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Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. The Role of Adenosine in γδ T-Cell Regulation of Th17 Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1432. [PMID: 37892114 PMCID: PMC10604616 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases caused by T cells can arise from either T-helper 1 (Th1) or T-helper 17 (Th17)-type pathogenic T cells. However, it is unclear whether these two T-cell subsets are influenced by distinct pathogenic factors and whether treatments that are effective for Th1 responses also work for Th17 responses. To compare these two pathogenic responses, we conducted a systematic analysis in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) to identify the factors that promote or inhibit each response and to determine their responses to various treatments. Our study found that the two types of pathogenic responses differ significantly in their pathological progressions and susceptibility to treatments. Specifically, we observed that extracellular adenosine is a crucial pathogenic molecule involved in the pathogenicity of inflammation and T-cell reactivity and that reciprocal interaction between adenosine and gamma delta (γδ) T cells plays a significant role in amplifying Th17 responses in the development of autoimmune diseases. The potential effect of targeting adenosine or adenosine receptors is analyzed regarding whether such targeting constitutes an effective approach to modulating both γδ T-cell responses and the pathogenic Th17 responses in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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2
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Kang I, Kim Y, Lee HK. Double-edged sword: γδ T cells in mucosal homeostasis and disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1895-1904. [PMID: 37696894 PMCID: PMC10545763 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosa is a tissue that covers numerous body surfaces, including the respiratory tract, digestive tract, eye, and urogenital tract. Mucosa is in direct contact with pathogens, and γδ T cells perform various roles in the tissue. γδ T cells efficiently defend the mucosa from various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. In addition, γδ T cells are necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis because they select specific organisms in the microbiota and perform immunoregulatory functions. Furthermore, γδ T cells directly facilitate pregnancy by producing growth factors. However, γδ T cells can also play detrimental roles in mucosal health by amplifying inflammation, thereby worsening allergic responses. Moreover, these cells can act as major players in autoimmune diseases. Despite their robust roles in the mucosa, the application of γδ T cells in clinical practice is lacking because of factors such as gaps between mice and human cells, insufficient knowledge of the target of γδ T cells, and the small population of γδ T cells. However, γδ T cells may be attractive targets for clinical use due to their effector functions and low risk of inducing graft-versus-host disease. Therefore, robust research on γδ T cells is required to understand the crucial features of these cells and apply these knowledges to clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Zhang C, Liu X, Xiao J, Jiang F, Fa L, Jiang H, Zhou L, Su W, Xu Z. γδ T cells in autoimmune uveitis pathogenesis: A promising therapeutic target. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115629. [PMID: 37257721 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is a non-infectious, inflammatory intraocular disease that affects the uveal and adjacent tissues. It frequently causes varying degrees of visual loss. Evidence for the strong association between activated γδ T cells and the development of autoimmune uveitis is growing. The innate and adaptive immune response are connected in the early phases by the γδ T cells that contain the γ and δ chains. γδ T cells can identify antigens in a manner that is not constrained by the MHC. When activated by various pathways, γδ T cells can not only secrete pro-inflammatory factors early on (such as IL-17), but they can also promote Th17 cells responses, which ultimately exacerbates autoimmune uveitis. Therefore, we review the mechanisms by which γδ T cells affect autoimmune uveitis in different activation and disease states. Moreover, we also prospect for immunotherapies targeting different γδ T cell-related action pathways, providing a reference for exploring new drug for the treatment of autoimmune uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xiuxing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Fanwen Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Luzhong Fa
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Zhuping Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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Sun D, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. TLR ligand ligation switches adenosine receptor usage of BMDCs leading to augmented Th17 responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 3:73-84. [PMID: 36569633 PMCID: PMC9768583 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular level of adenosine increases greatly during inflammation, which modulates immune responses. We have previously reported that adenosine enhances Th17 responses while it suppresses Th1 responses. This study examined whether response of DC to adenosine contributes to the biased effect of adenosine and determined whether adenosine and TLR ligands have counteractive or synergistic effects on DC function. Our results show that adenosine is actively involved in both in vitro and in vivo activation of pathogenic T cells by DCs; however, under adenosine effect DCs' capability of promoting Th1 versus Th17 responses are dissociated. Moreover, activation of A2ARs on DCs inhibits Th1 responses whereas activation of A2BRs on DC enhances Th17 responses. An intriguing observation was that TLR engagement switches the adenosine receptor from A2ARs to A2BRs usage of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and adenosine binding to BMDCs via A2BR converts adenosine's anti-to proinflammatory effect. The dual effects of adenosine and TLR ligand on BMDCs synergistically enhances the Th17 responses whereas the dual effect on Th1 responses is antagonistic. The results imply that Th17 responses will gain dominance when inflammatory environment accumulates both TLR ligands and adenosine and the underlying mechanisms include that TLR ligand exposure has a unique effect switching adenosine receptor usage of DCs from A2ARs to A2BRs, via which Th17 responses are promoted. Our observation should improve our understanding on the balance of Th1 and Th17 responses in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
- Corresponding author. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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Kolbe K, Wittner M, Hartjen P, Hüfner AD, Degen O, Ackermann C, Cords L, Stellbrink HJ, Haag F, Schulze zur Wiesch J. Inversed Ratio of CD39/CD73 Expression on γδ T Cells in HIV Versus Healthy Controls Correlates With Immune Activation and Disease Progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867167. [PMID: 35529864 PMCID: PMC9074873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background γδ T cells are unconventional T cells that have been demonstrated to be crucial for the pathogenesis and potentially for the cure of HIV-1 infection. The ectonucleotidase CD39 is part of the purinergic pathway that regulates immune responses by degradation of pro-inflammatory ATP in concert with CD73. Few studies on the expression of the ectoenzymes CD73 and CD39 on human γδ T cells in HIV have been performed to date. Methods PBMC of n=86 HIV-1-infected patients were compared to PBMC of n=26 healthy individuals using 16-color flow cytometry determining the surface expression of CD39 and CD73 on Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells in association with differentiation (CD45RA, CD28, CD27), activation and exhaustion (TIGIT, PD-1, CD38, and HLA-DR), and assessing the intracellular production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, TGF-ß, TNF-α, Granzyme B, IL-10, IFN-γ) after in vitro stimulation with PMA/ionomycin. Results CD39 and CD73 expression on γδ T cells were inversed in HIV infection which correlated with HIV disease progression and immune activation. CD39, but not CD73 expression on γδ T cells of ART-treated patients returned to levels comparable with those of healthy individuals. Only a small subset (<1%) of γδ T cells co-expressed CD39 and CD73 in healthy or HIV-infected individuals. There were significantly more exhausted and terminally differentiated CD39+ Vδ1 T cells regardless of the disease status. Functionally, IL-10 was only detectable in CD39+ γδ T cells after in vitro stimulation in all groups studied. Viremic HIV-infected patients showed the highest levels of IL-10 production. The highest percentage of IL-10+ cells was found in the small CD39/CD73 co-expressing γδ T-cell population, both in healthy and HIV-infected individuals. Also, CD39+ Vδ2 T cells produced IL-10 more frequently than their CD39+ Vδ1 counterparts in all individuals regardless of the HIV status. Conclusions Our results point towards a potential immunomodulatory role of CD39+ and CD73+ γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of chronic HIV infection that needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kolbe
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Wittner
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Melanie Wittner,
| | - Philip Hartjen
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja-Dorothee Hüfner
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Degen
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christin Ackermann
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leon Cords
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze zur Wiesch
- First Department of Medicine, Section Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg Lübeck Borstel Riems, Hamburg, Germany
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Sun D, Ko M, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. Adenosine receptor ligation tips the uveitogenic Th1 and Th17 balance towards the latter in experimental autoimmune uveitis-induced mouse. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:93-103. [PMID: 34825178 PMCID: PMC8612466 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathological conditions are accompanied by release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment, where it degrades into adenosine and modulates immune responses. Previous studies concluded that both ATP and its degradation product adenosine are important immune-regulatory molecules; ATP acted as a danger signal that promotes immune responses, but adenosine's effect was inhibitory. We show that adenosine receptor ligation plays an important role in balancing Th1 and Th17 pathogenic T cell responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). While its effect on Th1 responses is inhibitory, its effect on Th17 responses is enhancing, thereby impacting the balance between Th1 and Th17 responses. Mechanistic studies showed that this effect is mediated via several immune cells, among which γδ T cell activation and dendritic cell differentiation are prominent; adenosine- and γδ-mediated immunoregulation synergistically impact each other's effect. Adenosine receptor ligation augments the activation of γδ T cells, which is an important promoter for Th17 responses and has a strong effect on dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, tipping the balance from generation of DCs that stimulate Th1 responses to those that stimulate Th17 responses. The knowledge acquired in this study should improve our understanding of the immune-regulatory effect of extracellular ATP-adenosine metabolism and improve treatment for autoimmune diseases caused by both Th1-and Th17-type pathogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
- Corresponding author. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA90033, USA.
| | - Minhee Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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Ko MK, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Timing Effect of Adenosine-Directed Immunomodulation on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:153-161. [PMID: 34127521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an important regulatory molecule of the immune response. We have previously reported that treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU)-prone mice with an adenosine-degrading enzyme (adenosine deaminase) prohibited EAU development by inhibiting Th17 pathogenic T cell responses. To further validate that the targeting of adenosine or adenosine receptors effectively modulates Th17 responses, we investigated the effect of adenosine receptor antagonists. In this study, we show that the A2AR antagonist SCH 58261 (SCH) effectively modulates aberrant Th17 responses in induced EAU. However, timing of the treatment is important. Whereas SCH inhibits EAU when administered during the active disease stage, it did not do so if administered during quiescent disease stages, thus implying that the existing immune status influences the therapeutic effect. Mechanistic studies showed that inhibition of γδ T cell activation is crucially involved in adenosine-based treatment. Adenosine is an important costimulator of γδ T cell activation, which is essential for promoting Th17 responses. During ongoing disease stages, adenosine synergizes with existing high levels of cytokines, leading to augmented γδ T cell activation and Th17 responses, but in quiescent disease stages, when existing cytokine levels are low, adenosine does not enhance γδ T cell activation. Our results demonstrated that blockade of the synergistic effect between adenosine and inflammatory cytokines at active disease stages can ameliorate high-degree γδ T cell activation and, thus, suppress Th17 pathogenic T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhee K Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY; and
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Saint Louis University Eye Institute, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA;
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Sun D, Ko MK, Shao H, Kaplan HJ. Augmented Th17-stimulating activity of BMDCs as a result of reciprocal interaction between γδ and dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:13-24. [PMID: 33689926 PMCID: PMC8629029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that γδ T cells have a strong regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In the current study, we show that reciprocal interactions between mouse γδ T cells and dendritic cells (DCs) played a major role in γδ regulation of Th17 responses. Mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) acquired an increased ability to enhance Th17 autoimmune responses after exposure to γδ T cells; meanwhile, after exposure, a significant portion of the BMDCs expressed CD73 - a molecule that is fundamental in the conversion of immunostimulatory ATP into immunosuppressive adenosine. Functional studies showed that CD73+ BMDCs were uniquely effective in stimulating the Th17 responses, as compared to CD73- BMDCs; and activated γδ T cells are much more effective than non-activated γδ T cells at inducing CD73+ BMDCs. As a result, activated γδ T cells acquired greater Th17-enhancing activity. Treatment of BMDCs with the CD73-specific antagonist APCP abolished the enhancing effect of the BMDCs. γδ T cells more effectively induced CD73+ BMDCs from the BMDCs that were pre-exposed to TLR ligands, and the response was further augmented by adenosine. Moreover, BMDCs acquired increased ability to stimulate γδ activation after pre-exposure to TLR ligands and adenosine. Our results demonstrated that both extra-cellular adenosine and TLR ligands are critical factors in augmented Th17 responses in this autoimmune disease, and the reciprocal interactions between γδ T cells and DCs play a major role in promoting Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Minhee K Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, United States
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, United States
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Ko MK, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. CD73 + Dendritic Cells in Cascading Th17 Responses of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis-Induced Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601272. [PMID: 33343573 PMCID: PMC7738634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that CD73 is pivotal in the conversion of pro-inflammatory adenosine triphosphate into anti-inflammatory adenosine and that immune cells of the same type that express different levels of CD73 are functionally distinct. In this study we show that adenosine enhances the Th17 promoting effect of dendritic cells (DCs), and DCs expressing CD73 critically augment Th17 responses. Bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) do not constantly express CD73; however, a significant portion of the BMDCs expressed CD73 after exposure to Toll-like receptor ligand, leading to stronger Th17 responses by converting adenosine monophosphate to adenosine. We show that the CD73+ BMDCs play a critical role in cascading Th17 responses, and CD73+ BMDCs are functionally augmented after treatment with Toll-like receptor ligand. Splenic antigen presenting cells (DCs) of CD73−/− mouse have a poor Th17-stimulating effect, even after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or γδ T cells, indicating that induction of CD73+ DCs is critically involved in augmented Th17 responses. We conclude that CD73+ DCs critically trigger cascading Th17 responses, and the activated Th17 cells that express CD73 further augment Th17 responses, leading to cascading exacerbation. Hence, disabling the CD73 function of DCs should block this cascading response and mitigate Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- MinHee K Ko
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University (SLU) Eye Institute, SLU School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Akhtari M, Vojdanian M, Javinani A, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M. Activation of adenosine A 2A receptor induced interleukin-23 mRNA expression in macrophages of ankylosing spondylitis patients. Cytokine 2020; 128:154997. [PMID: 31978612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.154997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an auto-inflammatory debilitating disorder with a complex pathogenesis. The adenosinergic pathway is an immunologic regulating pathway with a potential role in AS pathophysiology. In the present study, we have aimed to investigate the influence of A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR) activation on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-23 (IL-23) expression and secretion by monocyte-generated macrophages of AS patients. METHODS Whole-blood separated monocytes were extracted from 14 AS patients and 14 healthy controls. Macrophages were differentiated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and surface markers were confirmed by flow cytometer. Cells were treated with CGS-21680 as a known agonist of A2AAR. Analysis of ADORA2A, TNFA, and IL23A gene expression was performed by SYBR green real-time PCR. The concentration of secreted cytokines was also measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS Based on our analysis, CGS-21680 significantly decreased TNF-α secretion by monocyte-derived macrophages of AS patients. Moreover, A2AAR agonist increased the IL23A mRNA expression level in monocyte-derived macrophages of AS patients considerably. Whereas, CGS-21680 did not have any influence on macrophages of healthy individuals. CONCLUSION According to our results, it appears that A2AAR activation can increase IL-23 secretion by monocyte-derived macrophages of AS patients. Although the TNF-α reducing effect of A2AAR agonists can be a potential target in AS treatment, robust increasing of IL-23 should be considered as the undesirable effect of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akhtari
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Vojdanian
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Javinani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ashraf-Ganjouei
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jamshidi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Li X, Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Adenosine receptor activation in the Th17 autoimmune responses of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Cell Immunol 2019; 339:24-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Srivastava R, Coulon PG, Roy S, Chilukuri S, Garg S, BenMohamed L. Phenotypic and Functional Signatures of Herpes Simplex Virus-Specific Effector Memory CD73 +CD45RA highCCR7 lowCD8 + T EMRA and CD73 +CD45RA lowCCR7 lowCD8 + T EM Cells Are Associated with Asymptomatic Ocular Herpes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2315-2330. [PMID: 30201808 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
HSV type 1 (HSV-1)-specific CD8+ T cells protect from herpes infection and disease. However, the nature of protective CD8+ T cells in HSV-1 seropositive healthy asymptomatic (ASYMP) individuals (with no history of clinical herpes disease) remains to be determined. In this study, we compared the phenotype and function of HSV-specific CD8+ T cells from HLA-A*02:01-positive ASYMP and symptomatic (SYMP) individuals (with a documented history of numerous episodes of recurrent ocular herpetic disease). We report that although SYMP and ASYMP individuals have similar frequencies of HSV-specific CD8+ T cells, the "naturally" protected ASYMP individuals have a significantly higher proportion of multifunctional HSV-specific effector memory CD8+ T cells (CD73+CD45RAhighCCR7lowCD8+ effector memory RA (TEMRA) and CD73+CD45RAlowCCR7lowCD8+ effector memory (TEM) as compared with SYMP individuals. Similar to humans, HSV-1-infected ASYMP B6 mice had frequent multifunctional HSV-specific CD73+CD8+ T cells in the cornea, as compared with SYMP mice. Moreover, in contrast to wild type B6, CD73-/- deficient mice infected ocularly with HSV-1 developed more recurrent corneal herpetic infection and disease. This was associated with less functional CD8+ T cells in the cornea and trigeminal ganglia, the sites of acute and latent infection. The phenotypic and functional characteristics of HSV-specific circulating and in situ CD73+CD8+ T cells, demonstrated in both ASYMP humans and mice, suggest a positive role for effector memory CD8+ T cells expressing the CD73 costimulatory molecule in the protection against ocular herpes infection and disease. These findings are important for the development of safe and effective T cell-based herpes immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Pierre-Grégoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sravya Chilukuri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Sumit Garg
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697; and.,Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697
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13
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Yu JC, Lin G, Field JJ, Linden J. Induction of antiinflammatory purinergic signaling in activated human iNKT cells. JCI Insight 2018; 3:91954. [PMID: 30185656 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are activated at sites of local tissue injury, or globally during vaso-occlusive episodes of sickle cell disease (SCD). Tissue damage stimulates production of CD1d-restricted lipid antigens that activate iNKT cells to produce Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. Here, we show that circulating iNKT cells in SCD patients express elevated levels of the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphosphohydrolase, CD39, as well the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). We also investigated the effects of stimulating cultured human iNKT cells on the expression of genes involved in the regulation of purinergic signaling. iNKT cell stimulation caused induction of ADORA2A, P2RX7, CD38, CD39, ENPP1, CD73, PANX1, and ENT1. Transcription of ADA, which degrades adenosine, was reduced. Induction of CD39 mRNA was associated with increased ecto-ATPase activity on iNKT cells that was blocked by POM1. Exposure of iNKT cells to A2AR agonists during stimulation reduced production of IFN-γ and enhanced production of IL-13 and CD39. Based on these findings, we define "purinergic Th2-type cytokine bias" as an antiinflammatory purinergic response to iNKT cell stimulation resulting from changes in the transcription of several genes involved in purine release, extracellular metabolism, and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Yu
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California/Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gene Lin
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joshua J Field
- BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Joel Linden
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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14
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Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. High level expression of A2ARs is required for the enhancing function, but not for the inhibiting function, of γδ T cells in the autoimmune responses of EAU. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199601. [PMID: 29928041 PMCID: PMC6013223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that activated γδ T cells greatly enhance autoimmune responses, particularly the Th17 response. To determine the mechanisms involved, we made a series of comparisons between activated and non-activated γδ T cells. Our results showed that activated γδ T cells expressed greatly increased levels of A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) and decreased amounts of CD73, as well as increased amounts of T cell activation markers such as CD69, CD44 and CD25. We show that A2AR is a major functional molecule in the enhancing activity of γδ T cells. A2AR-/- γδ T cells (isolated from A2AR-/- mouse), lost their Th17-enhancing activity as did A2AR+/+ γδ T cells (isolated from wt-B6 mouse) after treatment with an A2AR antagonist. Since γδ T cells possess either an enhancing or an inhibiting effect, we also tested whether A2AR expression on γδ T cells is essential to their inhibiting effect. Our results showed that the inhibiting effect of A2AR-/- γδ T cells was as potent as that of A2AR+/+ γδ T cells. In a previous report we showed that the expression of different levels of CD73 molecule allowed γδ T cells to adjust their suppressive activity; in the current study, we show that expression of increased amounts of A2AR allows γδ T cells to more effectively exert their enhancing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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15
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Peters C, Kabelitz D, Wesch D. Regulatory functions of γδ T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2125-2135. [PMID: 29520421 PMCID: PMC11105251 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells share characteristics of innate and adaptive immune cells and are involved in a broad spectrum of pro-inflammatory functions. Nonetheless, there is accumulating evidence that γδ T cells also exhibit regulatory functions. In this review, we describe the different phenotypes of regulatory γδ T cells in correlation with the identified mechanisms of suppression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Genes, cdc/physiology
- Humans
- Immune System Phenomena/physiology
- Immune Tolerance
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peters
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, Haus 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Kabelitz
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, Haus 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Wesch
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, Haus 17, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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16
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Liang D, Woo JI, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Ability of γδ T cells to modulate the Foxp3 T cell response is dependent on adenosine. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197189. [PMID: 29771938 PMCID: PMC5957379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether γδ T cells inhibit or enhance the Foxp3 T cell response depends upon their activation status. The critical enhancing effector in the supernatant is adenosine. Activated γδ T cells express adenosine receptors at high levels, which enables them to deprive Foxp3+ T cells of adenosine, and to inhibit their expansion. Meanwhile, cell-free supernatants of γδ T cell cultures enhance Foxp3 T cell expansion. Thus, inhibition and enhancement by γδ T cells of Foxp3 T cell response are a reflection of the balance between adenosine production and absorption by γδ T cells. Non-activated γδ T cells produce adenosine but bind little, and thus enhance the Foxp3 T cell response. Activated γδ T cells express high density of adenosine receptors and have a greatly increased ability to bind adenosine. Extracellular adenosine metabolism and expression of adenosine receptor A2ARs by γδ T cells played a major role in the outcome of γδ and Foxp3 T cell interactions. A better understanding of the functional conversion of γδ T cells could lead to γδ T cell-targeted immunotherapies for related diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jeong-Im Woo
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Liang D, Shao H, Born WK, O’Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Connection between γδ T-cell- and Adenosine- Mediated Immune Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Crit Rev Immunol 2018; 38:233-243. [PMID: 30004859 PMCID: PMC6361114 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2018026150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory effects of γδ T-cells on immune responses have been studied for years. We have investigated the regulatory effect of γδ T-cells on Th1 and Th17 autoimmune responses, and have studied molecular and cellular mechanisms by which γδ T-cells enhance or inhibit immune responses, exploiting a well-characterized murine model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Our results show that (1) aberrant γδ T-cell activation is an important pathogenic event in EAU; (2) γδ T-cells have a unique regulatory effect on Th17 autoimmune responses, which is shaped by the activation status of γδ T-cells; and (3) γδ-mediated immunoregulation is closely linked with the extracellular adenosine metabolism. Reciprocal interactions between γδ T-cells and extracellular adenosine partially determine the development of EAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Rebecca L. O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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18
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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19
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017. [PMID: 28258700 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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20
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Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73: Novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:121-144. [PMID: 28258700 PMCID: PMC5338647 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancers are able to grow by subverting immune suppressive pathways, to prevent the malignant cells as being recognized as dangerous or foreign. This mechanism prevents the cancer from being eliminated by the immune system and allows disease to progress from a very early stage to a lethal state. Immunotherapies are newly developing interventions that modify the patient's immune system to fight cancer, by either directly stimulating rejection-type processes or blocking suppressive pathways. Extracellular adenosine generated by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 is a newly recognized "immune checkpoint mediator" that interferes with anti-tumor immune responses. In this review, we focus on CD39 and CD73 ectoenzymes and encompass aspects of the biochemistry of these molecules as well as detailing the distribution and function on immune cells. Effects of CD39 and CD73 inhibition in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed. Finally, we provide insights into potential clinical application of adenosinergic and other purinergic-targeting therapies and forecast how these might develop in combination with other anti-cancer modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Divisions of Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, USA. 02215
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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21
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Liang D, Nian H, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Functional Conversion and Dominance of γδ T Subset in Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1429-1438. [PMID: 28069804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that activated γδ T cells have a much stronger proinflammatory effect in the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis than their nonactivated counterparts. Our present study explored γδ T cell subsets are functionally distinct in autoimmune pathogenesis and determined the pathogenic contribution of biased Vγ4+ γδ T cell activation in this disease. By systematically comparing two major peripheral γδ T cell subsets, the Vγ1+ and the Vγ4+ cells, we found that the Vγ4+ cells were readily activated in B6 mice during experimental autoimmune uveitis development, whereas Vγ1+ cells remained nonactivated. Cytokines that were abundantly found in the serum of immunized mice activated Vγ4+, but did not activate Vγ1+, cells. The Vγ4+ cells had a strong proinflammatory activity, whereas the Vγ1+ cells remained nonactivated when tested immediately after isolation from immunized mice. However, when the Vγ1+ cells were activated in vitro, they promoted inflammation. Our results demonstrated that activation is a major factor in switching the enhancing and inhibiting effects of both Vγ1+ and Vγ4+ γδ T cell subsets, and that γδ T cell subsets differ greatly in their activation requirements. Whether the enhancing or inhibiting function of γδ T cells is dominant is mainly determined by the proportion of the γδ T cells that are activated versus the proportion not activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute and School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin 300384, China; and
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
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22
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Abstract
Cellular stress or apoptosis triggers the release of ATP, ADP and other nucleotides into the extracellular space. Extracellular nucleotides function as autocrine and paracrine signalling molecules by activating cell-surface P2 purinergic receptors that elicit pro-inflammatory immune responses. Over time, extracellular nucleotides are metabolized to adenosine, leading to reduced P2 signalling and increased signalling through anti-inflammatory adenosine (P1 purinergic) receptors. Here, we review how local purinergic signalling changes over time during tissue responses to injury or disease, and we discuss the potential of targeting purinergic signalling pathways for the immunotherapeutic treatment of ischaemia, organ transplantation, autoimmunity or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Cekic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Joel Linden
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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23
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Gruenbacher G, Gander H, Rahm A, Idzko M, Nussbaumer O, Thurnher M. Ecto-ATPase CD39 Inactivates Isoprenoid-Derived Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell Phosphoantigens. Cell Rep 2016; 16:444-456. [PMID: 27346340 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to self and pathogen-associated, diphosphate-containing isoprenoids, also known as phosphoantigens (pAgs). However, activation and homeostasis of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that pAgs induced expression of the ecto-ATPase CD39, which, however, not only hydrolyzed ATP but also abrogated the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) agonistic activity of self and microbial pAgs (C5 to C15). Only mevalonate-derived geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP, C20) resisted CD39-mediated hydrolysis and acted as a regulator of CD39 expression and activity. GGPP enhanced macrophage differentiation in response to the tissue stress cytokine interleukin-15. In addition, GGPP-imprinted macrophage-like cells displayed increased capacity to produce IL-1β as well as the chemokine CCL2 and preferentially activated CD161-expressing CD4(+) T cells in an innate-like manner. Our studies reveal a previously unrecognized immunoregulatory function of CD39 and highlight a particular role of GGPP among pAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gruenbacher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck and K1 Center Oncotyrol-Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubert Gander
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck and K1 Center Oncotyrol-Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Rahm
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck and K1 Center Oncotyrol-Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Nussbaumer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck and K1 Center Oncotyrol-Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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24
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Zhao R, Liang D, Sun D. Blockade of Extracellular ATP Effect by Oxidized ATP Effectively Mitigated Induced Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155953. [PMID: 27196432 PMCID: PMC4873015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various pathological conditions are accompanied by ATP release from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. Extracellular ATP (eATP) functions as a signaling molecule by activating purinergic P2 purine receptors. The key P2 receptor involved in inflammation was identified as P2X7R. Recent studies have shown that P2X7R signaling is required to trigger the Th1/Th17 immune response, and oxidized ATP (oxATP) effectively blocks P2X7R activation. In this study we investigated the effect of oxATP on mouse experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Our results demonstrated that induced EAU in B6 mice was almost completely abolished by the administration of small doses of oxATP, and the Th17 response, but not the Th1 response, was significantly weakened in the treated mice. Mechanistic studies showed that the therapeutic effects involve the functional change of a number of immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and regulatory T cells. OxATP not only directly inhibits the T cell response; it also suppresses T cell activation by altering the function of DCs and Foxp3+ T cell. Our results demonstrated that inhibition of P2X7R activation effectively exempts excessive autoimmune inflammation, which may indicate a possible therapeutic use in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglan Zhao
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States of America
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in the University of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Liang D, Zuo A, Zhao R, Shao H, Born WK, O'Brien RL, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. CD73 Expressed on γδ T Cells Shapes Their Regulatory Effect in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150078. [PMID: 26919582 PMCID: PMC4769068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells can either enhance or inhibit an adaptive immune response, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Given that CD73 is the main enzyme responsible for conversion of AMP into the immunosuppressive molecule adenosine, we investigated its role in the regulatory function of γδ T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). We found that γδ T cells expressed different amounts of CD73 during the different stages of EAU and that low CD73 expression on γδ T cells correlated with enhanced Th17 response-promoting activity. Functional comparison of CD73-deficient and wild-type B6 (CD73+/+) mice showed that failure to express CD73 decreased both the enhancing and suppressive effects of γδ T cells on EAU. We also demonstrated that γδ T cells expressed different amounts of CD73 when activated by different pathways, which enabled them to either enhance or inhibit an adaptive immune response. Our results demonstrate that targeting CD73 expression on γδ T cells may allow us to manipulate their pro- or anti-inflammatory effect on Th17 responses.
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MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/biosynthesis
- 5'-Nucleotidase/deficiency
- 5'-Nucleotidase/genetics
- 5'-Nucleotidase/physiology
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Eye Proteins/immunology
- Eye Proteins/toxicity
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/blood
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interleukin-17/blood
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental/enzymology
- Nervous System Autoimmune Disease, Experimental/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/toxicity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Uveitis/enzymology
- Uveitis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics in University of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States of America
| | - Willi K. Born
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L. O'Brien
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States of America
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26
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Liang D, Zuo A, Zhao R, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Regulation of Adenosine Deaminase on Induced Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2646-54. [PMID: 26856700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is an important regulator of the immune response, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) inhibits this regulatory effect by converting adenosine into functionally inactive molecules. Studies showed that adenosine receptor agonists can be anti- or proinflammatory. Clarification of the mechanisms that cause these opposing effects should provide a better guide for therapeutic intervention. In this study, we investigated the effect of ADA on the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) induced by immunizing EAU-prone mice with a known uveitogenic peptide, IRBP1-20. Our results showed that the effective time to administer a single dose of ADA to suppress induction of EAU was 8-14 d postimmunization, shortly before EAU expression; however, ADA treatment at other time points exacerbated disease. ADA preferentially inhibited Th17 responses, and this effect was γδ T cell dependent. Our results demonstrated that the existing immune status strongly influences the anti- or proinflammatory effects of ADA. Our observations should help to improve the design of ADA- and adenosine receptor-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ronglan Zhao
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Medical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Shandong, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, China; and
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
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27
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Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Chen M, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. A2B adenosine receptor activation switches differentiation of bone marrow cells to a CD11c(+)Gr-1(+) dendritic cell subset that promotes the Th17 response. Immun Inflamm Dis 2015; 3:360-73. [PMID: 26734458 PMCID: PMC4693722 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is one of the major molecules associated with inflammation. We have previously reported that an adenosine receptor (AR) agonist has an enhancing effect on Th17 autoimmune responses, even though it suppressed Th1 responses. To determine the mechanism involved, we have examined the effect of AR agonists on mouse bone marrow dendritic cell (BMDC) differentiation and function. We show that mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs) differentiated into CD11c(+)Gr-1(+) dentritic cells (DCs) when cultured in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-containing medium containing an AR agonist. The non-selective AR agonist NECA and an A2BR-specific agonist had a similar effect, and the effect of NECA could be blocked by an A2BR-specific antagonist. Unlike CD11c(+)Gr-1(-) BMDCs, which have a greater stimulatory effect on Th1 T cells than Th17 cells, CD11c(+)Gr-1(+) BMDCs had a greater stimulatory effect on Th17 autoreactive T cells than on Th1 autoreactive T cells and this effect depended on γδ T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology of the University of California Los AngelesDoheny Eye InstituteCalifornia90033USA
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Department of Ophthalmology of the University of California Los AngelesDoheny Eye InstituteCalifornia90033USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesKentucky Lions Eye CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| | - Mingjiazi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology of the University of California Los AngelesDoheny Eye InstituteCalifornia90033USA
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesKentucky Lions Eye CenterUniversity of LouisvilleLouisvilleKentucky40202USA
| | - Deming Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology of the University of California Los AngelesDoheny Eye InstituteCalifornia90033USA
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28
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Márquez-Rodas I, Cerezuela P, Soria A, Berrocal A, Riso A, González-Cao M, Martín-Algarra S. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: therapeutic advances in melanoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:267. [PMID: 26605313 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.10.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, new strategies for treating melanoma have been introduced, improving the outlook for this challenging disease. One of the most important advances has been the development of immunotherapy. The better understanding of the role of the immunological system in tumor control has paved the way for strategies to enhance the immune response against cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) have demonstrated high activity in melanoma and other tumors. Ipilimumab, an anti CTLA-4 antibody, was the first drug of this class that was approved. Although the response rate with ipilimumab is low (less than 20% of patients have objective responses), 20% of patients have long survival, with similar results in the first and second line settings. Nivolumab and pembrolizumab, both anti PD-1 inhibitors, have been approved for the treatment of melanoma, with response rates of 40% and a demonstrated survival advantage in phase III trials. This has marked a new era in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and much research is now ongoing with other drugs targeting checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, the agonist of activating molecules on T cells and their combinations are being investigated. Herein we review the clinical development of checkpoint inhibitors and their approval for treatment of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Márquez-Rodas
- 1 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain ; 2 Spanish Melanoma Group (GEM); 3 Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain ; 4 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain ; 5 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; 6 Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Cerezuela
- 1 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain ; 2 Spanish Melanoma Group (GEM); 3 Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain ; 4 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain ; 5 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; 6 Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ainara Soria
- 1 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain ; 2 Spanish Melanoma Group (GEM); 3 Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain ; 4 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain ; 5 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; 6 Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Berrocal
- 1 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain ; 2 Spanish Melanoma Group (GEM); 3 Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain ; 4 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain ; 5 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; 6 Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aldo Riso
- 1 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain ; 2 Spanish Melanoma Group (GEM); 3 Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain ; 4 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain ; 5 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; 6 Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María González-Cao
- 1 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain ; 2 Spanish Melanoma Group (GEM); 3 Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain ; 4 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain ; 5 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; 6 Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Salvador Martín-Algarra
- 1 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañon, Madrid, Spain ; 2 Spanish Melanoma Group (GEM); 3 Servicio Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain ; 4 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain ; 5 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain ; 6 Translational Cancer Research Unit, Instituto Oncológico Dr Rosell, Quirón Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain ; 7 Servicio de Oncología Médica, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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29
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Chen M, Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. An A2B Adenosine Receptor Agonist Promotes Th17 Autoimmune Responses in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) via Dendritic Cell Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132348. [PMID: 26147733 PMCID: PMC4492970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that, although adenosine receptor (AR) agonists have a suppressive effect on Th1 autoreactive T cells, their effect on Th17 autoreactive T cells and γδ T cells is stimulatory and this effect is mainly mediated via A2A adenosine receptors (A2ARs). In this study, we further demonstrate that treatment of C57BL/6 (B6) mice with a selective A2B adenosine receptor (A2BR) agonist greatly enhanced the development of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), whereas treatment with an A2BR antagonist significantly ameliorated severity of EAU. The A2BR agonist-treated mice showed augmented Th17, but not Th1, responses. Mechanistic studies showed that the A2BR agonist-induced enhancement of the Th17 response was significantly lower when TCR-δ-/- mice received the same treatment and that transfer of γδ T cells into TCR-δ-/- mice partially restored this effect. We also showed that dendritic cells (DCs) from A2BR agonist-treated mice showed a significantly increased ability to activate γδ T cells and Th17 autoreactive T cells. Thus, our previous studies have shown that, in EAU, activated γδ T cells possess greatly increased ability to enhance Th17 autoimmune responses. In the present study, we showed that exposure of DCs to A2BR agonist facilitated γδ T cell activation, leading to augmented Th17 responses and progressive EAU development. Our results further support our previous finding that AR agonists have distinct effects on Th1 and Th17 autoimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjiazi Chen
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States of America
| | - Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States of America
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States of America
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY40202, United States of America
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90033, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Sun D, Liang D, Kaplan HJ, Shao H. The role of Th17-associated cytokines in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Cytokine 2015; 74:76-80. [PMID: 25742774 PMCID: PMC4457592 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory and pathogenic function of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases have been established but the mechanism by which such cells cause disease remains to be determined. Inflammatory cytokines produced by Th17 cells may either promote or inhibit disease development. The major cytokines produced by the uveitogenic T cells, such as IL-17 and IL-22, are not always pathogenic, and the disease-inducing ability of pathogenic T cells is not immediately correlated to the amount of cytokine they produce. Future studies identifying factors causing increased Th17 responses and determining the types of cells that regulating Th17 autoreactive T cells should facilitate our effort of understanding Th17-mediated disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 1355 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, and Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), 1355 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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31
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Liang D, Zuo A, Shao H, Chen M, Kaplan HJ, Sun D. Anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory effect of an adenosine receptor agonist on the Th17 autoimmune response is inflammatory environment-dependent. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:5498-505. [PMID: 25367119 PMCID: PMC4299924 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a key endogenous signaling molecule that regulates a wide range of physiological functions, including immune system function and inflammation. Studies have shown that adenosine receptor (AR) agonists can be either anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory in immune responses and in inflammation, and the clarification of the mechanisms causing these opposing effects should provide a better guide for therapeutic intervention. Whereas previous studies mostly examined the effects of AR agonists on Th1-type immune responses, in this study, we compared their effect on Th17 and Th1 autoimmune responses in experimental autoimmune uveitis, a mouse model of human uveitis induced by immunization with the human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein peptides 1-20. We showed that injection of mice with a nonselective AR agonist, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), at an early stage after immunization had an inhibitory effect on both Th1 and Th17 responses, whereas injection of the same amount of NECA at a late stage inhibited the Th1 response but had an enhancing effect on the Th17 response. We also showed that the effects of NECA on Th1 and Th17 responses were completely dissociated, that the enhancing effect of NECA on Th17 responses was modulated by γδ T cells, and that the response of γδ T cells to NECA was determined by their activation status. We conclude that the inflammatory environment has a strong impact on converting the effect of AR agonist on the Th17 autoimmune response from anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory. Our observation should help in the designing of better AR-targeted therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide)/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/chemically induced
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Cells, Cultured
- Eye Proteins/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunomodulation/drug effects
- Immunomodulation/genetics
- Inflammation Mediators/administration & dosage
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Purinergic P1 Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Retinol-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Uveitis/chemically induced
- Uveitis/immunology
- Uveitis/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchun Liang
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Aijun Zuo
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Mingjiazi Chen
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
| | - Henry J Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033; and
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