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Bezerra A, Freitas L, Maciel L, Fonseca H. Bone Tissue Responsiveness To Mechanical Loading-Possible Long-Term Implications of Swimming on Bone Health and Bone Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:453-468. [PMID: 36401774 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To revisit the bone tissue mechanotransduction mechanisms behind the bone tissue response to mechanical loading and, within this context, explore the possible negative influence of regular swimming practice on bone health, particularly during the growth and development period. RECENT FINDINGS Bone is a dynamic tissue, responsive to mechanical loading and unloading, being these adaptative responses more intense during the growth and development period. Cross-sectional studies usually report a lower bone mass in swimmers compared to athletes engaged in weigh-bearing sports. However, studies with animal models show contradictory findings about the effect of swimming on bone health, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies. Due to its microgravity characteristics, swimming seems to impair bone mass, but mostly at the lower limbs. It is unkown if there is a causal relationship between swimming and low BMD or if other confounding factors, such as a natural selection whithin the sport, are the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Campus Lagarto, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Ju YI, Choi HJ, Sone T. Effects of Korean red ginseng on three-dimensional trabecular bone microarchitecture and strength in growing rats: Comparison with changes due to jump exercise. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267466. [PMID: 35511775 PMCID: PMC9070934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives
The preventive effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on bone loss and microarchitectural deterioration have been extensively studied in animal models. However, few results have been reported for the effects of KRG on the trabecular microarchitecture as compared to changes resulting from physiological stimuli such as exercise load. We compared the effects of KRG and jump exercise on improvements in trabecular microarchitecture and strength of the distal femoral metaphysis in rats.
Methods and materials
Eleven-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (CON), KRG-administered (KRG), and jump-exercised (JUM) groups. Rats were orally administered KRG extract (200 mg/kg body weight/day) once a day for 6 weeks. The jump exercise protocol comprised 10 jumps/day, 5 days/week at a jump height of 40 cm. We used microcomputed tomography to assess the microarchitecture, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and fracture load as predicted by finite element analysis at the right distal femoral metaphysis. The left femur was used for the quantitative bone histomorphometry measurements.
Results
Although KRG produced significantly higher trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) than CON, BV/TV was even higher in JUM than in KRG, and differences in vBMD and fracture load were only significant between JUM and CON. In terms of trabecular microarchitecture, KRG increased trabecular number and connectivity, whereas the JUM group showed increased trabecular thickness. Bone resorption showed significant decrease by JUM and KRG group. In contrast, bone formation showed significant increase by JUM group.
Conclusions
These data show that KRG has weak but significant positive effects on bone mass and suggest that the effects on trabecular microarchitecture differ from those of jump exercise. The effects of combined KRG and jump exercise on trabecular bone mass and strength should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-In Ju
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hak-Jin Choi
- School of Sport for All, Kyungwoon University, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Teruki Sone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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Ju YI, Sone T. Effects of Different Types of Mechanical Loading on Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture in Rats. J Bone Metab 2021; 28:253-265. [PMID: 34905673 PMCID: PMC8671029 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2021.28.4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading is generally considered to have a positive impact on the skeleton; however, not all types of mechanical loading have the same beneficial effect. Many researchers have investigated which types of mechanical loading are more effective for improving bone mass and strength. Among the various mechanical loads, high-impact loading, such as jumping, appears to be more beneficial for bones than low-impact loadings such as walking, running, or swimming. Therefore, the different forms of mechanical loading exerted by running, swimming, and jumping exercises may have different effects on bone adaptations. However, little is known about the relationships between the types of mechanical loading and their effects on trabecular bone structure. The purpose of this article is to review the recent reports on the effects of treadmill running, jumping, and swimming on the trabecular bone microarchitecture in small animals. The effects of loading on trabecular bone architecture appear to differ among these different exercises, as several reports have shown that jumping increases the trabecular bone mass by thickening the trabeculae, whereas treadmill running and swimming add to the trabecular bone mass by increasing the trabecular number, rather than the thickness. This suggests that different types of exercise promote gains in trabecular bone mass through different architectural patterns in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-In Ju
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Teruki Sone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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Boudenot A, Pallu S, Uzbekov R, Dolleans E, Toumi H, Lespessailles E. Free-fall landing and interval running have different effects on trabecular bone mass and microarchitecture, serum osteocalcin, biomechanical properties, SOST expression and on osteocyte-related characteristics. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:1525-1534. [PMID: 34370961 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of treadmill interval training (IT) and free-fall exercise were evaluated on bone parameters including osteocyte related characteristics. Thirty-eight 4-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control (C) group and exercise groups: IT, 10 free-fall impacts/day with a 10-s (FF10) or 20-s interval between drops (FF20), 5 days/week, for 9 weeks. We assessed bone mineral density (BMD); microarchitecture by µCT; mechanical strength by a 3-point bending test; density and occupancy of the osteocyte lacunae by toluidine blue staining; osteocalcin and NTx systemic levels by ELISA; and bone tissue Sost messenger RNA (mRNA) expression by RT-PCR. NTx levels were significantly lower in exercise groups as compared with the C group. In exercise groups the Sost mRNA expression was significantly lower than in C. Tb.N was significantly higher for IT and FF20 compared with the C group. Tb.Sp was significantly lower in FF10 compared with the C group. Both IT and FF20 were associated with higher tibial lacunar density as compared with FF10. compared with FF10, IT fat mass was lower, while tibial osteocyte lacunae occupancy and systemic osteocalcin level were higher. All exercise modes were efficient in reducing bone resorption. Both IT and free-fall impact with appropriate recovery periods, which may be beneficial for bone health and osteocyte-related characteristics. Novelty: Interval training is beneficial for bone mineral density. Exercises decreased both bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation (Sost mRNA). Longer interval recovery time favors osteocyte lacunae density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Boudenot
- EA 4708 I3MTO Laboratory, University Orleans, Orleans 45067, France
| | - Stéphane Pallu
- CNRS, INSERM, B3OA, University of Paris, Paris 75010, France
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Department of Microscopy, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Eric Dolleans
- EA 4708 I3MTO Laboratory, University Orleans, Orleans 45067, France
| | - Hechmi Toumi
- EA 4708 I3MTO Laboratory, University Orleans, Orleans 45067, France
- Department of Rheumatology, Regional Hospital of Orleans, Orleans, France
- Plateforme Recherche Innovation Médicale Mutualisée d'Orléans, CHR, Orleans, France
| | - Eric Lespessailles
- EA 4708 I3MTO Laboratory, University Orleans, Orleans 45067, France
- Department of Rheumatology, Regional Hospital of Orleans, Orleans, France
- Plateforme Recherche Innovation Médicale Mutualisée d'Orléans, CHR, Orleans, France
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Terryn PJ, Fernandes PR, João F, Veloso A, Baptista F. Modeling the musculoskeletal loading in bone remodeling at the hip of a child. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 210:106365. [PMID: 34455361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The mechanical load associated with physical activity affects the bone adaptation process. The bone adaptationeffect varies with age, being more effective during childhood and adolescence, particularly during pre-pubertal years. Bone-strengthening physical activity is recommended for children and adolescents. The number of time periods (bouts) per day of vigorous physical activity seems to be more important than the total cumulative time for optimal bone strength. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of weight-bearing physical activity on bone mineral density (BMD) of the proximal femur through computational simulation considering the intensity, exposure time (bouts) and regionalization of the results. METHODS For this purpose, a finite element model of a 7 year-old child femur was developed based on computed tomography images. Musculoskeletal loads were obtained from experimental kinematic data of weight-bearing physical activity performed by children of the same age (standing, walking, running, jumping). The effects of physical activity on BMD of several regions of interest of the femur were analyzed using a bone remodeling model. A daily accumulation of 400 min of physical activity (200 min walking and 200 min standing) was considered as reference, against with which the effects of additional 10 min loading bouts were compared: 10 min bouts of vigorous intensity physical activity vs. 10 min bouts of light to moderate intensity physical activity. RESULTS The simulations revealed greater increases in BMD associated with higher intensity and longer duration of physical activity. The largest BMD increases occurs during the first 10 min bout compared to longer durations and in less mineralized central regions compared to regions far from the neutral axis of the bone. CONCLUSION Weight bearing physical activity is more effective in bone remodeling when the musculoskeletal loading is more intense and of short duration and, under these conditions, less mineralized regions are more positively impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Terryn
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Paulo R Fernandes
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal.
| | - Filipa João
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz-Quebrada, Dafundo 1499-002, Portugal
| | - António Veloso
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz-Quebrada, Dafundo 1499-002, Portugal
| | - Fátima Baptista
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, Cruz-Quebrada, Dafundo 1499-002, Portugal
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Martínez-Rodríguez A, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Martínez-Olcina M, Vicente-Martínez M, Miralles-Amorós L, Sánchez-Sáez JA. Study of Physical Fitness, Bone Quality, and Mediterranean Diet Adherence in Professional Female Beach Handball Players: Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:1911. [PMID: 34199412 PMCID: PMC8229186 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Beach handball is a relatively new type of sport, derived from team handball. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the physical fitness of elite players of this sport by studying some variables of sports performance, including strength, endurance and power, and dietary habits, and to assess bone ultrasonographic variables. (2) Methods: 33 beach handball players have participated in this research; 18 juniors (age: 16.7 ± 0.50) and 15 seniors (age: 24.8 ± 4.71). The athletes' strength was evaluated using the Handgrip Test on the dominant hand, the height of jump was evaluated by a counter-jump on a contact platform, and velocity, agility, and resistance by the Yo-Yo test. The broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and the sound of speed (SOS) through the calcaneus were also measured. The Mediterranean diet adherence (KIDMED) was the questionnaire used to evaluate eating habits. In the statistical analysis, descriptions and correlations were made between the study variables. (3) Results: Both in the case of the dynamometric hand strength test (p < 0.05) and in the lower extremity power test (p < 0.01), senior players presented significantly higher values compared to junior players (35.1 ± 3.84 vs. 31.8 ± 3.37 and 35.1 ± 6.89 vs. 28.5 ± 5.69 with the dynamometry and Abalakov tests, respectively). However, no differences were observed in the variables by playing position. Significant correlations between different variables have been established, highlighting negative correlations between BMI and weight with the Abalakov Jump Test and positive correlations between Yo-Yo and BUA, and, between BMI and BUA. (4) Conclusions: Older and trained players are in better physical fitness; high weight and BMI have a negative influence on power, agility, speed, and endurance. In general, adherence to the Mediterranean diet is moderate and it seems evident that there is a beneficial influence of beach handball on bone condition, as measured by ultrasound. However future research should be carried on, including dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessments and food intake registers for a whole week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Alicante University, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (M.M.-O.); (L.M.-A.)
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Department of Sport Sciences, School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Martínez-Olcina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Alicante University, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (M.M.-O.); (L.M.-A.)
| | - Manuel Vicente-Martínez
- Faculty of Health Science, Miguel de Cervantes European University, 47012 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Laura Miralles-Amorós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, Alicante University, 03690 Alicante, Spain; (M.M.-O.); (L.M.-A.)
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Portier H, Benaitreau D, Pallu S. Does Physical Exercise Always Improve Bone Quality in Rats? Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10100217. [PMID: 32977460 PMCID: PMC7598192 DOI: 10.3390/life10100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, the osteogenic effect from different physical activities on bone in rodents remained uncertain. This literature review presents for the first time the effects on five exercise models (treadmill running, wheel running, swimming, resistance training and vibration modes) in three different experimental rat groups (males, females, osteopenic) on bone quality. The bone parameters presented are bone mineral density, micro-architectural and mechanical properties, and osteoblast/osteocyte and osteoclast parameters. This review shows that physical activities have a positive effect (65% of the results) on bone status, but we clearly observed a difference amongst the different protocols. Even if treadmill running is the most used protocol, the resistance training constitutes the first exercise model in term of osteogenic effects (87% of the whole results obtained on this model). The less osteogenic model is the vibration mode procedure (31%). It clearly appears that the gender plays a role on the bone response to swimming and wheel running exercises. Besides, we did not observe negative results in the osteopenic population with impact training, wheel running and vibration activities. Moreover, about osteoblast/osteocyte parameters, we conclude that high impact and resistance exercise (such jumps and tower climbing) seems to increase bone formation more than running or aerobic exercise. Among the different protocols, literature has shown that the treadmill running procedure mainly induces osteogenic effects on the viability of the osteocyte lineage in both males and females or ovariectomized rats; running in voluntary wheels contributes to a negative effect on bone metabolism in older male models; whole-body vertical vibration is not an osteogenic exercise in female and ovariectomized rats; whereas swimming provides controversial results in female models. For osteoclast parameters only, running in a voluntary wheel for old males, the treadmill running program at high intensity in ovariectomized rats, and the swimming program in a specific ovariectomy condition have detrimental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Portier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Bioingénierie et Bioimagerie Ostéo-Articulaire (B3OA), Université Paris, UMR CNRS 7052, INSERM U1273, 10 Av de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France;
- Collegium Science & Technique, 2 allée du château, Université d’Orléans. 45100 Orléans, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-782-309-433
| | - Delphine Benaitreau
- Collegium Science & Technique, 2 allée du château, Université d’Orléans. 45100 Orléans, France;
| | - Stéphane Pallu
- Laboratoire de Biologie Bioingénierie et Bioimagerie Ostéo-Articulaire (B3OA), Université Paris, UMR CNRS 7052, INSERM U1273, 10 Av de Verdun, 75010 Paris, France;
- Collegium Science & Technique, 2 allée du château, Université d’Orléans. 45100 Orléans, France;
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Ju YI, Choi HJ, Ohnaru K, Sone T. Differential effects of jump versus running exercise on trabecular bone architecture and strength in rats. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:1-8. [PMID: 32408407 PMCID: PMC7451845 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared differences in trabecular bone architecture and strength caused by jump and running exercises in rats. METHODS Ten-week-old male Wistar rats (n=45) were randomly assigned to three body weight-matched groups: a sedentary control group (CON, n=15); a treadmill running group (RUN, n=15); and a jump exercise group (JUM, n=15). Treadmill running was performed at 25 m/min without inclination, 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. The jump exercise protocol comprised 10 jumps/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks, with a jump height of 40 cm. We used microcomputed tomography to assess microarchitecture, mineralization density, and fracture load as predicted by finite element analysis (FEA) at the distal femoral metaphysis. RESULTS Both jump and running exercises produced significantly higher trabecular bone mass, thickness, number, and fracture load compared to the sedentary control group. The jump and running exercises, however, showed different results in terms of the structural characteristics of trabecular bone. Jump exercises enhanced trabecular bone mass by thickening the trabeculae, while running exercises did so by increasing the trabecular number. FEA-estimated fracture load did not differ significantly between the exercise groups. CONCLUSION This study elucidated the differential effects of jump and running exercise on trabecular bone architecture in rats. The different structural changes in the trabecular bone, however, had no significant impact on trabecular bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-In Ju
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, KurashikiJapan
| | - Hak-Jin Choi
- School of Sport for All, Kyungwoon University, GumiRepublic of Korea
| | - Kazuhiro Ohnaru
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, KurashikiJapan
| | - Teruki Sone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, KurashikiJapan
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Slater LV, Vriner M, Schuyten K, Zapalo P, Hart JM. Sex Differences in Y-Balance Performance in Elite Figure Skaters. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 34:1416-1421. [PMID: 29489718 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Slater, LV, Vriner, M, Schuyten, K, Zapalo, P, and Hart, JM. Sex differences in Y-balance performance in elite figure skaters. J Strength Cond Res 34(5): 1416-1421, 2020-Asymmetrical dynamic balance compared with normative populations have been associated with increased risk of injury in athletes; however, it is unclear if the current data are similar to balance performance in figure skaters. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare performance on the Y-balance test between sexes and disciplines in elite figure skaters. Thirty-two senior level figure skaters from 3 different disciplines (singles, dance, and pairs) completed the Y-balance test on the take-off and landing leg. Absolute differences between limbs (cm), normalized differences between limbs (% leg length), and composite scores (CSs; % leg length) were calculated for all skaters. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to identify differences in performance based on discipline and sex. Females had a greater absolute difference between limbs (mean difference = -3.62 cm) and a greater normalized difference between limbs on the posterolateral (PL) reach compared with males (mean difference = -4.26% leg length). Ice dancers had larger CSs on the take-off leg compared with pair skaters (mean difference = 6.42%). These results suggest that male and female figure skaters demonstrate differences in dynamic balance in the PL direction, with female skaters exhibiting decreased reach on the landing leg, which may suggest asymmetrical hip strength in female figure skaters and increase risk of lower extremity injury in the landing leg. Sport performance professionals should consider these sex differences when designing strength programs for elite figure skaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay V Slater
- Neuromechanics of Impaired Locomotion Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melissa Vriner
- Athlete High Performance Department, United States Figure Skating, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Kristen Schuyten
- Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Peter Zapalo
- Athlete High Performance Department, United States Figure Skating, Colorado Springs, Colorado
| | - Joseph M Hart
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Abstract
The positive effects of physical activity on bone strength are certain. However, researchers have yet to precisely quantify the contribution of specific characteristics of physical activity that affect bone strength in children and adolescents. This commentary highlights 2 noteworthy 2017 publications that addressed osteogenic physical activity dose-response issues. Both papers moved the field forward by providing new insights on physical activity exposures beyond high-impact loading. Koedijk et al's paper was selected because, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first systematic review to solely examine associations between sedentary behavior and indicators of bone strength. The second selected paper, Gabel et al, used novel approaches in accelerometer processing and statistical modeling to separate the osteogenic effects of frequency of short bouts of physical activity from total volume of physical activity. As such, the authors of this paper begin to explore in youth what animal models have shown for some time, that is, optimal bone adaptation requires the correct combination of intensity, frequency, duration, nonrepetitive movement, and rest. Together, these papers signal new and important approaches for the conceptualization, measurement, and interpretation of osteogenic physical activity.
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11
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Okubo R, Sanada LS, Castania VA, Louzada MJQ, de Paula FJA, Maffulli N, Shimano AC. Jumping exercise preserves bone mineral density and mechanical properties in osteopenic ovariectomized rats even following established osteopenia. Osteoporos Int 2017; 28:1461-1471. [PMID: 28124728 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-3905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The effects of jump training on bone structure before and after ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in rats were investigated. Jumping exercise induced favorable changes in bone mineral density, bone mechanical properties, and bone formation/resorption markers. This exercise is effective to prevent bone loss after ovariectomy even when osteopenia is already established. INTRODUCTION The present study investigated the effects of jump training on bone structure before and after ovariectomy-induced osteopenia in 80 10-week-old Wistar rats. METHODS Forty rats (prevention program) were randomly allocated to one of four equal groups (n = 10): sham-operated sedentary (SHAM-SEDp), ovariectomized (OVX) sedentary (OVX-SEDp), sham-operated exercised (SHAM-EXp), and OVX exercised (OVX-EXp). SHAM-EXp and OVX-EXp animals began training 3 days after surgery. Another 40 rats (treatment program) were randomly allocated into another four groups (n = 10): sham-operated sedentary (SHAM-SEDt), OVX sedentary (OVX-SEDt), sham-operated exercised (SHAM-EXt), and OVX exercised (OVX-EXt). SHAM-EXt and OVX-EXt animals began training 60 days after surgery. The rats in the exercised groups jumped 20 times/day, 5 days/week, to a height of 40 cm for 12 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, serum osteocalcin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) dosage, dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), histomorphometry, and biomechanical tests were analyzed. RESULTS The OVX groups showed higher values of FSH and body weight (p < 0.05). DXA showed that jump training significantly increased bone mineral density of the femur and fifth lumbar vertebra (p < 0.05). The stiffness of the left femur and fifth lumbar vertebra in the exercised groups was greater than that of the sedentary groups (p < 0.05). Ovariectomy induced significant difference in bone volume (BV/TV, percent), trabecular separation (Tb.Sp, micrometer), and trabecular number (Tb.N, per millimeter) (p < 0.05) compared to sham operation. Jump training in the OVX group induced significant differences in BV/TV, Tb.Sp, and Tb.N and decreased osteoblast number per bone perimeter (p < 0.05) compared with OVX nontraining, in the prevention groups. Osteocalcin dosage showed higher values in the exercised groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Jumping exercise induced favorable changes in bone mineral density, bone mechanical properties, and bone formation/resorption markers. Jump training is effective to prevent bone loss after ovariectomy even when osteopenia is already established.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Okubo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - L S Sanada
- Department of Physiotherapy, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - V A Castania
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of Locomotor Apparatus, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M J Q Louzada
- Department of Animal Support, Production and Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Sao Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F J A de Paula
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Maffulli
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London, England, E1 4DG, UK
| | - A C Shimano
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of Locomotor Apparatus, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Avenue, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Weaver CM, Gordon CM, Janz KF, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Lewis R, O'Karma M, Wallace TC, Zemel BS. The National Osteoporosis Foundation's position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:1281-1386. [PMID: 26856587 PMCID: PMC4791473 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 722] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lifestyle choices influence 20-40 % of adult peak bone mass. Therefore, optimization of lifestyle factors known to influence peak bone mass and strength is an important strategy aimed at reducing risk of osteoporosis or low bone mass later in life. The National Osteoporosis Foundation has issued this scientific statement to provide evidence-based guidance and a national implementation strategy for the purpose of helping individuals achieve maximal peak bone mass early in life. In this scientific statement, we (1) report the results of an evidence-based review of the literature since 2000 on factors that influence achieving the full genetic potential for skeletal mass; (2) recommend lifestyle choices that promote maximal bone health throughout the lifespan; (3) outline a research agenda to address current gaps; and (4) identify implementation strategies. We conducted a systematic review of the role of individual nutrients, food patterns, special issues, contraceptives, and physical activity on bone mass and strength development in youth. An evidence grading system was applied to describe the strength of available evidence on these individual modifiable lifestyle factors that may (or may not) influence the development of peak bone mass (Table 1). A summary of the grades for each of these factors is given below. We describe the underpinning biology of these relationships as well as other factors for which a systematic review approach was not possible. Articles published since 2000, all of which followed the report by Heaney et al. [1] published in that year, were considered for this scientific statement. This current review is a systematic update of the previous review conducted by the National Osteoporosis Foundation [1]. [Table: see text] Considering the evidence-based literature review, we recommend lifestyle choices that promote maximal bone health from childhood through young to late adolescence and outline a research agenda to address current gaps in knowledge. The best evidence (grade A) is available for positive effects of calcium intake and physical activity, especially during the late childhood and peripubertal years-a critical period for bone accretion. Good evidence is also available for a role of vitamin D and dairy consumption and a detriment of DMPA injections. However, more rigorous trial data on many other lifestyle choices are needed and this need is outlined in our research agenda. Implementation strategies for lifestyle modifications to promote development of peak bone mass and strength within one's genetic potential require a multisectored (i.e., family, schools, healthcare systems) approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Weaver
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Women's Global Health Institute, Purdue University, 700 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - C M Gordon
- Division of Adolescent and Transition Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 4000, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - K F Janz
- Departments of Health and Human Physiology and Epidemiology, University of Iowa, 130 E FH, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - H J Kalkwarf
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7035, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - J M Lappe
- Schools of Nursing and Medicine, Creighton University, 601 N. 30th Street, Omaha, NE, 68131, USA
| | - R Lewis
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Dawson Hall, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - M O'Karma
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3535 Market Street, Room 1560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - T C Wallace
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, MS 1 F8, 10340 Democracy Lane, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
- National Osteoporosis Foundation, 1150 17th Street NW, Suite 850, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
- National Osteoporosis Foundation, 251 18th Street South, Suite 630, Arlington, VA, 22202, USA.
| | - B S Zemel
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3535 Market Street, Room 1560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Room 1560, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Influence of endurance running on calcaneal bone stiffness in male and female runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:327-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ju YI, Sone T, Ohnaru K, Tanaka K, Fukunaga M. Effect of swimming exercise on three-dimensional trabecular bone microarchitecture in ovariectomized rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:990-7. [PMID: 26338454 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00147.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming is generally considered ineffective for increasing bone mass in humans, at least compared with weight-bearing sports. However, swimming exercise has sometimes been shown to have a strong positive effect on bone mass in small animals. This study investigated the effects of swimming on bone mass, strength, and microarchitecture in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. OVX or sham operations were performed on 18-wk-old female Fisher 344 rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham sedentary (Sham-CON), sham swimming exercised (Sham-SWI), OVX sedentary (OVX-CON), and OVX swimming exercised (OVX-SWI). Rats in exercise groups performed swimming in a water bath for 60 min/day, 5 days/wk, for 12 wk. Bone mineral density (BMD) in right femurs was analyzed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Three-dimensional trabecular architecture at the distal femoral metaphysis was analyzed using microcomputed tomography (μCT). Geometrical properties of diaphyseal cortical bone were evaluated in the midfemoral region using μCT. The biomechanical properties of femurs were analyzed using three-point bending. Femoral BMD was significantly decreased following ovariectomy. This change was suppressed by swimming. Trabecular bone thickness, number, and connectivity were decreased by ovariectomy, whereas structure model index (i.e., ratio of rod-like to plate-like trabeculae) increased. These changes were also suppressed by swimming exercise. Femurs displayed greater cortical width and maximum load in SWI groups than in CON groups. Together, these results demonstrate that swimming exercise drastically alleviated both OVX-induced decreases in bone mass and mechanical strength and the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture in rat models of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-In Ju
- Department of Health and Sports Sciences, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan;
| | - Teruki Sone
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ohnaru
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan; and
| | - Kensuke Tanaka
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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Enhancement of bone quality and longitudinal growth due to free-fall motion in growing rats. Biomed Eng Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-015-0189-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Weaver CM. Parallels between nutrition and physical activity: research questions in development of peak bone mass. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2015; 86:103-106. [PMID: 25965111 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2015.1030810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle choices are attributed to 40% to 60% of adult peak bone mass. The National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) sought to update its 2000 consensus statement on peak bone mass and partnered with the American Society for Nutrition, which, in turn, charged a 9-member writing committee with using a systematic review approach to update the previous NOF guidelines. PubMed searches of the scientific literature from January 2000 through December 2014 were conducted on all relevant lifestyle choice factors and their relation to increasing bone mass during childhood and adolescence. The writing group concluded that there is strong evidence for the benefits of physical activity and calcium intake on bone mass accretion, moderately strong evidence for the benefits of vitamin D and dairy intake on bone mass and for physical activity on bone structure, and weaker evidence for other lifestyle choices. There were parallels and synergies between the benefits of diet and exercise on development of peak bone mass, but the type of evidence and public policy recommendations in the two disciplines differ in several important ways. Nutrition uses a more reductionist approach in contrast to physical activity, which uses a more global approach. This leads to differences in research priorities in the 2 disciplines. The disciplines can advance more quickly through collaboration and adoption of the best approaches from each other.
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