1
|
Turcotte CM, Rabey KN, Green DJ, McFarlin SC. Muscle attachment sites and behavioral reconstruction: An experimental test of muscle-bone structural response to habitual activity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022; 177:63-82. [PMID: 36787715 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral reconstruction from muscle attachment sites (entheses) is a common practice in anthropology. However, experimental evidence provides mixed support for the assumed association between enthesis size and shape with changes in habitual activity. In this study, a laboratory mouse model was used to experimentally test whether activity level and type alters muscle architecture and the underlying bone cross-sectional geometry of entheses in order to assess the underlying assumption that behavioral changes lead to quantifiable differences in both muscle and enthesis morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female wild-type mice were separated into one control group and two experimentally increased activity groups (running, climbing) over an 11-week study period. At the start of the experiment, half of the mice were 4 weeks and half were 7 weeks of age. The postmortem deltoideus and biceps brachii muscles were measured for potential force production (physiological cross-sectional area) and potential muscle excursion (fiber length). Bone cross-sectional geometry variables were measured from microCT scans of the humerus and radius at the enthesis and non-enthesis regions of interest across activity groups. RESULTS Activity level and type altered potential force production and potential muscle excursion of both muscles in the younger cohort. We observed differences in cortical bone geometry in both the humerus enthesis and radius non-enthesis region driven exclusively among the younger wheel-running mice. DISCUSSION These results indicate that in addition to muscle architectural changes, bone structural properties at the enthesis do show an adaptive response to increased activity, such as running but only during earlier development. However, further research is required in order to apply these findings to the reconstruction of living behavior from anthropological specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Karyne N Rabey
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dickinson E, Davis JS, Deutsch AR, Patel D, Nijhawan A, Patel M, Blume A, Gannon JL, Turcotte CM, Walker CS, Hartstone-Rose A. Evaluating bony predictors of bite force across the order Carnivora. J Morphol 2021; 282:1499-1513. [PMID: 34313337 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In carnivorans, bite force is a critical and ecologically informative variable that has been correlated with multiple morphological, behavioral, and environmental attributes. Whereas in vivo measures of biting performance are difficult to obtain in many taxa-and impossible in extinct species-numerous osteological proxies exist for estimating masticatory muscle size and force. These proxies include both volumetric approximations of muscle dimensions and direct measurements of muscular attachment sites. In this study, we compare three cranial osteological techniques for estimating muscle size (including 2D-photographic and 3D-surface data approaches) against dissection-derived muscle weights and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) within the jaw adductor musculature of 40 carnivoran taxa spanning eight families, four orders of magnitude in body size, and the full dietary spectrum of the order. Our results indicate that 3D-approaches provide more accurate estimates of muscle size than do surfaces measured from 2D-lateral photographs. However, estimates of a muscle's maximum cross-sectional area are more closely correlated with muscle mass and PCSA than any estimates derived from muscle attachment areas. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for muscle thickness in osteological estimations of the masticatory musculature; as muscles become volumetrically larger, their larger cross-sectional area does not appear to be associated with a proportional increase in the attachment site area. Though volumetric approaches approximate muscle dimensions well across the order as a whole, caution should be exercised when applying any single method as a predictor across diverse phylogenies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jillian S Davis
- Pathology, Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine Department, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ashley R Deutsch
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dhuru Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Akash Nijhawan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meet Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abby Blume
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jordan L Gannon
- Biology Department, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S Walker
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Hartstone-Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bucchi A, Luengo J, Del Bove A, Lorenzo C. Insertion sites in manual proximal phalanges of African apes and modern humans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2021; 173:556-567. [PMID: 33460049 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to describe the insertion sites of the ligaments holding the flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis muscles (flexor ridges) in proximal phalanges 2-5 of African apes and modern humans. To interpret differences in flexor ridge size based on general behavioral differences among taxa. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed 3D models of manual proximal phalanges 2-5 from 29 gorillas (Gorilla beringei and Gorilla gorilla), 30 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and 36 recent modern humans. Flexor ridges (mm2) were compared within and across genera. RESULTS Gorillas and chimpanzees had larger flexor ridges for phalanges 2-4 than humans and this difference subsists when controlling for body size. Each genus had a unique insertion size pattern across the digits, with the most heterogeneous pattern found in chimpanzees, followed by humans, and lastly gorillas. These patterns corresponded strongly to the differences in the size of the phalanges within each genus, except for phalanx 5 in humans, which had a larger flexor ridge than expected. DISCUSSION When comparing these genera, the flexor ridges signal differences between taxa that use their hands for manipulation and locomotion (gorillas and chimpanzees) and taxa that use them exclusively for manipulation (humans). This functional signal was also apparent in the PP5 of humans, whose larger FR may be indicating the high recruitment of this digit during forceful precision grip characteristic of humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bucchi
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 35 Avinguda de Catalunya, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), 4 Zona Educacional, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Javier Luengo
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 35 Avinguda de Catalunya, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), 4 Zona Educacional, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonietta Del Bove
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 35 Avinguda de Catalunya, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), 4 Zona Educacional, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carlos Lorenzo
- Departament d'Història i Història de l'Art, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 35 Avinguda de Catalunya, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), 4 Zona Educacional, Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kubicka AM, Myszka A. Are entheseal changes and cross-sectional properties associated with the shape of the upper limb? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:293-306. [PMID: 32643151 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reconstruction of the activity of past human populations can be carried out using various skeletal markers; however, the relationship between these methods is not fully understood. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to analyze the relationship between entheseal changes, cross-sectional properties, and variability in the shape of the upper limb. MATERIALS AND METHODS The analyzed material consisted of CT images of 71 right scapulae, humeri, and ulnae belonging to the same individuals from a mediaeval population located in Poland. For each series of bones for the same individual, skeletal markers such as: cross-sectional properties, entheses and shape variation were assessed. Next, correlations between these three skeletal indicators were calculated. RESULTS In general, the models showed that only sex influences entheses. Multivariate regression revealed significant correlation only between ulnar auricular surface shape and two types of mean score for entheses. DISCUSSION The findings are inconsistent and stand in contradiction to other research; therefore, we suggest that an assessment of individual activity should be carried out, using as many post-cranial elements as possible and a variety of methods. This approach will ensure more accurate reconstruction of the activity levels and patterns of archeological groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Kubicka
- Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,PaleoFED team, UMR 7194, CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, France
| | - Anna Myszka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Milella M, Belcastro MG, Mariotti V, Nikita E. Estimation of adult age-at-death from entheseal robusticity: A test using an identified Italian skeletal collection. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 173:190-199. [PMID: 32602120 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study tests the effectiveness of entheseal robusticity (ER) as a potential predictor of adult age-at-death by applying multiple regression models to a large contemporary identified skeletal sample. MATERIALS AND METHODS ER was recorded for 23 bilateral postcranial entheses on 481 adult individuals (271 females and 210 males) from the Frassetto identified skeletal collection of Sassari (Italy), following the method of Mariotti et al. 2007. ER scores were used as predictors in multiple regression analyses with age as the dependent variable; the performance of the resulting models was tested through standard error of estimate, the correlation coefficient between predicted and documented age, and the percentage of correctly classified individuals. RESULTS ER show a higher correlation with age in females, resulting in more accurate estimates when compared with those obtained for males. Age-at-death is overestimated for male individuals under 45 years old and underestimated for older individuals. Regression models including a reduced set of ER sites result in better estimates compared with those using the complete set of variables. DISCUSSION Results suggest the potential usefulness of ER for the estimation of age, especially for female skeletal remains. If used with caution, ER may be a valid complement to existing methods for the reconstruction of the biological profile of skeletal remains of archaeological and forensic interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Milella
- Department of Physical Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Giovanna Belcastro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Mariotti
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Efthymia Nikita
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Becker SK. Osteoarthritis, entheses, and long bone cross-sectional geometry in the Andes: Usage, history, and future directions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2020; 29:45-53. [PMID: 31473173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Akin to approaches encouraged by Verano (1997) in the Andes, and Ortner (2011, 2012) for general paleopathological studies, this article focuses on accurate descriptions and definitions of osteoarthritis, entheses, and long bone cross-sectional geometry. By evaluating these conditions as part of biological responses to abnormal skeletal changes and biomechanical stress, this research discusses each condition's pathogenesis. Further, this article emphasizes a "small data" approach to evaluating these conditions in ancient culturally and biologically related human populations, where the study samples must have good skeletal preservation, where estimates of age and sex need to be included as major factors, and where abnormalities need to be described and evaluated. This article also discusses global clinical and osteological research on ways scholars are currently trying to establish industry-wide methods to evaluate osteoarthritis, entheses, and long bone cross-sectional geometry. Recent studies have focused on rigorous evaluation of methodological techniques, recording protocols, and inter- and intra-observer error problems. Additionally, scholars have focused on physical intensity of movement using biomechanics, evaluated burials of known occupation, and used complex statistical methods to help interpret skeletal changes associated with these conditions. This article also narrows to focus on these conditions within thematic "small data" areas throughout the Andes. This research concludes with describing future directions to understand skeletal changes, such as more multidisciplinary studies between osteologists and pathologists, collaborations with living people to collect CT, x-rays, or computer-aided motion capture, and a stronger focus on how these conditions correlate with intense biomechanical changes in younger individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Becker
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Riverside, 1334 Watkins Hall Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Myszka A, Krenz-Niedbała M, Tomczyk J, Zalewska M. Osteoarthritis: A problematic disease in past human populations. A dependence between entheseal changes, body size, age, sex, and osteoarthritic changes development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:2357-2371. [PMID: 31680482 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a problematic trait in terms of etiology and interpretation in past human populations. The relationships between osteoarthritic changes (osteophytes, porosity, and eburnation) and entheseal changes, body mass, stature, bone massiveness, sex, and age on the basis of skeletal material from Łekno (Poland) are analyzed here. Entheses were the strongest contributor to the prediction of osteophyte expression and when all types of changes and all joints were taken together. Stature demonstrates a negative dependence on porosity. When each joint was analyzed separately, entheses were the strongest contributor to the prediction of arthritis expression in the wrist and hip. Age was the strongest contributor to the prediction of arthritis expression in the elbow. Body mass, stature, bone massiveness, and sex had no effect on osteoarthritic changes in any of the examined joints. The results of the present study suggest an important dependence between entheses and osteoarthritic changes. Other factors had little to no effect on differences in OA severity. These results do not dispel all doubts but enrich knowledge about the effect of etiological factors on osteoarthritic change formation. This knowledge is essential for proper, reliable interpretation of osteoarthritic changes in the context of past human biology, ecology, and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Myszka
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Jacek Tomczyk
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Zalewska
- Department of the Prevention of Environmental Hazards and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
McRae R, Aronsen GP. Inventory and Assessment of theGorilla gorilla(Savage, 1847) Skeletal Collection Housed at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History. BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2018. [DOI: 10.3374/014.059.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McRae
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520-8277 USA
| | - Gary P. Aronsen
- Biological Anthropology Laboratories, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven CT 06520-8277 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
HUELGA-SUAREZ GONZALO, DIEZ-FERNÁNDEZ SILVIA, MOLDOVAN MARIELLA, PARDIÑAS ANTONIOF, LÓPEZ BELÉN, GARCÍA ALONSO JIGNACIO. The quest for the soldier’s rest: combining anthropological and archaeochemical approaches to study social and occupational diversity in the medieval graveyard of San Andrés de Arroyo (Palencia, Spain). ANTHROPOL SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.161005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - MARIELLA MOLDOVAN
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo
| | - ANTONIO F. PARDIÑAS
- Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, University of Oviedo, Oviedo
| | - BELÉN LÓPEZ
- Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems, University of Oviedo, Oviedo
| | | |
Collapse
|