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Mull CG, Pennell MW, Yopak KE, Dulvy NK. Maternal investment evolves with larger body size and higher diversification rate in sharks and rays. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2773-2781.e3. [PMID: 38843829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Across vertebrates, live bearing evolved at least 150 times from ancestral egg laying into diverse forms and degrees of prepartum maternal investment.1,2 A key question is how reproductive diversity arose and whether reproductive diversification underlies species diversification.3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 To test this, we evaluate the most basal jawed vertebrates: the sharks, rays, and chimaeras, which have one of the greatest ranges of reproductive and ecological diversity among vertebrates.2,12 We reconstruct the sequence of reproductive mode evolution across a phylogeny of 610 chondrichthyans.13 We reveal egg laying as ancestral, with live bearing evolving at least seven times. Matrotrophy evolved at least 15 times, with evidence of one reversal. In sharks, transitions to live bearing and matrotrophy are more prevalent in larger-bodied tropical species. Further, the evolution of live bearing is associated with a near doubling of the diversification rate, but there is only a small increase associated with the appearance of matrotrophy. Although pre-copulatory sexual selection is associated with increased rates of speciation in teleosts,3 sexual size dimorphism in chondrichthyans does not appear to be related to sexual selection,14,15 and instead we find increased rates of speciation associated with the colonization of novel habitats. This highlights a potential key difference between chondrichthyans and other fishes, specifically a slower rate of evolution of reproductive isolation following speciation, suggesting different rate-limiting mechanisms for diversification between these clades.16 The chondrichthyan diversification and radiation, particularly throughout shallow tropical shelf seas and oceanic pelagic habitats, appear to be associated with the evolution of live bearing and proliferation of a wide range of maternal investment in developing offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Mull
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Integrated Fisheries Lab, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Matthew W Pennell
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Kara E Yopak
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology and UNCW Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Nicholas K Dulvy
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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2
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van der Heever GM, Yemane D, Leslie RW, van der Lingen CD, Gibbons MJ. Modeling and comparing the distributions and associations of two co-occurring catshark species off South Africa. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:1095-1105. [PMID: 37436400 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Holohalaelurus regani and Scyliorhinus capensis are relatively small catsharks, which both occur off the continental shelf around South Africa and are often caught together as by-catch in demersal trawls. The present study used data collected during annual demersal research surveys conducted between 2009 and 2015 and is a first attempt at modeling the potential intra- and interspecific associations, by maturity stage and depth, of H. regani and S. capensis to elucidate species-specific patterns in their distributions in South African waters. Intraspecifically, both species displayed a wide overlap in distribution between maturity stages, but only H. regani displayed marked changes in distribution with maturity stage, with mature individuals found further eastwards and occupying deeper waters than immature individuals. Interspecifically, the two catsharks displayed an inverse relationship in their distribution, with an increase in the abundance of H. regani and a decrease in the abundance of S. capensis when moving from the south coast to the west coast. Some localized patches of co-occurrence were, however, evident between species and maturity stages, especially in offshore areas. Overall, our results indicated a stronger co-occurrence of mature and immature stages within each species and a rather weak co-occurrence of maturity stages between the two species. The spatial information provided in the present study provides useful information on how sharks with similar morphologies and lifestyles may partition their habitat as a mechanism for potentially reducing competition between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M van der Heever
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - D Yemane
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R W Leslie
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Institute of Aquatic Biodiversity (SAIAB), Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - C D van der Lingen
- Fisheries Management Branch, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - M J Gibbons
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Shipley ON, Kelly JB, Bizzarro JJ, Olin JA, Cerrato RM, Power M, Frisk MG. Evolution of realized Eltonian niches across
Rajidae
species. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver N. Shipley
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York11794USA
| | - Joseph B. Kelly
- Department for Ecology and Evolution Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York11794USA
| | - Joseph J. Bizzarro
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories California State University 8272 Moss Landing Road Moss Landing California95039USA
- Cooperative Institute for Marine Ecosystems and Climate University of California, Santa Cruz 110 McAllister Way Santa Cruz California95060USA
| | - Jill A. Olin
- Great Lakes Research Center Michigan Technological University Houghton Michigan49931USA
| | - Robert M. Cerrato
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York11794USA
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo OntarioN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Michael G. Frisk
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook New York11794USA
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Matta ME, Tribuzio CA, Ebert DA, Goldman KJ, Gburski CM. Age and Growth of Elasmobranchs and Applications to Fisheries Management and Conservation in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2017; 77:179-220. [PMID: 28882214 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to being an academic endeavour, the practical purpose of conducting age and growth studies on fishes is to provide biological data to stock assessment scientists and fisheries managers so they may better understand population demographics and manage exploitation rates. Age and size data are used to build growth models, which are a critical component of stock assessments. Though age determination of elasmobranchs in the northeast Pacific Ocean (NEP) began in the 1930s, the field has evolved substantially in recent years, allowing scientists to incorporate age data into assessments for more species than ever before. Owing to the highly diverse biology of this group of fishes, each species has its own set of challenges with regard to age determination. Age determination methods typically rely on semicalcified hard structures that form regular growth patterns; however, the structure selected and preparation method used is often species specific. New staining techniques have improved the ability to assess age and improve ageing precision for some species, and advances in microchemical methods have allowed for independent means of estimating age and validating age determination accuracy. Here we describe current age determination methods for NEP elasmobranchs. While the library of available techniques is increasing, there are still some NEP species for which reliable ageing methods have yet to be defined; we discuss these challenges and potential avenues of future research. Finally, we conclude by describing how age estimates are used in growth models and subsequently in stock assessments of selected NEP elasmobranchs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Matta
- Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Cindy A Tribuzio
- Auke Bay Laboratories, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Juneau, AK, United States
| | - David A Ebert
- Pacific Shark Research Center, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing, CA, United States
| | | | - Christopher M Gburski
- Resource Ecology and Fisheries Management, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, United States
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Winter A, Pompert J, Arkhipkin A, Brewin PE. Interannual variability in the skate assemblage on the South Patagonian shelf and slope. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:1449-1468. [PMID: 26709216 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Observer data from the commercial fishery on the Patagonian shelf and slope around the Falkland Islands (home to an assemblage of >16 skate species (Rajiformes), for which commercial catches have been recorded since 1987), as well as survey data from an area closed to skate target fishing after exploitation, were summarized by species to examine changes in the population status of individual skate species. Total skate catch per unit effort increased significantly in the target fishery since 1994, and four species have made up >85% of all skate catch. Bathyraja brachyurops and Zearaja chilensis increased significantly in catch proportions and abundance from 1994 to 2013. Bathyraja albomaculata and Bathyraja griseocauda decreased significantly before rebounding with trends of increasing abundance. Concurrently, B. brachyurops and Z. chilensis showed decreasing trends in size at 50% maturity in areas where skates continue to be targeted commercially. The increasing abundances and concomitant reductions in size at maturity of B. brachyurops and Z. chilensis suggest either plasticity in life-history traits or a density-dependent growth response to fishing pressure. Bathyraja griseocauda decreased in size at 50% maturity in the area that was closed to skate target fishing, where it was initially larger, but only decreased to the same average size as in the commercially targeted areas. Bathyraja albomaculata and Z. chilensis are IUCN-listed as vulnerable and B. griseocauda is listed as endangered, but their abundance trends since 1994 indicate that these populations are not declining in Falkland waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Winter
- Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries), Falkland Islands Government, Bypass Road, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - J Pompert
- Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries), Falkland Islands Government, Bypass Road, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - A Arkhipkin
- Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries), Falkland Islands Government, Bypass Road, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
| | - P E Brewin
- Department of Natural Resources (Fisheries), Falkland Islands Government, Bypass Road, Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ, Falkland Islands
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Abstract
Spatial correlation modeling comprises both spatial autocorrelation and spatial cross-correlation processes. The spatial autocorrelation theory has been well-developed. It is necessary to advance the method of spatial cross-correlation analysis to supplement the autocorrelation analysis. This paper presents a set of models and analytical procedures for spatial cross-correlation analysis. By analogy with Moran's index newly expressed in a spatial quadratic form, a theoretical framework is derived for geographical cross-correlation modeling. First, two sets of spatial cross-correlation coefficients are defined, including a global spatial cross-correlation coefficient and local spatial cross-correlation coefficients. Second, a pair of scatterplots of spatial cross-correlation is proposed, and the plots can be used to visually reveal the causality behind spatial systems. Based on the global cross-correlation coefficient, Pearson's correlation coefficient can be decomposed into two parts: direct correlation (partial correlation) and indirect correlation (spatial cross-correlation). As an example, the methodology is applied to the relationships between China's urbanization and economic development to illustrate how to model spatial cross-correlation phenomena. This study is an introduction to developing the theory of spatial cross-correlation, and future geographical spatial analysis might benefit from these models and indexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguang Chen
- Department of Geography, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
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