabetic Encephalopathy: The Brain-Liver Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010463. [PMID: 33466498 PMCID: PMC7796499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the main consequences of liver disease and is observed in severe liver failure and cirrhosis. Recent studies have provided significant evidence that HE shows several neurological symptoms including depressive mood, cognitive dysfunction, impaired circadian rhythm, and attention deficits as well as motor disturbance. Liver disease is also a risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus. Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is characterized by cognitive dysfunction and motor impairment. Recent research investigated the relationship between metabolic changes and the pathogenesis of neurological disease, indicating the importance between metabolic organs and the brain. Given that a diverse number of metabolites and changes in the brain contribute to neurologic dysfunction, HE and DE are emerging types of neurologic disease. Here, we review significant evidence of the association between HE and DE, and summarise the common risk factors. This review may provide promising therapeutic information and help to design a future metabolic organ-related study in relation to HE and DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeong Cheon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea;
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun 58128, Jeollanam-do, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-61-379-2706; Fax: +82-61-375-5834
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8
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Hirose M, Asano M, Watanabe-Matsumoto S, Yamanaka K, Abe Y, Yasui M, Tokuda E, Furukawa Y, Misawa H. Stagnation of glymphatic interstitial fluid flow and delay in waste clearance in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS. Neurosci Res 2020; 171:74-82. [PMID: 33316302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression and mislocalization of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the SOD1G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have previously been reported. However, how alterations of AQP4 affect interstitial bulk flow in the brain and spinal cord, the so-called glymphatic system, is unclear. Here, we report an enhanced accumulation of disease-associated SOD1 species including SOD1 oligomers in SOD1G93A;AQP4-/- mice compared with SOD1G93A mice during ALS disease progression, as analyzed by sandwich ELISA. By directly injecting SOD1 oligomers into the spinal cord parenchyma, we observed a significantly larger delay in clearance of biotinylated or fluorescent-labeled SOD1 oligomers in AQP4-/- mice than in wild-type mice. Furthermore, when we injected the fluorescent-labeled tracer protein ovalbumin into the cisterna magna and analyzed the tracer distribution in the cervical spinal cord, approximately 35 % processing ability was found to be reduced in SOD1G93A mice compared to wild-type mice. These results suggest that the glymphatic system is abnormal and that waste clearance is delayed in SOD1G93A mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Hirose
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Mito Asano
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | | | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiichi Tokuda
- Department of Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | | | - Hidemi Misawa
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
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9
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Dasdelen D, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK. Aquaporins and Roles in Brain Health and Brain Injury. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:498-512. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666191018142007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the literature screening, aquaporins were found in the cerebral structures including the pia mater, choroid plexus, ependyma, piriform cortex, hippocampus, dorsal thalamus, supraoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei, white matter and subcortical organ. Among these, the most common are AQP1, AQP4, and AQP9. The roles of aquaporins have been demonstrated in several diseases such as cerebral edema, various central nervous system tumors, Alzheimer’s Disease and epilepsy. In this review, the relationship between brain/brain-injury and aquaporin, has been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dervis Dasdelen
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
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10
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Tomita N, Nakamura T, Sunden Y, Morita T. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of the cerebral white matter after transient hypoglycemia in rat. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 82:68-76. [PMID: 31787662 PMCID: PMC6983658 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with hypoglycemic coma show abnormal signals in the white matter on magnetic resonance imaging. However, the precise pathological changes in the white matter caused by hypoglycemic
coma remain unclear in humans and experimental animals. This study aimed to reveal the distribution and time course of histopathological and immunohistochemical changes occurring in the
white matter during the early stages of hypoglycemic coma in rats. Insulin-induced hypoglycemic coma of 15–30-min duration was induced in rats, followed by recovery using a glucose solution.
Rat brains were collected after 6 and 24 hr and after 3, 5, 7, and 14 days. The brains were submitted for histological and immunohistochemical analysis for neurofilament 200 kDa (NF), myelin
basic protein, olig-2, Iba-1, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Vacuolation was observed in the fiber bundles of the globus pallidus on days 1–14. Most of the vacuoles were located
in GFAP-positive astrocytic processes or the extracellular space and appeared to be edematous. Additionally, myelin pallor and a decrease in NF-positive signals were observed on day 14.
Microgliosis and astrogliosis were also detected. Observations similar to the globus pallidus, except for edema, were noted in the internal capsule. In the corpus callosum, a mild decrease
in NF-positive signals, microgliosis, and astrogliosis were observed. These results suggest that after transient hypoglycemic coma, edema and/or degeneration occurred in the white matter,
especially in the globus pallidus, internal capsule, and corpus callosum in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagi Tomita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Takehito Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
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11
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Tong F, Zou Y, Liang Y, Lei H, Lopsong T, Liu Y, Le Grange JM, He G, Zhou Y. The Water Diffusion of Brain Following Hypoglycemia in Rats – A Study with Diffusion Weighted Imaging and Neuropathologic Analysis. Neuroscience 2019; 409:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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The Effects of Sodium Dichloroacetate on Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Neuronal Death Following Hypoglycemia-Induced Injury. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050405. [PMID: 31052436 PMCID: PMC6562710 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that some degree of neuronal death is caused by hypoglycemia, but a subsequent and more severe wave of neuronal cell death occurs due to glucose reperfusion, which results from the rapid restoration of low blood glucose levels. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by hypoglycemia leads to increased levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) and suppresses the formation of ATP by inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activation, which can convert pyruvate into acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) is a PDK inhibitor and activates PDH, the gatekeeper of glucose oxidation. However, no studies about the effect of DCA on hypoglycemia have been published. In the present study, we hypothesized that DCA treatment could reduce neuronal death through improvement of glycolysis and prevention of reactive oxygen species production after hypoglycemia. To test this, we used an animal model of insulin-induced hypoglycemia and injected DCA (100 mg/kg, i.v., two days) following hypoglycemic insult. Histological evaluation was performed one week after hypoglycemia. DCA treatment reduced hypoglycemia-induced oxidative stress, microglial activation, blood–brain barrier disruption, and neuronal death compared to the vehicle-treated hypoglycemia group. Therefore, our findings suggest that DCA may have the therapeutic potential to reduce hippocampal neuronal death after hypoglycemia.
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Costa LES, Clementino-Neto J, Mendes CB, Franzon NH, Costa EDO, Moura-Neto V, Ximenes-da-Silva A. Evidence of Aquaporin 4 Regulation by Thyroid Hormone During Mouse Brain Development and in Cultured Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:317. [PMID: 31019448 PMCID: PMC6458270 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that thyroid function and the thyroid hormones L-thyroxine (T4) and L-triiodothyronine (T3) are important factors contributing to the improvement of various pathologies of the central nervous system, including stroke, and various types of cancer, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Low levels of T3 are correlated with the poorest outcome of post-stroke brain function, as well as an increased migration and proliferation of GBM tumor cells. Thyroid hormones are known to stimulate maturation and brain development. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a key factor mediating the cell swelling and edema that occurs during ischemic stroke, and plays a potential role in the migration and proliferation of GBM tumor cells. In this study, as a possible therapeutic target for GBM, we investigated the potential role of T3 in the expression of AQP4 during different stages of mouse brain development. Pregnant mice at gestational day 18, or young animals at postnatal days 27 and 57, received injection of T3 (1 μg/g) or NaOH (0.02 N vehicle). The brains of mice sacrificed on postnatal days 0, 30, and 60 were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and sections were prepared for immunohistochemistry of AQP4. AQP4 immunofluorescence was measured in the mouse brains and human GBM cell lines. We found that distribution of AQP4 was localized in astrocytes of the periventricular, subpial, and cerebral parenchyma. Newborn mice treated with T3 showed a significant decrease in AQP4 immunoreactivity followed by an increased expression at P30 and a subsequent stabilization of aquaporin levels in adulthood. All GBM cell lines examined exhibited significantly lower AQP4 expression than cultured astrocytes. T3 treatment significantly downregulated AQP4 in GBM-95 cells but did not influence the rate of GBM cell migration measured 24 h after treatment initiation. Collectively, our results showed that AQP4 expression is developmentally regulated by T3 in astrocytes of the cerebral cortex of newborn and young mice, and is discretely downregulated in GBM cells. These findings indicate that higher concentrations of T3 thyroid hormone would be more suitable for reducing AQP4 in GBM tumorigenic cells, thereby resulting in better outcomes regarding the reduction of brain tumor cell migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas E S Costa
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - José Clementino-Neto
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Carmelita B Mendes
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Nayara H Franzon
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto do Cérebro and Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Zhao F, Deng J, Xu X, Cao F, Lu K, Li D, Cheng X, Wang X, Zhao Y. Aquaporin-4 deletion ameliorates hypoglycemia-induced BBB permeability by inhibiting inflammatory responses. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:157. [PMID: 29793504 PMCID: PMC5968550 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe hypoglycemia induces brain edema by upregulating aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression and by degrading tight junctions. Acute severe hypoglycemia induces a proinflammatory environment that may contribute to a disruption in the epithelial barrier by decreasing tight junction protein expression. Interestingly, the altered AQP4 expression has been considered to play a critical role in neuroinflammation during acute brain injury. It has been shown that AQP4 deletion reduces brain inflammation in AQP4-null mice after intracerebral LPS injection. However, the effect of AQP4 deletion regarding protection against hypoglycemia-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown is unknown. Methods An acute severe hypoglycemic stress model was established via injection of 4 unit/kg body weight of insulin. Evans blue (EB) staining and water measurement were used to assess BBB permeability. Western blot, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of related proteins. The production of cytokines was assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Hypoglycemia-induced brain edema and BBB leakage were reduced in AQP4−/− mice. AQP4 deletion upregulated PPAR-γ and inhibited proinflammatory responses. Moreover, knockdown of aquaporin-4 by small interfering RNA in astrocytes co-cultured with endothelial cells effectively reduced transendothelial permeability and degradation of tight junctions. Treatment with PPAR-γ inhibitors showed that upregulation of PPAR-γ was responsible for the protective effect of AQP4 deletion under hypoglycemic conditions. Conclusions Our data suggest that AQP4 deletion protects BBB integrity by reducing inflammatory responses due to the upregulation of PPAR-γ expression and attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine release. Reduction in AQP4 may be protective in acute severe hypoglycemia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1203-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangshan Deng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengya Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuzhe Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Zhang J, Zhan Z, Li X, Xing A, Jiang C, Chen Y, Shi W, An L. Intermittent Fasting Protects against Alzheimer's Disease Possible through Restoring Aquaporin-4 Polarity. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:395. [PMID: 29238290 PMCID: PMC5712566 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The impairment of amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance in the brain plays a causative role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Polarity distribution of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is important to remove Aβ from brain. AQP4 polarity can be influenced by the ratio of two AQP4 isoforms M1 and M23 (AQP4-M1/M23), however, it is unknown whether the ratio of AQP4-M1/M23 changes in AD. Histone deacetylase 3 has been reported to be significantly increased in AD brain. Moreover, evidence indicated that microRNA-130a (miR-130a) possibly mediates the regulation of histone deacetylase 3 on AQP4-M1/M23 ratio by repressing the transcriptional activity of AQP4-M1 in AD. This study aimed to investigate whether intermittent fasting (IF), increasing the level of an endogenous histone deacetylases inhibitor β-hydroxybutyrate, restores AQP4 polarity via miR-130a mediated reduction of AQP4-M1/M23 ratio in protection against AD. The results showed that IF ameliorated cognitive dysfunction, prevented brain from Aβ deposition, and restored the AQP4 polarity in a mouse model of AD (APP/PS1 double-transgenic mice). Additionally, IF down-regulated the expression of AQP4-M1 and histone deacetylase 3, reduced AQP4-M1/M23 ratio, and increased miR-130a expression in the cerebral cortex of APP/PS1 mice. In vitro, β-hydroxybutyrate was found to down-regulate the expression of AQP4-M1 and histone deacetylase 3, reduce AQP4-M1/M23 ratio, and increase AQP4-M23 and miR-130a expression in 2 μM Aβ-treated U251 cells. Interestingly, on the contrary to the result observed in 2 μM Aβ-treated cells, AQP4 expression was obviously decreased in cells exposed to 10 μM Aβ. miR-130a mimic decreased the expression of AQP4-M1 and the ratio of AQP4-M1/M23, as well as silencing histone deacetylase 3 caused the up-regulation of AQP4 and miR-130a, and the reduction of AQP4-M1/M23 ratio in U251 cells. In conclusion, IF exhibits beneficial effects against AD. The mechanism may be associated with recovery of AQP4 polarity, resulting from the reduction of AQP4-M1/M23 ratio. Furthermore, β-hydroxybutyrate may partly mediate the effect of IF on the reduction of AQP4-M1/M23 ratio in AD, in which miR-130a and histone deacetylase 3 may be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xinhui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Aiping Xing
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Congmin Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqiu Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanying Shi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li An
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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16
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Schmidt MJ, Rummel C, Hauer J, Kolecka M, Ondreka N, McClure V, Roth J. Increased CSF aquaporin-4, and interleukin-6 levels in dogs with idiopathic communicating internal hydrocephalus and a decrease after ventriculo-peritoneal shunting. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:12. [PMID: 27357498 PMCID: PMC4928270 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies in animal models, in which internal hydrocephalus has been induced by obstructing the cerebrospinal fluid pathways, have documented an up-regulation of the concentrations of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in the brain. In this study, the concentrations of aquaporin-1 (AQP1), AQP1, AQP4 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined in the CSF of dogs with idiopathic communicating hydrocephalus before and after the reduction of intraventricular volume following ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VP-shunt) treatment. Results The concentrations of AQP4 and IL-6 were increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with hydrocephalus compared to controls. Both parameters significantly decreased after surgical treatment, accompanied by decrease of ventricular size and the clinical recovery of the dogs. AQP1 was not detectable in CSF. Conclusions Brain AQP4 up-regulation might be a compensatory response in dogs with hydrocephalus. Future determination of AQP4 at the mRNA and protein level in brain tissue is warranted to substantiate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jessica Hauer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Kolecka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nele Ondreka
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Vanessa McClure
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Joachim Roth
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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17
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Xu Y, Wang Q, Li D, Wu Z, Li D, Lu K, Zhao Y, Sun Y. Protective effect of lithium chloride against hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis in neuronal PC12 cell. Neuroscience 2016; 330:100-8. [PMID: 27241942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia is defined by an arbitrary plasma glucose level lower than 3.9mmol/L and is a most common and feared adverse effect of treatment of diabetes mellitus. Emerging evidences demonstrated that hypoglycemia could induce enhanced apoptosis. Lithium chloride (LiCl), a FDA approved drug clinically used for treatment of bipolar disorders, is recently proven having neuroprotection against various stresses in the cellular and animal models of neural disorders. Here, we have established a hypoglycemia model in vitro and assessed the neuroprotective efficacy of LiCl against hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. Our studies showed that LiCl protects against hypoglycemia-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Exposure to hypoglycemia results in enhanced apoptosis and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved inhibition of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by decreasing wnt3a levels, β-catenin levels and increasing GSK-3β levels, which was confirmed by the use of Wnt-specific activator LiCl. Hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis were significantly reversed by LiCl, leading to increased cell survival. LiCl also alters the expression/levels of the Wnt pathway genes/proteins, which were reduced due to exposed to hypoglycemia. Overall, our results conclude that LiCl provides neuroprotection against hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis via activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Central Hospital of Tai'an, Taishan Medical College, Tai'an, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghua Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaili Lu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwu Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongning Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Highly selective non-opioid kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist salvinorin A protects against forebrain ischemia-induced brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2016; 1637:168-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Zanotto C, Simão F, Gasparin MS, Biasibetti R, Tortorelli LS, Nardin P, Gonçalves CA. Exendin-4 Reverses Biochemical and Functional Alterations in the Blood-Brain and Blood-CSF Barriers in Diabetic Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2154-2166. [PMID: 26927659 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder associated with micro- and macrovascular alterations that contribute to the cognitive impairment observed in diabetic patients. Signs of breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been found in patients and animal models of DM. Breakdown of the BBB and BCSFB can lead to disruptions in cerebral homeostasis and eventually neural dysfunction and degeneration. However, our understanding of the biochemistry underlying barrier protein modifications is incomplete. Herein, we evaluated changes in the levels of specific proteins in the BBB (occludin, claudin-5, ZO-1, and aquaporin-4) and BCSFB (claudin-2 and aquaporin-1) in the hippocampus of diabetic rats, and we also investigated the functional alterations in these barriers. In addition, we evaluated the ability of exendin-4 (EX-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist that can cross the BBB to reverse the functional and biochemical modifications observed in these animals. We observed a decrease in BBB proteins (except ZO-1) in diabetic rats, whereas the EX-4 treatment recovered the occludin and aquaporin-4 levels. Similarly, we observed a decrease in BCSFB proteins in diabetic rats, whereas EX-4 reversed such changes. EX-4 also reversed alterations in the permeability of the BBB and BCSFB in diabetic rats. Additionally, altered cognitive parameters in diabetic rats were improved by EX-4. These data further our understanding of the alterations in the central nervous system caused by DM, particularly changes in the proteins and permeability of the brain barriers, as well as cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, these data suggest a role for EX-4 in therapeutic strategies for cognitive dysfunction in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Zanotto
- Biochemistry Department, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Simão
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manuela Sangalli Gasparin
- Biochemistry Department, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Regina Biasibetti
- Biochemistry Department, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Tortorelli
- Biochemistry Department, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nardin
- Biochemistry Department, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Biochemistry Department, Basic Sciences Institute of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Deng J, Zhao F, Yu X, Li D, Zhao Y. Identification of the Protective Role of DJ-1 in Hypoglycemic Astrocyte Injury Using Proteomics. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:2839-48. [PMID: 26057206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshan Deng
- Department
of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui
District, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department
of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui
District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department
of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui
District, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Li
- School
of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800, Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwu Zhao
- Department
of Neurology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, No. 600, Yishan Road, Xuhui
District, Shanghai, China
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21
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Chou S, Ayabe S, Sekine N. Myocardial Injury without Electrocardiographic Changes after a Suicide Attempt by an Overdose of Glimepiride and Zolpidem: A Case Report and Literature Review. Intern Med 2015; 54:2727-33. [PMID: 26521901 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.4748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A 40-year-old diabetic man was admitted to our hospital for poor glycemic control. During hospitalization, he took 42 mg glimepiride and 50 mg zolpidem as a suicide attempt. The following day, the creatine kinase-MB fraction and troponin I levels were elevated to 112 IU/L and 8.77 ng/mL, respectively, without any electrocardiographic abnormalities. The patient recovered completely without any complications. Four weeks later, coronary computed tomography angiography and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy revealed moderate one-vessel coronary disease without the evidence of myocardial ischemia or old infarction. Cardiac-specific markers must be considered in sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemic patients, particularly when the patient is unconscious and does not exhibit any clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpu Chou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, JCHO Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Japan
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