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Forstner TM, Boyd WS, Esler D, Green DJ. Dispersal of juvenile Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica) mirrors that of breeding adults. Mov Ecol 2023; 11:62. [PMID: 37822000 PMCID: PMC10568906 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Barrow's goldeneyes across western North America have been shown to have a high degree of subpopulation independence using several data types. However, evidence for structured populations based on mitochondrial DNA, band recoveries, and tracking of adults is discordant with evidence from autosomal DNA. We used satellite tracking data from both juveniles and adults marked on natal and breeding grounds, respectively, in British Columbia, Canada to evaluate the hypothesis that male-biased juvenile dispersal maintains genetic panmixia of Pacific Barrow's goldeneyes otherwise structured by migratory movements and high winter and breeding site fidelity of adults. We found that juvenile males traveled to overwintering sites located within the range of the overwintering sites of juvenile females, adult males, and adult females. Juvenile males migrated at the same time, travelled the same distance when moving between natal and overwintering sites, and had the same winter dispersion as juvenile females. Although juveniles did not travel with attendant females, all juveniles overwintered within the wintering range of adults. We tracked some juveniles into the following spring/summer and even second winter. Prospecting juveniles of both sexes travelled from their wintering grounds to potential breeding sites in the proximity of Riske Creek and within the bounds of the breeding locations used by adults. Juveniles tracked for more than a year also showed relatively high winter site fidelity. Because Barrow's goldeneyes pair on wintering grounds, our tracking data are not consistent with the hypothesis that male-biased juvenile dispersal explains the genetic structure in the mitochondrial DNA and panmixia in the autosomal DNA of Barrow's goldeneye. We suggest that uncommon or episodic dispersal of males might be enough to homogenize autosomal DNA but is unlikely to influence demographic population structure relevant to contemporary population management.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Forstner
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - W S Boyd
- Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, Wildlife Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment & Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada
| | - D Esler
- U.S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - D J Green
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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2
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Ware L, Hipfner JM, Green DJ. Satellite telemetry reveals habitat selection decisions by black oystercatchers across seasonal, diel, and tidal cycles. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9957. [PMID: 37038524 PMCID: PMC10082171 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat use of indicator species is used to prioritize management activities. However, habitat use can vary temporally in response to changes in predation risk and foraging rewards. We deployed satellite tags on 20 black oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) in four regions of British Columbia, Canada, to examine habitat use and selection decisions across seasonal, diel and tidal cycles. We characterized the shoreline in each region and used GLMMs to investigate how habitat characteristics influenced shoreline use by tracked birds. For individuals, we estimated home range size and the frequency key features of the shoreline were re-visited. Black oystercatchers generally made greater-than-expected use of rocky islets and shoreline with freshwater outflows, less tree cover and greater intertidal area. However, while black oystercatchers preferred islets and shoreline with less tree cover at most/all time periods, they only exhibited preferences for greater intertidal area during low tides, and preferences for shoreline with freshwater outflows during the nonbreeding season, day, and high tides. Individual home ranges, on average, contained 46 km of shoreline (range: 12-156 km) and individuals used 10.4 km (range: 6.7-13.9 km). Individuals made greater use of larger islets with less tree cover that were closer to outflows, and greater use of outflows associated with larger streams, greater intertidal areas and gravel substrates. Black oystercatchers' habitat preferences likely reduce predation risk (rocky islets and shoreline with less tree cover) and increase foraging rewards (shoreline with freshwater outflows, greater intertidal area, and gravel substrates). However, habitat preferences appear sensitive to constraints on movement in the breeding season and changes in foraging rewards across the diel and tidal cycle, highlighting the importance of examining habitat use at multiple temporal scales. Black oystercatchers are considered indicators of rocky intertidal health; therefore, critical habitat is expected to be important for a suite of wildlife dependent on safe and productive coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ware
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Wildlife EcologySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Environment and Climate Change CanadaCanadian Wildlife Service, Northern RegionWhitehorseYukonCanada
| | - John Mark Hipfner
- Environment and Climate Change CanadaScience and Technology Branch, Pacific Wildlife Research CentreDeltaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - David J. Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Wildlife EcologySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBritish ColumbiaCanada
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3
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Michaud V, Lasseaux E, Green DJ, Gerrard DT, Plaisant C, Fitzgerald T, Birney E, Arveiler B, Black GC, Sergouniotis PI. The contribution of common regulatory and protein-coding TYR variants to the genetic architecture of albinism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3939. [PMID: 35803923 PMCID: PMC9270319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31392-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diseases have been historically segregated into rare Mendelian disorders and common complex conditions. Large-scale studies using genome sequencing are eroding this distinction and are gradually unmasking the underlying complexity of human traits. Here, we analysed data from the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project and from a cohort of 1313 individuals with albinism aiming to gain insights into the genetic architecture of this archetypal rare disorder. We investigated the contribution of protein-coding and regulatory variants both rare and common. We focused on TYR, the gene encoding tyrosinase, and found that a high-frequency promoter variant, TYR c.−301C>T [rs4547091], modulates the penetrance of a prevalent, albinism-associated missense change, TYR c.1205G>A (p.Arg402Gln) [rs1126809]. We also found that homozygosity for a haplotype formed by three common, functionally-relevant variants, TYR c.[−301C;575C>A;1205G>A], is associated with a high probability of receiving an albinism diagnosis (OR>82). This genotype is also associated with reduced visual acuity and with increased central retinal thickness in UK Biobank participants. Finally, we report how the combined analysis of rare and common variants can increase diagnostic yield and can help inform genetic counselling in families with albinism. Albinism is a rare disorder often caused by high-effect rare variants in the TYR gene. Here, the authors study a large albinism cohort and find that a common variant in the TYR promoter contributes to albinism by modifying the penetrance of other common variants, demonstrating a complex genetic architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Michaud
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,INSERM U1211, Rare Diseases, Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eulalie Lasseaux
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - David J Green
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dave T Gerrard
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Claudio Plaisant
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Tomas Fitzgerald
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL- EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ewan Birney
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL- EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benoît Arveiler
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. .,INSERM U1211, Rare Diseases, Genetics and Metabolism, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Graeme C Black
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
| | - Panagiotis I Sergouniotis
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL- EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK. .,Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. .,Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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4
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Hamacher CD, Browning BJ, Barton JC, Chase NF, Larson RE, Green DJ. Presence of accessory abductor digiti minimi muscle in two cadavers. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2022; 82:216-220. [PMID: 35099047 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2022.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During routine cadaveric dissection, accessory hypothenar muscles were incidentally discovered in two cadavers, both males, aged 86 and 92. Both muscles originated from the palmaris longus tendon in the distal portion of the forearm and were identified as accessory abductor digiti minimi (AADM) muscles, based on their association with abductor digiti minimi. While AADM is a common variant in the antebrachium, it is less typical for them to originate from the palmaris longus tendon. The presence of such an AADM could complicate surgical procedures requiring resection of the palmaris longus tendon. Moreover, the surrounding neurovasculature - namely the ulnar nerve as it passes through the ulnar canal between the pisiform and hook of the hamate - could be compressed by contractions of an AADM with such a proximal origin. This can manifest as ulnar neuropathies resulting in pain, weakness, or protracted flexion of the fourth and fifth digits (ulnar claw). Our description of these muscles adds to previous accounts of variation of the palmaris longus and abductor digiti minimi muscles while considering potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Hamacher
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, United States
| | - B J Browning
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, United States
| | - J C Barton
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, United States
| | - N F Chase
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, United States
| | - R E Larson
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Buies Creek, United States
| | - D J Green
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, United States. .,Department of Anatomy, Buies Creek, United States.
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Turcotte CM, Rabey KN, Green DJ, McFarlin SC. Muscle attachment sites and behavioral reconstruction: An experimental test of muscle-bone structural response to habitual activity. Am J Biol Anthropol 2022; 177:63-82. [PMID: 36787715 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Behavioral reconstruction from muscle attachment sites (entheses) is a common practice in anthropology. However, experimental evidence provides mixed support for the assumed association between enthesis size and shape with changes in habitual activity. In this study, a laboratory mouse model was used to experimentally test whether activity level and type alters muscle architecture and the underlying bone cross-sectional geometry of entheses in order to assess the underlying assumption that behavioral changes lead to quantifiable differences in both muscle and enthesis morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female wild-type mice were separated into one control group and two experimentally increased activity groups (running, climbing) over an 11-week study period. At the start of the experiment, half of the mice were 4 weeks and half were 7 weeks of age. The postmortem deltoideus and biceps brachii muscles were measured for potential force production (physiological cross-sectional area) and potential muscle excursion (fiber length). Bone cross-sectional geometry variables were measured from microCT scans of the humerus and radius at the enthesis and non-enthesis regions of interest across activity groups. RESULTS Activity level and type altered potential force production and potential muscle excursion of both muscles in the younger cohort. We observed differences in cortical bone geometry in both the humerus enthesis and radius non-enthesis region driven exclusively among the younger wheel-running mice. DISCUSSION These results indicate that in addition to muscle architectural changes, bone structural properties at the enthesis do show an adaptive response to increased activity, such as running but only during earlier development. However, further research is required in order to apply these findings to the reconstruction of living behavior from anthropological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Karyne N Rabey
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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Partridge DG, Sori A, Green DJ, Simpson R, Poller B, Raza M, Kaur H, Jessop H, Colton B, Nield A, Evans CM, Lee A. Universal use of surgical masks is tolerated and prevents respiratory viral infection in stem cell transplant recipients. J Hosp Infect 2021; 119:182-186. [PMID: 34543704 PMCID: PMC8447542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of respiratory viral infection in stem cell transplant patients is important due to its high risk of adverse outcome. This single-centre, mixed methods study, conducted before the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 pandemic, explored the barriers and facilitators to a policy of universal mask use by visitors and healthcare workers, and examined the impact of the first year of introduction of the policy on respiratory viral infection rates compared with preceding years, adjusted for overall incidence. Education around universal mask use was highlighted as being particularly important in policy implementation. A significant decrease in respiratory viral infection was observed following introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Partridge
- Department of Microbiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK; Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interaction, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
| | - A Sori
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - D J Green
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - R Simpson
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - B Poller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Raza
- Department of Virology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - H Kaur
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - H Jessop
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - B Colton
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Nield
- Department of Haematology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - C M Evans
- Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interaction, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Virology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Lee
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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7
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Green DJ, Lenassi E, Manning CS, McGaughey D, Sharma V, Black GC, Ellingford JM, Sergouniotis PI. North Carolina Macular Dystrophy: Phenotypic Variability and Computational Analysis of Disease-Associated Noncoding Variants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:16. [PMID: 34125159 PMCID: PMC8212441 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.7.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose North Carolina macular dystrophy (NCMD) is an autosomal dominant, congenital disorder affecting the central retina. Here, we report clinical and genetic findings in three families segregating NCMD and use epigenomic datasets from human tissues to gain insights into the effect of NCMD-implicated variants. Methods Clinical assessment and genetic testing were performed. Publicly available transcriptomic and epigenomic datasets were analyzed and the activity-by-contact method for scoring enhancer elements and linking them to target genes was used. Results A previously described, heterozygous, noncoding variant upstream of the PRDM13 gene was detected in all six affected study participants (chr6:100,040,987G>C [GRCh37/hg19]). Interfamilial and intrafamilial variability were observed; the visual acuity ranged from 0.0 to 1.6 LogMAR and fundoscopic findings ranged from visually insignificant, confluent, drusen-like macular deposits to coloboma-like macular lesions. Variable degrees of peripheral retinal spots (which were easily detected on widefield retinal imaging) were observed in all study subjects. Notably, a 6-year-old patient developed choroidal neovascularization and required treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab injections. Computational analysis of the five single nucleotide variants that have been implicated in NCMD revealed that these noncoding changes lie within two putative enhancer elements; these elements are predicted to interact with PRDM13 in the developing human retina. PRDM13 was found to be expressed in the fetal retina, with greatest expression in the amacrine precursor cell population. Conclusions We provide further evidence supporting the role of PRDM13 dysregulation in the pathogenesis of NCMD and highlight the usefulness of widefield retinal imaging in individuals suspected to have this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Green
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Lenassi
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cerys S Manning
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David McGaughey
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Vinod Sharma
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme C Black
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie M Ellingford
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis I Sergouniotis
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Pavlik M, Williams TD, Green DJ. Female Songbirds Can Initiate the Transition from a Migratory to a Reproductive Physiology during Spring Migration. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 94:188-198. [PMID: 33852373 DOI: 10.1086/714218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe high energetic costs of both migration and reproduction and the physiological changes to support these costs suggest that these life-history stages should be compartmentalized with little overlap between stages. In contrast, previous studies have shown that male birds can initiate reproductive development during migration before arrival on the breeding grounds with increases in plasma testosterone levels and testis size. However, sex differences in seasonal gonadal function are now recognized as profound, and few studies to date have shown that females can initiate the costly, but critical, estrogen-dependent final stages of gonadal maturation and changes in liver function (yolk precursor synthesis, vitellogenesis) while on migration. Here, we show that female yellow warblers (Setophaga petechia) arrive on the breeding grounds with elevated plasma triglyceride levels compared with males. Some females had plasma triglyceride levels of 5-7 mmol L-1, suggesting that they arrived in a relatively advanced stage of yolk precursor production. Furthermore, we show that females that arrived with higher plasma triglyceride levels took less time to initiate their first clutch. Adaptive plasticity in the timing of the transition from a migratory to a reproductive physiology might help migrant birds buffer against a mismatch between timing of arrival and conditions on the breeding grounds and allow them to advance timing of breeding to maximize breeding productivity.
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Carlson KJ, Green DJ, Jashashvili T, Pickering TR, Heaton JL, Beaudet A, Stratford D, Crompton R, Kuman K, Bruxelles L, Clarke RJ. The pectoral girdle of StW 573 ('Little Foot') and its implications for shoulder evolution in the Hominina. J Hum Evol 2021; 158:102983. [PMID: 33888323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ca. 3.67 Ma adult skeleton known as 'Little Foot' (StW 573), recovered from Sterkfontein Member 2 breccia in the Silberberg Grotto, is remarkable for its morphology and completeness. Preservation of clavicles and scapulae, including essentially complete right-side elements, offers opportunities to assess morphological and functional aspects of a nearly complete Australopithecus pectoral girdle. Here we describe the StW 573 pectoral girdle and offer quantitative comparisons to those of extant hominoids and selected homininans. The StW 573 pectoral girdle combines features intermediate between those of humans and other apes: a long and curved clavicle, suggesting a relatively dorsally positioned scapula; an enlarged and uniquely proportioned supraspinous fossa; a relatively cranially oriented glenoid fossa; and ape-like reinforcement of the axillary margin by a stout ventral bar. StW 573 scapulae are as follows: smaller than those of some homininans (i.e., KSD-VP-1/1 and KNM-ER 47000A), larger than others (i.e., A.L. 288-1, Sts 7, and MH2), and most similar in size to another australopith from Sterkfontein, StW 431. Moreover, StW 573 and StW 431 exhibit similar structural features along their axillary margins and inferior angles. As the StW 573 pectoral girdle (e.g., scapular configuration) has a greater affinity to that of apes-Gorilla in particular-rather than modern humans, we suggest that the StW 573 morphological pattern appears to reflect adaptations to arboreal behaviors, especially those with the hand positioned above the head, more than human-like manipulatory capabilities. When compared with less complete pectoral girdles from middle/late Miocene apes and that of the penecontemporaneous KSD-VP-1/1 (Australopithecus afarensis), and mindful of consensus views on the adaptiveness of arboreal positional behaviors soliciting abducted glenohumeral joints in early Pliocene taxa, we propose that the StW 573 pectoral girdle is a reasonable model for hypothesizing pectoral girdle configuration of the crown hominin last common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS 2050, South Africa.
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anatomy, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS 2050, South Africa
| | - Tea Jashashvili
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Geology and Paleontology, Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi 0105, Georgia
| | - Travis R Pickering
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS 2050, South Africa; Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Department of Vertebrates, Ditsong National Museum, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jason L Heaton
- Department of Biology, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL 35254, USA; Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS 2050, South Africa; Plio-Pleistocene Palaeontology Section, Department of Vertebrates, Ditsong National Museum, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Amélie Beaudet
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS 2050 South Africa; Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, PO Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Dominic Stratford
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS 2050 South Africa
| | - Robin Crompton
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Kathleen Kuman
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS 2050 South Africa
| | - Laurent Bruxelles
- TRACES, UMR 5608 of the French National Centre for Scientific Research, Jean Jaurès University, 31058 Toulouse, France; French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Researches (INRAP), 30900 Nîmes, France; School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS 2050 South Africa
| | - Ronald J Clarke
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg WITS 2050, South Africa
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10
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Hepp M, Palsson E, Thomsen SK, Green DJ. Predicting the effects of reservoir water level management on the reproductive output of a riparian songbird. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247318. [PMID: 33617585 PMCID: PMC7899321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dams and reservoirs alter natural water flow regimes with adverse effects on natural ecosystems. Quantifying and reducing these effects are important as global demands for energy and water, and the number of dams and reservoir, increase. However, costs and logistic constraints typically preclude experimental assessment of reservoir effects on the environment. We developed a stochastic individual-based model (IBM), parameterized using empirical data, to estimate the annual productivity of yellow warblers that breed in riparian habitat within the footprint of the Arrow Lakes Reservoir in British Columbia, Canada. The IBM incorporated information on breeding phenology, nest site selection, brood parasitism, daily nest survival, re-nesting probabilities and post-fledging survival. We used the IBM to estimate the effect of four different water management scenarios on annual productivity. We found that the IBM accurately estimated average nest success (0.39 ± 0.10 SD), the proportion of females that produced at least one fledgling during a breeding season (0.56 ± 0.11), and annual fledging success (2.06 ± 0.43) under current conditions. The IBM estimated that reservoir operations currently reduce the annual productivity of this population by 37%, from an average of 1.62 to 1.06 independent young/female. Delaying when reservoir water levels reach 435m asl (the minimum elevation occupied by yellow warblers) by approximately 2 weeks was predicted to increase annual productivity to 1.44 independent young/female. The standardized effect on annual productivity of reducing the maximum elevation of the reservoir so that yellow warbler habitat is not inundated (Cohen's d = 1.52) or delaying when water is stored (Cohen's d = 0.83) was primarily driven by inundation effects on post-fledging survival. Reservoir operation effects on breeding birds will be species specific, but this IBM can easily be modified to allow the environmental impacts on the entire breeding bird community to be incorporated into water management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Hepp
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Eirikur Palsson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Thomsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - David J. Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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11
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García-Martínez D, Green DJ, Bermúdez de Castro JM. Evolutionary development of the Homo antecessor scapulae (Gran Dolina site, Atapuerca) suggests a modern-like development for Lower Pleistocene Homo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4102. [PMID: 33602966 PMCID: PMC7892855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Two well-preserved, subadult 800 ky scapulae from Gran Dolina belonging to Homo antecessor, provide a unique opportunity to investigate the ontogeny of shoulder morphology in Lower Pleistocene humans. We compared the H. antecessor scapulae with a sample of 98 P. troglodytes and 108 H. sapiens representatives covering seven growth stages, as well as with the DIK-1-1 (Dikika; Australopithecus afarensis), KNM-WT 15000 (Nariokotome; H. ergaster), and MH2 (Malapa; A. sediba) specimens. We quantified 15 landmarks on each scapula and performed geometric morphometric analyses. H. sapiens scapulae are mediolaterally broader with laterally oriented glenoid fossae relative to Pan and Dikika shoulder blades. Accordingly, H. antecessor scapulae shared more morphological affinities with modern humans, KNM-WT 15000, and even MH2. Both H. antecessor and modern Homo showed significantly more positive scapular growth trajectories than Pan (slopes: P. troglodytes = 0.0012; H. sapiens = 0.0018; H. antecessor = 0.0020). Similarities in ontogenetic trajectories between the H. antecessor and modern human data suggest that Lower Pleistocene hominin scapular development was already modern human-like. At the same time, several morphological features distinguish H. antecessor scapulae from modern humans along the entire trajectory. Future studies should include additional Australopithecus specimens for further comparative assessment of scapular growth trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel García-Martínez
- Centro Nacional para el Estudio de la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain.
- Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anatomy, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC, 27506, USA
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS, 2050, South Africa
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12
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Williams EJ, Mair L, de Silva TI, Green DJ, House P, Cawthron K, Gillies C, Wigfull J, Parsons H, Partridge DG. Evaluation of procalcitonin as a contribution to antimicrobial stewardship in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study. J Hosp Infect 2021; 110:103-107. [PMID: 33484783 PMCID: PMC7817391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It can be a diagnostic challenge to identify patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in whom antibiotics can be safely withheld. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a guideline implemented at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust that recommends withholding antibiotics in patients with low serum procalcitonin (PCT), defined as ≤0.25 ng/mL. Results showed reduced antibiotic consumption in patients with PCT ≤0.25 ng/mL with no increase in mortality, alongside a reduction in subsequent carbapenem prescriptions during admission. The results support the effectiveness of this guideline, and further research is recommended to identify the optimal cut-off value for PCT in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Williams
- Department of Microbiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.
| | - L Mair
- South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - T I de Silva
- South Yorkshire Regional Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interaction, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - D J Green
- Section of Public Health, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - P House
- Department of Critical Care, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Cawthron
- Department of Microbiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - C Gillies
- Department of Critical Care, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Wigfull
- Department of Critical Care, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - H Parsons
- Department of Microbiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - D G Partridge
- Department of Microbiology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK; Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interaction, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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13
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Fremlin KM, Elliott JE, Green DJ, Drouillard KG, Harner T, Eng A, Gobas FAPC. Trophic magnification of legacy persistent organic pollutants in an urban terrestrial food web. Sci Total Environ 2020; 714:136746. [PMID: 32041017 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), persist for generations in the environment and often negatively impact endocrine functions in exposed wildlife. Protocols to assess the bioaccumulation potential of these chemicals within terrestrial systems are far less developed than for aquatic systems. Consequently, regulatory agencies in Canada, the United States, and the European Union rely primarily on aquatic information for the bioaccumulation assessment of chemicals. However, studies have shown that some chemicals that are not bioaccumulative in aquatic food webs can biomagnify in terrestrial food webs. Thus, to better understand the bioaccumulative behaviour of chemicals in terrestrial systems, we examined trophic magnification of hydrophobic POPs in an urban terrestrial food web that included an avian apex predator, the Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii). Over 100 samples were collected from various trophic levels of the food web including hawk eggs, songbirds, invertebrates, and berries and analysed for concentrations of 38 PCB congeners, 20 OCPs, 20 PBDE congeners, and 7 other brominated flame retardants listed on the Government of Canada's Chemicals Management Plan. We determined trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for contaminants that had a 50% or greater detection frequency in all biota samples and compared these terrestrial TMFs to those observed in aquatic systems. TMFs in this terrestrial food web ranged between 1.2 (0.21 SE) and 15 (4.0 SE), indicating that the majority of these POPs are biomagnifying. TMFs of the legacy POPs investigated in this terrestrial food web increased in a statistically significant relationship with both the logarithm of the octanol-air (log KOA) and octanal-water partition (log KOW) coefficients of the POPs. POPs with a log KOA >6 or a log KOW >5 exhibited biomagnification potential in this terrestrial food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Fremlin
- Simon Fraser University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - John E Elliott
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, British Columbia V4K 3N2, Canada; Simon Fraser University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - David J Green
- Simon Fraser University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Kenneth G Drouillard
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 2990 Riverside Drive West, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada.
| | - Tom Harner
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Anita Eng
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Air Quality Research Division, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Frank A P C Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Faculty of the Environment, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada; Simon Fraser University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
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14
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Green DJ, Sallah SR, Ellingford JM, Lovell SC, Sergouniotis PI. Variability in Gene Expression is Associated with Incomplete Penetrance in Inherited Eye Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11020179. [PMID: 32050448 PMCID: PMC7074066 DOI: 10.3390/genes11020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited eye disorders (IED) are a heterogeneous group of Mendelian conditions that are associated with visual impairment. Although these disorders often exhibit incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity, the scale and mechanisms of these phenomena remain largely unknown. Here, we utilize publicly-available genomic and transcriptomic datasets to gain insights into variable penetrance in IED. Variants in a curated set of 340 IED-implicated genes were extracted from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD) 2019.1 and cross-checked with the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) 2.1 control-only dataset. Genes for which >1 variants were encountered in both HGMD and gnomAD were considered to be associated with variable penetrance (n = 56). Variability in gene expression levels was then estimated for the subset of these genes that was found to be adequately expressed in two relevant resources: the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and Eye Genotype Expression (EyeGEx) datasets. We found that genes suspected to be associated with variable penetrance tended to have significantly more variability in gene expression levels in the general population (p = 0.0000015); this finding was consistent across tissue types. The results of this study point to the possible influence of cis and/or trans-acting elements on the expressivity of variants causing Mendelian disorders. They also highlight the potential utility of quantifying gene expression as part of the investigation of families showing evidence of variable penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Green
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (D.J.G.); (S.R.S.); (J.M.E.); (S.C.L.)
| | - Shalaw R. Sallah
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (D.J.G.); (S.R.S.); (J.M.E.); (S.C.L.)
| | - Jamie M. Ellingford
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (D.J.G.); (S.R.S.); (J.M.E.); (S.C.L.)
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Simon C. Lovell
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (D.J.G.); (S.R.S.); (J.M.E.); (S.C.L.)
| | - Panagiotis I. Sergouniotis
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicines and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; (D.J.G.); (S.R.S.); (J.M.E.); (S.C.L.)
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)161-27-55748
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15
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Turcotte CM, Green DJ, Kupczik K, McFarlin S, Schulz-Kornas E. Elevated activity levels do not influence extrinsic fiber attachment morphology on the surface of muscle-attachment sites. J Anat 2019; 236:827-839. [PMID: 31845322 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic fibers (EFs) are a type of penetrating collagenous fiber, closely related to the periodontal ligament, which help anchor soft tissue into bone. These fibers are associated with muscle attachment sites (entheses). Their size and grouping patterns are thought to be indicative of the loading history of the muscle. EFs are of particular significance in anthropology as potential tools for the reconstruction of behavior from skeletal remains and, specifically, entheses. In this study, we used a mouse model to experimentally test how activity level alters the morphology of EF insertion sites on the bone surface of a fibrocartilaginous enthesis, the biceps brachii insertion. Further, we adapted surface metrological techniques from studies of dental wear to perform automated, quantitative and non-destructive analysis of bone surface histology. Our results show that experimentally increased activity had no significant effect on the quantity or density of EF insertions at the enthesis, nor on the size of those insertions. Although EF presence does indicate muscle attachment, activity did not have an observable effect on EF morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Turcotte
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shannon McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ellen Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Periodontology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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16
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Thomsen SK, Green DJ. Predator-mediated effects of severe drought associated with poor reproductive success of a seabird in a cross-ecosystem cascade. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:1642-1652. [PMID: 30773758 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the profound impacts of drought on terrestrial productivity in coastal arid ecosystems, only a few studies have addressed how drought can influence ecological cascades across ecosystem boundaries. In this study, we examine the consequences of rainfall pulses and drought that subsequently impact the breeding success of a threatened nocturnal seabird, the Scripps's Murrelet (Synthliboramphus scrippsi). On an island off the coast of southern California, the main cause of reduced nest success for one of their largest breeding colonies is egg predation by an endemic deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus elusus). Mice on the island have an opportunistic diet of primarily terrestrial sources, but drastic declines in terrestrial productivity from drought might be expected to increase their reliance on marine resources, including murrelet eggs. We compiled data on terrestrial and marine productivity between 1983 and 2013 to determine how conditions in these ecosystems influence murrelet nest success. We found that the severity of drought had the strongest negative impact on murrelet nest success. We calculated that the reduction in fecundity during drought years due to increased egg predation by mice was substantial enough to produce a declining population growth rate. Nest success was much higher under normal or high rainfall conditions, depending on whether oceanic conditions were favorable to murrelets. Therefore, the more frequent and severe drought that is projected for this region could lead to an increased risk of murrelet population decline on this island. Our study highlights the need for understanding how species interactions will change through the effects of increasing drought and altered rainfall regimes under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Thomsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Valdez‐Juarez SO, Krebs EA, Drake AE, Green DJ. Assessing the effect of seasonal agriculture on the condition and winter survival of a migratory songbird in Mexico. Conservation Science and Practice 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simon O. Valdez‐Juarez
- Department of Biological SciencesCentre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Krebs
- Wildlife Research DivisionWildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada Delta British Columbia Canada
| | - Anna E. Drake
- Department of Biological SciencesCentre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - David J. Green
- Department of Biological SciencesCentre for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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18
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Lague MR, Chirchir H, Green DJ, Mbua E, Harris JWK, Braun DR, Griffin NL, Richmond BG. Cross-sectional properties of the humeral diaphysis of Paranthropus boisei: Implications for upper limb function. J Hum Evol 2018; 126:51-70. [PMID: 30583844 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A ∼1.52 Ma adult upper limb skeleton of Paranthropus boisei (KNM-ER 47000) recovered from the Koobi Fora Formation, Kenya (FwJj14E, Area 1A) includes most of the distal half of a right humerus (designated KNM-ER 47000B). Natural transverse fractures through the diaphysis of KNM-ER 470000B provide unobstructed views of cortical bone at two sections typically used for analyzing cross-sectional properties of hominids (i.e., 35% and 50% of humerus length from the distal end). Here we assess cross-sectional properties of KNM-ER 47000B and two other P. boisei humeri (OH 80-10, KNM-ER 739). Cross-sectional properties for P. boisei associated with bending/torsional strength (section moduli) and relative cortical thickness (%CA; percent cortical area) are compared to those reported for nonhuman hominids, AL 288-1 (Australopithecus afarensis), and multiple species of fossil and modern Homo. Polar section moduli (Zp) are assessed relative to a mechanically relevant measure of body size (i.e., the product of mass [M] and humerus length [HL]). At both diaphyseal sections, P. boisei exhibits %CA that is high among extant hominids (both human and nonhuman) and similar to that observed among specimens of Pleistocene Homo. High values for Zp relative to size (M × HL) indicate that P. boisei had humeral bending strength greater than that of modern humans and Neanderthals and similar to that of great apes, A. afarensis, and Homo habilis. Such high humeral strength is consistent with other skeletal features of P. boisei (reviewed here) that suggest routine use of powerful upper limbs for arboreal climbing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Lague
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Drive, Galloway, NJ 08205, USA.
| | - Habiba Chirchir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, USA; Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USA
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anatomy, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, USA; Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, USA
| | - Emma Mbua
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Kenya University, Kenya
| | | | - David R Braun
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, USA; Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany
| | - Nicole L Griffin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, USA
| | - Brian G Richmond
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, USA
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19
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Thomsen SK, Mazurkiewicz DM, Stanley TR, Green DJ. El Niño/Southern Oscillation-driven rainfall pulse amplifies predation by owls on seabirds via apparent competition with mice. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1161. [PMID: 30355706 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most approaches for assessing species vulnerability to climate change have focused on direct impacts via abiotic changes rather than indirect impacts mediated by changes in species interactions. Changes in rainfall regimes may influence species interactions from the bottom-up by increasing primary productivity in arid environments, but subsequently lead to less predictable top-down effects. Our study demonstrates how the effects of an EL Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-driven rainfall pulse ricochets along a chain of interactions between marine and terrestrial food webs, leading to enhanced predation of a vulnerable marine predator on its island breeding grounds. On Santa Barbara Island, barn owls (Tyto alba) are the main predator of a nocturnal seabird, the Scripps's murrelet (Synthliboramphus scrippsi), as well as an endemic deer mouse. We followed the links between rainfall, normalized difference vegetation index and subsequent peaks in mouse and owl abundance. After the mouse population declined steeply, there was approximately 15-fold increase in the number of murrelets killed by owls. We also simulated these dynamics with a mathematical model and demonstrate that bottom-up resource pulses can lead to subsequent declines in alternative prey. Our study highlights the need for understanding how species interactions will change with shifting rainfall patterns through the effects of ENSO under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Thomsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | | | - Thomas R Stanley
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - David J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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20
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van den Top GG, Reynolds JD, Prins HHT, Mattsson J, Green DJ, Ydenberg RC. From salmon to salmonberry: The effects of salmon‐derived nutrients on the stomatal density of leaves of the nitriphilic shrub
Rubus spectabilis. Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Herbert H. T. Prins
- Resource Ecology Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Jim Mattsson
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - David J. Green
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Ronald C. Ydenberg
- Resource Ecology Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
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21
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English PA, Nocera JJ, Green DJ. Nightjars may adjust breeding phenology to compensate for mismatches between moths and moonlight. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5515-5529. [PMID: 29938070 PMCID: PMC6010731 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenology match-mismatch usually refers to the extent of an organism's ability to match reproduction with peaks in food availability, but when mismatch occurs, it may indicate a response to another selective pressure. We assess the value of matching reproductive timing to multiple selective pressures for a migratory lunarphilic aerial insectivore bird, the whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus). We hypothesize that a whip-poor-will's response to shifts in local phenology may be constrained by long annual migrations and a foraging mode that is dependent on both benign weather and the availability of moonlight. To test this, we monitored daily nest survival and overall reproductive success relative to food availability and moon phase in the northern part of whip-poor-will's breeding range. We found that moth abundance, and potentially temperature and moonlight, may all have a positive influence on daily chick survival rates and that the lowest chick survival rates for the period between hatching and fledging occurred when hatch was mismatched with both moths and moonlight. However, rather than breeding too late for peak moth abundance, the average first brood hatch date actually preceded the peak moth abundance and occurred during a period with slightly higher available moonlight than the period of peak food abundance. As a result, a low individual survival rate was partially compensated for by initiating more nesting attempts. This suggests that nightjars were able to adjust their breeding phenology in such a way that the costs of mismatch with food supply were at least partially balanced by a longer breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph J. Nocera
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental ManagementUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonNBCanada
| | - David J. Green
- Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBCCanada
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22
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Green DJ, Thomas K, Ross EZ, Green SC, Pringle JSM, Howatson G. Torque, power and muscle activation of eccentric and concentric isokinetic cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 40:56-63. [PMID: 29631117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to establish the effect of cycling mode and cadence on torque, external power output, and lower limb muscle activation during maximal, recumbent, isokinetic cycling. After familiarisation, twelve healthy males completed 6 × 10 s of maximal eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) cycling at 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 rpm with five minutes recovery. Vastus lateralis, medial gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris surface electromyography was recorded throughout. As cadence increased, peak torque linearly decreased during ECC (350-248 N·m) and CON (239-117 N·m) and peak power increased in a parabolic manner. Crank angle at peak torque increased with cadence in CON (+13°) and decreased in ECC (-9.0°). At all cadences, peak torque (mean +129 N·m, range 111-143 N·m), and power (mean +871 W, range 181-1406 W), were greater during ECC compared to CON. For all recorded muscles the crank angle at peak muscle activation was greater during ECC compared to CON. This difference increased with cadence in all muscles except the vastus lateralis. Additionally, peak vastus laterallis and biceps femoris activation was greater during CON compared to ECC. Eccentric cycling offers a greater mechanical stimulus compared to concentric cycling but the effect of cadence is similar between modalities. Markers of technique (muscle activation, crank angle at peak activation and torque) were different between eccentric and concentric cycling and respond differently to changes in cadence. Such data should be considered when comparing between, and selecting cadences for, recumbent, isokinetic, eccentric and concentric cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Green
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Z Ross
- English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK; School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Centre for Sport and Exercise Science Medicine, University of Brighton, UK
| | | | | | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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23
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English PA, Green DJ, Nocera JJ. Stable Isotopes from Museum Specimens May Provide Evidence of Long-Term Change in the Trophic Ecology of a Migratory Aerial Insectivore. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Hatala KG, Roach NT, Ostrofsky KR, Wunderlich RE, Dingwall HL, Villmoare BA, Green DJ, Braun DR, Harris JW, Behrensmeyer AK, Richmond BG. Hominin track assemblages from Okote Member deposits near Ileret, Kenya, and their implications for understanding fossil hominin paleobiology at 1.5 Ma. J Hum Evol 2017; 112:93-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Lewis NCS, Bain AR, Wildfong KW, Green DJ, Ainslie PN. Acute hypoxaemia and vascular function in healthy humans. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:1635-1646. [PMID: 28901662 DOI: 10.1113/ep086532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) is impaired during acute (60 min) exposure to moderate hypoxia. We examined whether FMD is impaired to the same degree during exposure to milder hypoxia. Additionally, we assessed whether smooth muscle vasodilatory capacity [glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)-induced dilatation] is impaired during acute hypoxic exposure. What is the main finding and its importance? A graded impairment in FMD and GTN-induced dilatation was evident during acute (≤60 min) exposure to mild and moderate hypoxia. This study is the first to document these graded impairments, and provides rationale to examine the relationship between graded increases in sympathetic nerve activity with hypoxia on FMD and GTN-induced dilatation. Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and endothelium-independent dilatation [induced with glyceryl trinitrate (GTN)] are impaired at high altitude (5050 m), and FMD is impaired after acute exposure (<60 min) to normobaric hypoxia equivalent to ∼5050 m (inspired oxygen fraction ∼0.11). Whether GTN-induced dilatation is impaired acutely and whether FMD is impaired during milder hypoxia are unknown. Therefore, we assessed brachial FMD at baseline and after 30 min of mild (end-tidal PO2 74 ± 2 mmHg) and moderate (end-tidal PO2 50 ± 3 mmHg) normobaric hypoxia (n = 12) or normoxia (time-control trial; n = 10). We also assessed GTN-induced dilatation after the hypoxic FMD tests and in normoxia on a separate control day (n = 8). Compared with the normoxic baseline, reductions during mild and moderate hypoxic exposure were evident in FMD (mild versus moderate, -1.2 ± 1.1 versus -3.1 ± 1.7%; P = 0.01) and GTN-induced dilatation (-2.1 ± 1.0 versus -4.2 ± 2.0%; P = 0.01); the declines in FMD and GTN-induced dilatation were greater during moderate hypoxia (P < 0.01). When allometrically corrected for baseline diameter and FMD shear rate under the curve, FMD was attenuated in both conditions (mild versus moderate, 0.6 ± 0.9 versus 0.8 ± 0.7%; P ≤ 0.01). After 30 min of normoxic time control, FMD was reduced (-0.6 ± 0.3%; P = 0.02). In summary, there was a graded impairment in FMD during mild and moderate hypoxic exposure, which appears to be influenced by shear patterns and incremental decline in smooth muscle vasodilator capacity (impaired GTN-induced dilatation). Our findings from the normoxic control study suggest the decline in FMD in acute hypoxia also appears to be influenced by 30 min of supine rest/inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C S Lewis
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A R Bain
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Integrative Physiology, Integrative Vascular Biology Laboratory, The University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - K W Wildfong
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D J Green
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Huang AC, Bishop CA, McKibbin R, Drake A, Green DJ. Wind conditions on migration influence the annual survival of a neotropical migrant, the western yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens auricollis). BMC Ecol 2017; 17:29. [PMID: 28797249 PMCID: PMC5553749 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-distance migratory birds in North America have undergone precipitous declines over the past half-century. Although the trend is clear, for many migrating species underpinning the exact causes poses a challenge to conservation due to the numerous stressors that they encounter. Climate conditions during all phases of their annual cycle can have important consequences for their survival. Here, using 15 years of capture-recapture dataset, we determined the effects of various climate factors during the breeding, wintering, and migrating stages on the annual survival of a western yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens auricollis) population breeding in southwestern Canada. Results El Niño effects over the entire annual cycle had little influence on the annual apparent survival of yellow-breasted chats. However, we found evidence that wind conditions during migration, specifically average westerly wind speed or the frequency of storm events, had significant adverse effects on adult annual apparent survival. In comparison, precipitation levels on wintering ground had little to no influence on adult annual apparent survival, whereas growing degree days on the breeding ground had moderate but positive effects. Conclusions In the face of climate change and its predicted impacts on climate processes, understanding the influence of weather conditions on the survival of migrating birds can allow appropriate conservation strategies to be adopted for chats and other declining neotropical migrants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-017-0139-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Huang
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Christine A Bishop
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - René McKibbin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Delta, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Drake
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Wildlife Ecology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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27
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Thomsen SK, Green DJ. Cascading effects of predation risk determine how marine predators become terrestrial prey on an oceanic island. Ecology 2017; 97:3530-3537. [PMID: 27912006 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Apex predators can suppress the foraging activity of mesopredators, which may then result in cascading benefits for the prey of those mesopredators. We studied the interactions between a top predator, the Barn Owl (Tyto alba), and their primary prey, an island endemic deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus elusus), which in turn consumes the eggs of seabirds nesting on Santa Barbara Island in California. Scripps's Murrelets (Synthliboramphus scrippsi), a threatened nocturnal seabird, arrive annually to breed on this island, and whose first egg is particularly vulnerable to predation by mice. We took advantage of naturally occurring extreme variations in the density of mice and owls on the island over 3 years and predicted that (1) mouse foraging would decrease with increasing predation risk from owls and moonlight and (2) these decreases in foraging would reduce predation on murrelet eggs. We measured the giving up densities of mice with experimental foraging stations and found that mice were sensitive to predation risk and foraged less when owls were more abundant and less during the full moon compared to the new moon. We also monitored the fates of 151 murrelet eggs, and found that murrelet egg predation declined as owl abundance increased, and was lower during the full moon compared to the new moon. Moreover, high owl abundance suppressed egg predation even when mice were extremely abundant. We conclude that there is a behaviorally mediated cascade such that owls on the island had a positive indirect effect on murrelet egg survival. Our study adds to the wider recognition of the strength of risk effects to structure food webs, as well as highlighting the complex ways that marine and terrestrial food webs can intersect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Thomsen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - David J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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28
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Green DJ, Brooks MM, Burckart GJ, Chinnock RE, Canter C, Addonizio LJ, Bernstein D, Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Girnita DM, Zeevi A, Webber SA. The Influence of Race and Common Genetic Variations on Outcomes After Pediatric Heart Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:1525-1539. [PMID: 27931092 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Significant racial disparity remains in the incidence of unfavorable outcomes following heart transplantation. We sought to determine which pediatric posttransplantation outcomes differ by race and whether these can be explained by recipient demographic, clinical, and genetic attributes. Data were collected for 80 black and 450 nonblack pediatric recipients transplanted at 1 of 6 centers between 1993 and 2008. Genotyping was performed for 20 candidate genes. Average follow-up was 6.25 years. Unadjusted 5-year rates for death (p = 0.001), graft loss (p = 0.015), acute rejection with severe hemodynamic compromise (p = 0.001), late rejection (p = 0.005), and late rejection with hemodynamic compromise (p = 0.004) were significantly higher among blacks compared with nonblacks. Black recipients were more likely to be older at the time of transplantation (p < 0.001), suffer from cardiomyopathy (p = 0.004), and have public insurance (p < 0.001), and were less likely to undergo induction therapy (p = 0.0039). In multivariate regression models adjusting for age, sex, cardiac diagnosis, insurance status, and genetic variations, black race remained a significant risk factor for all the above outcomes. These clinical and genetic variables explained only 8-19% of the excess risk observed for black recipients. We have confirmed racial differences in survival, graft loss, and several rejection outcomes following heart transplantation in children, which could not be fully explained by differences in recipient attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Green
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Staff, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - M M Brooks
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - G J Burckart
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Staff, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - R E Chinnock
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - C Canter
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO
| | - L J Addonizio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - D Bernstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA
| | - J K Kirklin
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - D C Naftel
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - D M Girnita
- Department of Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - A Zeevi
- Department of Pathology, Thomas E Starzl Transplant Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - S A Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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29
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English PA, Mills AM, Cadman MD, Heagy AE, Rand GJ, Green DJ, Nocera JJ. Tracking the migration of a nocturnal aerial insectivore in the Americas. BMC ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-017-0014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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30
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Feuerriegel EM, Green DJ, Walker CS, Schmid P, Hawks J, Berger LR, Churchill SE. The upper limb of Homo naledi. J Hum Evol 2017; 104:155-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Forrester TR, Green DJ, McKibbin R, Bishop CA. Evaluating the efficacy of seasonal grazing and livestock exclusion as restoration tools for birds in riparian habitat of the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R. Forrester
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - David J. Green
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences; Simon Fraser University; 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - René McKibbin
- Canadian Wildlife Service; Environment and Climate Change Canada; 5421 Robertson Road Delta British Columbia V4K 3-N2 Canada
| | - Christine A. Bishop
- Wildlife Research Division, Science and Technology Branch; Environment and Climate Change Canada; 5421 Robertson Road Delta British Columbia V4K 3-N2 Canada
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32
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Brogan JM, Green DJ, Maisonneuve F, Elliott JE. An assessment of exposure and effects of persistent organic pollutants in an urban Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) population. Ecotoxicology 2017; 26:32-45. [PMID: 27796689 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Among the stressors confronting urban wildlife, chemical contaminants pose a particular problem for high trophic feeding species. Previous data from fortuitous carcass collections revealed surprisingly high levels of persistent organic pollutants in raptor species, including the Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), from urbanized areas of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Thus, in 2012 and 2013, we followed up on that finding by measuring POPs in blood samples from 21 adult and 15 nestling Cooper's hawks in Vancouver, a large urban area in southwestern Canada. Reproductive success and circulating thyroid hormones were measured to assess possible toxicological effects. Model comparisons showed concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCBs) were positively influenced by the level of urbanization. Total thyroxin (TT4) was negatively associated with increases in ΣPCBs. Total triiodothyronine (TT3) was negatively associated with ΣPCBs and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (ΣPBDEs). The legacy insecticide, dieldrin, appeared to have some negative influence on reproductive success. There is some evidence of biochemical perturbation by PBDEs and lingering impact of legacy POPs which have not been used for at least 40 years, but overall Cooper's hawks have successfully populated this urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brogan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1 S7, Canada.
| | - David J Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1 S7, Canada
| | - France Maisonneuve
- Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - John E Elliott
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1 S7, Canada.
- Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Delta, BC, V4K 3N2, Canada.
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33
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Verheggen RJHM, Maessen MFH, Green DJ, Hermus ARMM, Hopman MTE, Thijssen DHT. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of exercise training versus hypocaloric diet: distinct effects on body weight and visceral adipose tissue. Obes Rev 2016; 17:664-90. [PMID: 27213481 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training ('exercise') and hypocaloric diet ('diet') are frequently prescribed for weight loss in obesity. Whilst body weight changes are commonly used to evaluate lifestyle interventions, visceral adiposity (VAT) is a more relevant and stronger predictor for morbidity and mortality. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of exercise or diet on VAT (quantified by radiographic imaging). Relevant databases were searched through May 2014. One hundred seventeen studies (n = 4,815) were included. We found that both exercise and diet cause VAT loss (P < 0.0001). When comparing diet versus training, diet caused a larger weight loss (P = 0.04). In contrast, a trend was observed towards a larger VAT decrease in exercise (P = 0.08). Changes in weight and VAT showed a strong correlation after diet (R(2) = 0.737, P < 0.001), and a modest correlation after exercise (R(2) = 0.451, P < 0.001). In the absence of weight loss, exercise is related to 6.1% decrease in VAT, whilst diet showed virtually no change (1.1%). In conclusion, both exercise and diet reduce VAT. Despite a larger effect of diet on total body weight loss, exercise tends to have superior effects in reducing VAT. Finally, total body weight loss does not necessarily reflect changes in VAT and may represent a poor marker when evaluating benefits of lifestyle-interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J H M Verheggen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M F H Maessen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D J Green
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, the University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A R M M Hermus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M T E Hopman
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D H T Thijssen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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34
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Becker PS, Gooley TA, Green DJ, Burwick N, Kim TY, Kojouri K, Inoue Y, Moore DJ, Nelli E, Dennie T, Bensinger WI. A phase 2 study of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and dexamethasone for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2016; 6:e422. [PMID: 27176798 PMCID: PMC4916300 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P S Becker
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T A Gooley
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D J Green
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N Burwick
- Divisions of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Y Kim
- Skagit Valley Hospital Regional Cancer Care Center, Mount Vernon, WA, USA
| | - K Kojouri
- Skagit Valley Hospital Regional Cancer Care Center, Mount Vernon, WA, USA
| | - Y Inoue
- Providence Regional Cancer Partnership, Everett, WA, USA
| | - D J Moore
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA, USA.,SCCA at Evergreen Health, Kirkland, WA, USA
| | - E Nelli
- Hematology Oncology Associates, Medford, OR, USA
| | - T Dennie
- MultiCare Health System, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - W I Bensinger
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Swedish Cancer Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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35
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Thijssen DHJ, Greyling A, Green DJ. Time for reference values and high-quality measurement to assess endothelial function? Int J Clin Pract 2016; 70:292. [PMID: 26918509 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - A Greyling
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - D J Green
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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Green DJ, Mummaneni P, Kim IW, Oh JM, Pacanowski M, Burckart GJ. Pharmacogenomic information in FDA-approved drug labels: Application to pediatric patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 99:622-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- DJ Green
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Staff, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - P Mummaneni
- Genomics and Targeted Therapy Group, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - IW Kim
- School of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - JM Oh
- School of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University; Seoul South Korea
| | - M Pacanowski
- Genomics and Targeted Therapy Group, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - GJ Burckart
- Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology Staff, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring Maryland USA
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Füssenich LM, Boddy LM, Green DJ, Graves LEF, Foweather L, Dagger RM, McWhannell N, Henaghan J, Ridgers ND, Stratton G, Hopkins ND. Physical activity guidelines and cardiovascular risk in children: a cross sectional analysis to determine whether 60 minutes is enough. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:67. [PMID: 26801090 PMCID: PMC4724140 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity reduces cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends children engage in 60 min daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The effect of compliance with this recommendation on childhood cardiovascular risk has not been empirically tested. To evaluate whether achieving recommendations results in reduced composite-cardiovascular risk score (CCVR) in children, and to examine if vigorous PA (VPA) has independent risk-reduction effects. METHODS PA was measured using accelerometry in 182 children (9-11 years). Subjects were grouped according to achievement of 60 min daily MVPA (active) or not (inactive). CCVR was calculated (sum of z-scores: DXA body fat %, blood pressure, VO2peak, flow mediated dilation, left ventricular diastolic function; CVR score ≥ 1SD indicated 'higher risk'). The cohort was further split into quintiles for VPA and odds ratios (OR) calculated for each quintile. RESULTS Active children (92 (53 boys)) undertook more MVPA (38 ± 11 min, P < 0.001), had greater VO2peak (4.5 ± 0.8 ml/kg/min P < 0.001), and lower fat % (3.9 ± 1.1 %, P < 0.001) than inactive. No difference were observed between active and inactive for CCVR or OR (P > 0.05). CCVR in the lowest VPA quintile was significantly greater than the highest quintile (3.9 ± 0.6, P < 0.05), and the OR was 4.7 times higher. CONCLUSION Achievement of current guidelines has positive effects on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness, but not CCVR. Vigorous physical activity appears to have beneficial effects on CVD risk, independent of moderate PA, implying a more prescriptive approach may be needed for future VPA guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Füssenich
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - L M Boddy
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK
| | - D J Green
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK.,School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - L E F Graves
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK
| | - L Foweather
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK
| | - R M Dagger
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK
| | - N McWhannell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Chester, Chester, CH1 4BJ, UK
| | - J Henaghan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK
| | - N D Ridgers
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (C-PAN) Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3175, Australia
| | - G Stratton
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - N D Hopkins
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moore's University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool, L3 2ET, UK.
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Bensinger WI, Becker PS, Gooley TA, Chauncey TR, Maloney DG, Gopal AK, Green DJ, Press OW, Lill M, Ifthikharuddin JJ, Vescio R, Holmberg LA, Phillips GL. A randomized study of melphalan 200 mg/m(2) vs 280 mg/m(2) as a preparative regimen for patients with multiple myeloma undergoing auto-SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2015; 51:67-71. [PMID: 26367217 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2015.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine whether doses of melphalan higher than 200 mg/m(2) improve response rates when used as conditioning before autologous transplant (ASCT) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Patients with MM, n=131, were randomized to 200 mg/m(2) (mel200) vs 280 mg/m(2) (mel280) using amifostine pretreatment. The primary end point was the proportion of patients achieving near complete response (⩾nCR). No treatment-related deaths occurred in this study. Responses following ASCT were for mel200 vs mel280, respectively, ⩾nCR 22 vs 39%, P=0.03, ⩾PR 57 vs 74%, P=0.04. The hazard of mortality was not statistically significantly different between groups (mel200 vs mel280; hazard ratio (HR)=1.15 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.62-2.13, P=0.66)) nor was the rate of progression/mortality (HR=0.81 (0.52-1.27, P=0.36)). The estimated PFS at 1 and 3 years were 83 and 46%, respectively, for mel200 and 78 and 54%, respectively, for mel280. Amifostine and mel280 were well tolerated, with no grade 4 regimen-related toxicities and only one grade 3 mucositis (none with mel200) and three grade 3 gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities (two in mel200). Hospitalization rates were more frequent in the mel280 group (59 vs 43%, P=0.08). Mel280 resulted in a higher major response rate (CR+nCR) and should be evaluated in larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Bensinger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P S Becker
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T A Gooley
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T R Chauncey
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D G Maloney
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A K Gopal
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D J Green
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - O W Press
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Lill
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J J Ifthikharuddin
- James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - R Vescio
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L A Holmberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G L Phillips
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Berger LR, Hawks J, de Ruiter DJ, Churchill SE, Schmid P, Delezene LK, Kivell TL, Garvin HM, Williams SA, DeSilva JM, Skinner MM, Musiba CM, Cameron N, Holliday TW, Harcourt-Smith W, Ackermann RR, Bastir M, Bogin B, Bolter D, Brophy J, Cofran ZD, Congdon KA, Deane AS, Dembo M, Drapeau M, Elliott MC, Feuerriegel EM, Garcia-Martinez D, Green DJ, Gurtov A, Irish JD, Kruger A, Laird MF, Marchi D, Meyer MR, Nalla S, Negash EW, Orr CM, Radovcic D, Schroeder L, Scott JE, Throckmorton Z, Tocheri MW, VanSickle C, Walker CS, Wei P, Zipfel B. Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 2015; 4:e09560. [PMID: 26354291 PMCID: PMC4559886 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Homo naledi is a previously-unknown species of extinct hominin discovered within the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star cave system, Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. This species is characterized by body mass and stature similar to small-bodied human populations but a small endocranial volume similar to australopiths. Cranial morphology of H. naledi is unique, but most similar to early Homo species including Homo erectus, Homo habilis or Homo rudolfensis. While primitive, the dentition is generally small and simple in occlusal morphology. H. naledi has humanlike manipulatory adaptations of the hand and wrist. It also exhibits a humanlike foot and lower limb. These humanlike aspects are contrasted in the postcrania with a more primitive or australopith-like trunk, shoulder, pelvis and proximal femur. Representing at least 15 individuals with most skeletal elements repeated multiple times, this is the largest assemblage of a single species of hominins yet discovered in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee R Berger
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John Hawks
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Darryl J de Ruiter
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States
| | - Steven E Churchill
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Peter Schmid
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucas K Delezene
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heather M Garvin
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology/Archaeology and Department of Applied Forensic Sciences, Mercyhurst University, Erie, United States
| | - Scott A Williams
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, United States
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, United States
| | - Jeremy M DeSilva
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Matthew M Skinner
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Charles M Musiba
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, United States
| | - Noel Cameron
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Trenton W Holliday
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - William Harcourt-Smith
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College, Bronx, United States
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
| | - Rebecca R Ackermann
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Markus Bastir
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Barry Bogin
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Debra Bolter
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Modesto Junior College, Modesto, United States
| | - Juliet Brophy
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Zachary D Cofran
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Kimberly A Congdon
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, United States
| | - Andrew S Deane
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, United States
| | - Mana Dembo
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Michelle Drapeau
- Department d'Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marina C Elliott
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Elen M Feuerriegel
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Garcia-Martinez
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Paleoanthropology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sciences, Biology Department, Universidad Autònoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David J Green
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, United States
| | - Alia Gurtov
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Joel D Irish
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Kruger
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Myra F Laird
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for the Study of Human Origins, Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, United States
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, United States
| | - Damiano Marchi
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marc R Meyer
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, Chaffey College, Rancho Cucamonga, United States
| | - Shahed Nalla
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Enquye W Negash
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Caley M Orr
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
| | - Davorka Radovcic
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Geology and Paleontology, Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lauren Schroeder
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jill E Scott
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Zachary Throckmorton
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anatomy, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, United States
| | - Matthew W Tocheri
- Human Origins Program, Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
| | - Caroline VanSickle
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
- Department of Gender and Women's Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, United States
| | - Christopher S Walker
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, United States
| | - Pianpian Wei
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Paleoanthropology, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China
| | - Bernhard Zipfel
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and Centre of Excellence in PalaeoSciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Graf SA, Stevenson PA, Holmberg LA, Till BG, Press OW, Chauncey TR, Smith SD, Philip M, Orozco JJ, Shustov AR, Green DJ, Libby EN, Bensinger WI, Pagel JM, Maloney DG, Zhou Y, Cassaday RD, Gopal AK. Maintenance rituximab after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with mantle cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:2323-8. [PMID: 26347113 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) improves outcomes for patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), but relapse ultimately occurs in most patients. Recently presented interim results from a phase III prospective trial suggest maintenance rituximab (MR) after ASCT for MCL improves progression-free survival (PFS). The maturation of these data and any benefit of MR on overall survival (OS) remain to be defined. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, we examined a cohort of consecutive patients with MCL that underwent ASCT for MCL at our center and evaluated their outcomes according to whether they received MR after ASCT (n = 50) or did not (n = 107). MR was treated as a time-dependent covariate to account for variation in timing of its initiation. RESULTS MR was associated with an improved PFS [hazard ratio (HR) 0.44; confidence interval (CI) (0.24-0.80), P = 0.007] and overall survival (OS; HR 0.46; CI 0.23-0.93, P = 0.03) following a multivariate adjustment for confounding factors with a median follow-up of ∼5 years. Grade 4 neutropenia was increased (34% versus 18%, P = 0.04) in the MR group, but no effect on the rate of mortality unrelated to relapse was observed. CONCLUSIONS These data support that MR after ASCT for MCL confers a benefit in PFS and additionally suggest it may improve OS. General application of this strategy will require confirmation of benefit in prospective randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Graf
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - P A Stevenson
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - L A Holmberg
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - B G Till
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - O W Press
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - T R Chauncey
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - S D Smith
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M Philip
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J J Orozco
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A R Shustov
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D J Green
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - E N Libby
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - W I Bensinger
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J M Pagel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - D G Maloney
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Y Zhou
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - R D Cassaday
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - A K Gopal
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Green DJ, Whitehorne IBJ, Middleton HA, Morrissey CA. Do American dippers obtain a survival benefit from altitudinal migration? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125734. [PMID: 25905712 PMCID: PMC4408061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of partial migrants provide an opportunity to assess the cost and benefits of migration. Previous work has demonstrated that sedentary American dippers (residents) have higher annual productivity than altitudinal migrants that move to higher elevations to breed. Here we use a ten-year (30 period) mark-recapture dataset to evaluate whether migrants offset their lower productivity with higher survival during the migration-breeding period when they occupy different habitat, or early and late-winter periods when they coexist with residents. Mark-recapture models provide no evidence that apparent monthly survival of migrants is higher than that of residents at any time of the year. The best-supported model suggests that monthly survival is higher in the migration-breeding period than winter periods. Another well-supported model suggested that residency conferred a survival benefit, and annual apparent survival (calculated from model weighted monthly apparent survival estimates using the Delta method) of residents (0.511 ± 0.038SE) was slightly higher than that of migrants (0.487 ± 0.032). Winter survival of American dippers was influenced by environmental conditions; monthly apparent survival increased as maximum daily flow rates increased and declined as winter temperatures became colder. However, we found no evidence that environmental conditions altered differences in winter survival of residents and migrants. Since migratory American dippers have lower productivity and slightly lower survival than residents our data suggests that partial migration is likely an outcome of competition for limited nest sites at low elevations, with less competitive individuals being forced to migrate to higher elevations in order to breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Green
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ivy B. J. Whitehorne
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Holly A. Middleton
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christy A. Morrissey
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Green DJ, Sugiura Y, Seitelman BC, Gunz P. Reconciling the convergence of supraspinous fossa shape among hominoids in light of locomotor differences. Am J Phys Anthropol 2015; 156:498-510. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Green
- Department of Anatomy; Midwestern University; Downers Grove IL 60515
| | - Yui Sugiura
- Department of Anatomy; Midwestern University; Downers Grove IL 60515
| | | | - Philipp Gunz
- Department of Human Evolution; Max Planck Institute; Leipzig Germany
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Rabey KN, Green DJ, Taylor AB, Begun DR, Richmond BG, McFarlin SC. Locomotor activity influences muscle architecture and bone growth but not muscle attachment site morphology. J Hum Evol 2014; 78:91-102. [PMID: 25467113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to make behavioural inferences from skeletal remains is critical to understanding the lifestyles and activities of past human populations and extinct animals. Muscle attachment site (enthesis) morphology has long been assumed to reflect muscle strength and activity during life, but little experimental evidence exists to directly link activity patterns with muscle development and the morphology of their attachments to the skeleton. We used a mouse model to experimentally test how the level and type of activity influences forelimb muscle architecture of spinodeltoideus, acromiodeltoideus, and superficial pectoralis, bone growth rate and gross morphology of their insertion sites. Over an 11-week period, we collected data on activity levels in one control group and two experimental activity groups (running, climbing) of female wild-type mice. Our results show that both activity type and level increased bone growth rates influenced muscle architecture, including differences in potential muscular excursion (fibre length) and potential force production (physiological cross-sectional area). However, despite significant influences on muscle architecture and bone development, activity had no observable effect on enthesis morphology. These results suggest that the gross morphology of entheses is less reliable than internal bone structure for making inferences about an individual's past behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyne N Rabey
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2114 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Box 90383, 103 Science Drive, Room 108, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - David J Green
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA; Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2114 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Box 90383, 103 Science Drive, Room 108, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Community and Family Medicine, DPT Program, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 104002, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - David R Begun
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - Brian G Richmond
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2114 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA.
| | - Shannon C McFarlin
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2114 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is the commonest inflammatory disorder of older adults. Although not part of the recently published classification criteria, patients with PMR frequently complain of fatigue. We compared consultation for fatigue and sleep problems between individuals with and without PMR. METHOD Consulters receiving a Read-coded diagnosis of PMR at nine general practices between 2000 and 2009 were matched by age, gender, general practice, and year of consultation to four patients without PMR. Fatigue and sleep problems were defined using Read codes. Cox regression was used to determine the association between PMR diagnosis and consultation for a fatigue/sleep problem. RESULTS In total, 549 PMR patients were identified. Their mean (SD) age was 73.9 (8.6) years and 71% of the participants were female. Prior to the index date, 33 PMR patients and 80 matched non-PMR patients consulted with fatigue (0.43 vs. 0.25 consultations per 10 000 person-years, p = 0.006). PMR was associated with significantly more multiple fatigue consultations in the 12 months before PMR diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR) 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23-3.08]; no significant difference was seen in rates of consultations for sleep problems between patients with and without PMR. CONCLUSIONS PMR patients were significantly more likely to have had multiple fatigue consultations before being diagnosed with PMR. Given the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines seen in PMR, this fatigue may represent a prodromal phase prior to consulting with more classical musculoskeletal symptoms. This suggests that clinicians should consider PMR as a potential diagnosis in older patients consulting with fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Green
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Keele University , Staffordshire , UK
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Green DJ, Serrins JD, Seitelman B, Martiny AR, Gunz P. Geometric morphometrics of hominoid infraspinous fossa shape. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:180-94. [PMID: 25339150 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent discoveries of early hominin scapulae from Ethiopia (Dikika, Woranso-Mille) and South Africa (Malapa) have motivated new examinations of the relationship between scapular morphology and locomotor function. In particular, infraspinous fossa shape has been shown to significantly differ among hominoids. However, this region presents relatively few homologous landmarks, such that traditional distance and angle-based methods may oversimplify this three-dimensional structure. To more thoroughly assess infraspinous fossa shape variation as it relates to function among adult hominoid representatives, we considered two geometric morphometric (GM) approaches--one employing five homologous landmarks ("wireframe") and another with 83 sliding semilandmarks along the border of the infraspinous fossa. We identified several differences in infraspinous fossa shape with traditional approaches, particularly in superoinferior fossa breadth and scapular spine orientation. The wireframe analysis reliably captured the range of shape variation in the sample, which reflects the relatively straightforward geometry of the infraspinous fossa. Building on the traditional approach, the GM results highlighted how the orientation of the medial portion of the infraspinous fossa differed relative to both the axillary border and spine. These features distinguished Pan from Gorilla in a way that traditional analyses had not been able to discern. Relative to the wireframe method, the semilandmark approach further distinguished Pongo from Homo, highlighting aspects of infraspinous fossa morphology that may be associated with climbing behaviors in hominoid taxa. These results highlight the ways that GM methods can enhance our ability to evaluate complex aspects of shape for refining and testing hypotheses about functional morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Green
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
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Wagner DN, Green DJ, Cooper JM, Love OP, Williams TD. Variation in Plasma Corticosterone in Migratory Songbirds: A Test of the Migration-Modulation Hypothesis. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:695-703. [DOI: 10.1086/676937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Drake A, Rock CA, Quinlan SP, Martin M, Green DJ. Wind speed during migration influences the survival, timing of breeding, and productivity of a neotropical migrant, Setophaga petechia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97152. [PMID: 24828427 PMCID: PMC4020938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the course of the annual cycle, migratory bird populations can be impacted by environmental conditions in regions separated by thousands of kilometers. We examine how climatic conditions during discrete periods of the annual cycle influence the demography of a nearctic-neotropical migrant population of yellow warblers (Setophaga petechia), that breed in western Canada and overwinter in Mexico. We demonstrate that wind conditions during spring migration are the best predictor of apparent annual adult survival, male arrival date, female clutch initiation date and, via these timing effects, annual productivity. We find little evidence that conditions during the wintering period influence breeding phenology and apparent annual survival. Our study emphasizes the importance of climatic conditions experienced by migrants during the migratory period and indicates that geography may play a role in which period most strongly impacts migrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drake
- Center for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine A. Rock
- Center for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sam P. Quinlan
- Center for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michaela Martin
- Center for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J. Green
- Center for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Jones TB, Drake A, Green DJ. Individual quality explains association between plumage colouration, arrival dates and mate acquisition in yellow warblers (Setophaga petechia). BMC Ecol 2014; 14:13. [PMID: 24886073 PMCID: PMC4024118 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-14-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In many bird species colour traits influence social dominance and breeding success. In our study we first evaluated whether the colour of the basic plumage (tail feathers grown at the end of the breeding season), that provides an index of individual quality, influenced winter habitat use by yellow warblers. We then evaluated whether winter habitat use (inferred using δ13C and δ15N signatures of winter grown greater-coverts) influenced alternate plumage colouration, after controlling for individual quality using basic plumage colouration. Finally, we investigated whether basic and alternate plumage colouration influenced arrival dates, mate acquisition, breeding phenology and reproductive success of yellow warblers breeding in southern (Revelstoke, B.C.) and arctic (Inuvik, N.W.T.) Canada. Results The colour (chroma and hue) of tail feathers, grown on the breeding grounds, was not related to subsequent winter habitat use. Greater covert and tail feather colour (chroma and hue) were correlated, suggesting genetics and/or individual quality played a role in pigment deposition. After controlling for individual difference in tail colour, δ13C values did not explain any variation in greater covert colour, but birds with high δ15N signatures had greater coverts with higher chroma. Male arrival dates varied with tail chroma in Revelstoke and tail hue in Inuvik. Males that arrived early paired with older and/or more colourful mates that initiated clutches earlier, and at one site (Revelstoke) were more likely to fledge young. In addition, in Revelstoke (but not Inuvik) males with high tail hue also acquired more colourful mates. In contrast, after controlling for individual differences in tail colour, greater covert colour did not affect male arrival date, the quality of the mate obtained or reproductive success in either population. Conclusions Our results suggest that plumage colour effects on breeding phenology and mate acquisition result from differences in the intrinsic quality of individuals rather than a carry-over effect of winter habitat use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teri B Jones
- Centre for Wildlife Ecology, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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Green DJ, Rudd EA, Laugharn JA. Adaptive Focused Acoustics (AFA) Improves the Performance of Microtiter Plate ELISAs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:1124-30. [PMID: 24554443 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114523650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the use of Adaptive Focused Acoustics (AFA) technology to improve the performance of microtiter plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Experiments were performed with commercially available AFA instrumentation and off-the-shelf 96-well microtiter plate sandwich ELISAs. AFA was applied over a range of acoustic energies, temperatures, and durations to the antigen/antibody binding step of an ELISA for measuring HIV-1 p24 in tissue culture samples. AFA-mediated antigen/antibody binding was enhanced up to 2-fold over passive binding at comparable temperatures and was superior or comparable at low temperature (8-10 °C) to passive binding at 37 °C. Lower nonspecific binding (NSB), lower inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs), higher Z' factors, and lower limits of detection (LODs) were measured in AFA-mediated assays compared with conventional passive binding. In a more limited study, AFA enhancement of antigen/antibody binding and lower NSB was measured in an ELISA for measuring IGFBP-3 in human plasma. We conclude from this study that application of AFA to antigen/antibody binding steps in microtiter plate ELISAs can enhance key assay performance parameters, particularly Z' factors and LODs. These features render AFA-mediated binding assays potentially more useful in applications such as high-throughput screening and in vitro diagnostics than assays processed with conventional passive antigen/antibody binding steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Green
- Biotechnology Consulting Associates, Fitzwilliam, NH, USA
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Bensinger WI, Green DJ, Burwick N, Becker PS. A prospective study of lenalidomide monotherapy for relapse after Allo-SCT for multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 49:492-5. [PMID: 24419523 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2013.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Allo-SCT can result in long-term remission in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), although its overall role in disease management remains controversial. We evaluated lenalidomide monotherapy response and tolerability among 18 patients with MM who progressed or relapsed after Allo-SCT, who were enrolled a median of 12 months (range 3-104) following transplant. Treatment duration of lenalidomide was 8 months (range 1-57). Ten patients required dose reductions from 25 to 5-20 mg at a median of three cycles (range 1-12): eight for neutropenia, one for thrombocytopenia and one for myalgias and weakness. Serious adverse events (N=5) included H1N1 influenza (2), bacterial pneumonia (2) and fever, myalgia and hypoxia. Two patients died at 3 and 5 months of gastrointestinal or hepatic GVHD occurring within 1 month of dosing. Responses included complete response (CR) (5), very good partial response (2), partial response (PR) (3), minimal response (1) and stable disease (2) for an overall response rate (≥ PR) of 56%. Ten patients discontinued therapy for progressive disease (PD) at a median of 8.5 (1-43) months. Six patients died from PD. Five patients remained on therapy at 39 months (range 14-57), with four in CR. Lenalidomide for relapse of MM after Allo-SCT can result in extended disease control (>12 months) in 50% of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W I Bensinger
- 1] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - D J Green
- 1] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N Burwick
- 1] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P S Becker
- 1] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA [2] Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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