1
|
Canini D, Ceschi E, Perozeni F. Toward the Exploitation of Sustainable Green Factory: Biotechnology Use of Nannochloropsis spp. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:292. [PMID: 38785776 PMCID: PMC11117969 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Securing food, energy, and raw materials for a growing population is one of the most significant challenges of our century. Algae play a central role as an alternative to plants. Wastewater and flue gas can secure nutrients and CO2 for carbon fixation. Unfortunately, algae domestication is necessary to enhance biomass production and reduce cultivation costs. Nannochloropsis spp. have increased in popularity among microalgae due to their ability to accumulate high amounts of lipids, including PUFAs. Recently, the interest in the use of Nannochloropsis spp. as a green bio-factory for producing high-value products increased proportionally to the advances of synthetic biology and genetic tools in these species. In this review, we summarized the state of the art of current nuclear genetic manipulation techniques and a few examples of their application. The industrial use of Nannochloropsis spp. has not been feasible yet, but genetic tools can finally lead to exploiting this full-of-potential microalga.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federico Perozeni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (D.C.); (E.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sheludko YV, Gerasymenko IM, Herrmann FJ, Warzecha H. Evaluation of biotransformation capacity of transplastomic plants and hairy roots of Nicotiana tabacum expressing human cytochrome P450 2D6. Transgenic Res 2022; 31:351-368. [PMID: 35416604 PMCID: PMC9135824 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are important tools for regio- and stereoselective oxidation of target molecules or engineering of metabolic pathways. Functional heterologous expression of eukaryotic CYPs is often problematic due to their dependency on the specific redox partner and the necessity of correct association with the membranes for displaying enzymatic activity. Plant hosts offer advantages of accessibility of reducing partners and a choice of membranes to insert heterologous CYPs. For the evaluation of plant systems for efficient CYP expression, we established transplastomic plants and hairy root cultures of Nicotiana tabacum carrying the gene encoding human CYP2D6 with broad substrate specificity. The levels of CYP2D6 transcript accumulation and enzymatic activity were estimated and compared with the data of CYP2D6 transient expression in N. benthamiana. The relative level of CYP2D6 transcripts in transplastomic plants was 2-3 orders of magnitude higher of that observed after constitutive or transient expression from the nucleus. CYP2D6 expressed in chloroplasts converted exogenous synthetic substrate loratadine without the need for co-expression of the cognate CYP reductase. The loratadine conversion rate in transplastomic plants was comparable to that in N. benthamiana plants transiently expressing a chloroplast targeted CYP2D6 from the nucleus, but was lower than the value reported for transiently expressed CYP2D6 with the native endoplasmic reticulum signal-anchor sequence. Hairy roots showed the lowest substrate conversion rate, but demonstrated the ability to release the product into the culture medium. The obtained results illustrate the potential of plant-based expression systems for exploiting the enzymatic activities of eukaryotic CYPs with broad substrate specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y V Sheludko
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - I M Gerasymenko
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - F J Herrmann
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - H Warzecha
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chaudhari VR, Hanson MR. GoldBricks: an improved cloning strategy that combines features of Golden Gate and BioBricks for better efficiency and usability. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2021; 6:ysab032. [PMID: 34778568 PMCID: PMC8578713 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing complexity of expression studies and the repertoire of characterized sequences, combinatorial cloning has become a common necessity. Techniques like BioBricks and Golden Gate aim to standardize and speed up the process of cloning large constructs while enabling sharing of resources. The BioBricks format provides a simplified and flexible approach to endless assembly with a compact library and useful intermediates but is a slow process, joining only two parts in a cycle. Golden Gate improves upon the speed with use of Type IIS enzymes and joins several parts in a cycle but requires a larger library of parts and logistical inefficiencies scale up significantly in the multigene format. We present here a method that provides improvement over these techniques by combining their features. By using Type IIS enzymes in a format like BioBricks, we have enabled a faster and efficient assembly with reduced scarring, which performs at a similarly fast pace as Golden Gate, but significantly reduces library size and user input. Additionally, this method enables faster assembly of operon-style constructs, a feature requiring extensive workaround in Golden Gate. Our format allows such inclusions resulting in faster and more efficient assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vazquez-Vilar M, Garcia-Carpintero V, Selma S, Bernabé-Orts JM, Sanchez-Vicente J, Salazar-Sarasua B, Ressa A, de Paola C, Ajenjo M, Quintela JC, Fernández-del-Carmen A, Granell A, Orzáez D. The GB4.0 Platform, an All-In-One Tool for CRISPR/Cas-Based Multiplex Genome Engineering in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:689937. [PMID: 34276739 PMCID: PMC8284049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.689937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas ability to target several loci simultaneously (multiplexing) is a game-changer in plant breeding. Multiplexing not only accelerates trait pyramiding but also can unveil traits hidden by functional redundancy. Furthermore, multiplexing enhances dCas-based programmable gene expression and enables cascade-like gene regulation. However, the design and assembly of multiplex constructs comprising tandemly arrayed guide RNAs (gRNAs) requires scarless cloning and is still troublesome due to the presence of repetitive sequences, thus hampering a more widespread use. Here we present a comprehensive extension of the software-assisted cloning platform GoldenBraid (GB), in which, on top of its multigene cloning software, we integrate new tools for the Type IIS-based easy and rapid assembly of up to six tandemly-arrayed gRNAs with both Cas9 and Cas12a, using the gRNA-tRNA-spaced and the crRNA unspaced approaches, respectively. As stress tests for the new tools, we assembled and used for Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation a 17 Cas9-gRNAs construct targeting a subset of the Squamosa-Promoter Binding Protein-Like (SPL) gene family in Nicotiana tabacum. The 14 selected genes are targets of miR156, thus potentially playing an important role in juvenile-to-adult and vegetative-to-reproductive phase transitions. With the 17 gRNAs construct we generated a collection of Cas9-free SPL edited T1 plants harboring up to 9 biallelic mutations and showing leaf juvenility and more branching. The functionality of GB-assembled dCas9 and dCas12a-based CRISPR/Cas activators and repressors using single and multiplexing gRNAs was validated using a Luciferase reporter with the Solanum lycopersicum Mtb promoter or the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase promoter in transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana. With the incorporation of the new web-based tools and the accompanying collection of DNA parts, the GB4.0 genome edition turns an all-in-one open platform for plant genome engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vazquez-Vilar
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Garcia-Carpintero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Selma
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan M. Bernabé-Orts
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Sanchez-Vicente
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Blanca Salazar-Sarasua
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Arianna Ressa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmine de Paola
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ajenjo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Asun Fernández-del-Carmen
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diego Orzáez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Diego Orzáez
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vazquez‐Vilar M, Gandía M, García‐Carpintero V, Marqués E, Sarrion‐Perdigones A, Yenush L, Polaina J, Manzanares P, Marcos JF, Orzaez D. Multigene Engineering by GoldenBraid Cloning: From Plants to Filamentous Fungi and Beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 130:e116. [DOI: 10.1002/cpmb.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vazquez‐Vilar
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universitat Politècnica de València–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Valencia Spain
| | - Mónica Gandía
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Valencia Spain
| | - Victor García‐Carpintero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universitat Politècnica de València–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Valencia Spain
| | - Eric Marqués
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Valencia Spain
| | | | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universitat Politècnica de València–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Valencia Spain
| | - Julio Polaina
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Valencia Spain
| | - Paloma Manzanares
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Valencia Spain
| | - Jose F. Marcos
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Valencia Spain
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universitat Politècnica de València–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tusé D, Nandi S, McDonald KA, Buyel JF. The Emergency Response Capacity of Plant-Based Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing-What It Is and What It Could Be. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:594019. [PMID: 33193552 PMCID: PMC7606873 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.594019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Several epidemic and pandemic diseases have emerged over the last 20 years with increasing reach and severity. The current COVID-19 pandemic has affected most of the world's population, causing millions of infections, hundreds of thousands of deaths, and economic disruption on a vast scale. The increasing number of casualties underlines an urgent need for the rapid delivery of therapeutics, prophylactics such as vaccines, and diagnostic reagents. Here, we review the potential of molecular farming in plants from a manufacturing perspective, focusing on the speed, capacity, safety, and potential costs of transient expression systems. We highlight current limitations in terms of the regulatory framework, as well as future opportunities to establish plant molecular farming as a global, de-centralized emergency response platform for the rapid production of biopharmaceuticals. The implications of public health emergencies on process design and costs, regulatory approval, and production speed and scale compared to conventional manufacturing platforms based on mammalian cell culture are discussed as a forward-looking strategy for future pandemic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tusé
- DT/Consulting Group and GROW Biomedicine, LLC, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karen A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Johannes Felix Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Johannes Felix Buyel, ; orcid.org/0000-0003-2361-143X
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fischer K, Nguyen K, LiWang PJ. Griffithsin Retains Anti-HIV-1 Potency with Changes in gp120 Glycosylation and Complements Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies PGT121 and PGT126. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 64:e01084-19. [PMID: 31611356 PMCID: PMC7187567 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01084-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Griffithsin (Grft) is an antiviral lectin that has been shown to potently inhibit HIV-1 by binding high-mannose N-linked glycosylation sites on HIV-1 gp120. A key factor for Grft potency is glycosylation at N295 of gp120, which is directly adjacent to N332, a target glycan for an entire class of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Here, we unify previous work on the importance of other glycans to Grft potency against HIV-1 and Grft's role in mediating the conformational change of gp120 by mutating nearly every glycosylation site in gp120. In addition to a significant loss of Grft activity by the removal of glycosylation at N295, glycan absence at N332 or N448 was found to have moderate effects on Grft potency. Interestingly, in the absence of N295, Grft effectiveness could be improved by a mutation that results in the glycan at N448 shifting to N446, indicating that the importance of individual glycans may be related to their effect on glycosylation density. Grft's ability to alter the structure of gp120, exposing the CD4 binding site, correlated with the presence of glycosylation at N295 only in clade B strains, not clade C strains. We further demonstrate that Grft can rescue the activity of the bNAbs PGT121 and PGT126 in the event of a loss or a shift of glycosylation at N332, where the bNAbs suffer a drastic loss of potency. Despite targeting the same region, Grft in combination with PGT121 and PGT126 produced additive effects. This indicates that Grft could be an important combinational therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Fischer
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Kimberly Nguyen
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
| | - Patricia J LiWang
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
- Health Sciences Research Institute, University of California, Merced, Merced, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang XJ, Dong YF, Jin X, Yang JT, Wang ZX. The application of gene splitting technique for controlling transgene flow in rice. Transgenic Res 2019; 29:69-80. [PMID: 31654191 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Controlling transgene flow in China is important, as this country is part of the center of origin of rice. A gene-splitting technique based on intein-mediated trans-splicing represents a new strategy for controlling transgene flow via biological measures. In this study, the G2-aroA gene which provides glyphosate tolerance was split into an N-terminal and a C-terminal region, which were then fused to intein N and intein C of the Ssp DnaE intein, ultimately forming EPSPSn:In and Ic:EPSPSc fusion genes, respectively. These fusion genes were subsequently transformed into the rice cultivar Zhonghua 11 via the Agrobacterium-mediated method. The two split gene fragments were then introduced into the same rice genome by genetic crossings. Glyphosate tolerance analysis revealed that the functional target protein was reconstituted by Ssp DnaE intein-mediated trans-splicing and that the resultant hybrid rice was glyphosate tolerant. The reassembly efficiency of the split gene fragments ranged from 67 to 91% at the molecular level, and 100% of the hybrid F1 progeny were glyphosate tolerant. Transgene flow experiments showed that when the split gene fragments are inserted into homologous chromosomes, the gene-splitting technique can completely avoid the escape of the target trait to the environment. This report is the first on the reassembly efficiency and effectiveness of transgene flow containment via gene splitting in rice. This study provides not only a new biological strategy for controlling rice transgene flow but also a new method for cultivating hybrid transgenic rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jing Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu-Feng Dong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, Baoding University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhi-Xing Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, MARA Key Laboratory on Safety Assessment (Molecular) of Agri-GMO, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baby V, Labroussaa F, Lartigue C, Rodrigue S. [Synthetic chromosomes: rewriting the code of life]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:753-760. [PMID: 31625897 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen vast improvements in DNA synthesis and assembly methods. The creation of synthetic DNA molecules is becoming easier and more affordable, such that entire chromosomes can now be synthesized. These advances mark the beginning of synthetic genomics, a new discipline interested in the construction of complete genomes tailored for the study and application of biological systems. From viral genome synthesis to the reconstruction of the yeast 16 chromosomes, we discuss the main discoveries, the regulations and ethical considerations along with the potential of this emerging discipline for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Baby
- INRA, UMR 1332 de biologie du fruit et pathologie, 71 avenue E. Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France - Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de biologie du fruit et pathologie, 71 avenue E. Bourlaux 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Fabien Labroussaa
- Institute of veterinary bacteriology of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Berne, Suisse
| | - Carole Lartigue
- INRA, UMR 1332 de biologie du fruit et pathologie, 71 avenue E. Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France - Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 1332 de biologie du fruit et pathologie, 71 avenue E. Bourlaux 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Rodrigue
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 boulevard de l'Université, J1K 2R1 Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boehm CR, Bock R. Recent Advances and Current Challenges in Synthetic Biology of the Plastid Genetic System and Metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:794-802. [PMID: 30181342 PMCID: PMC6393795 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Building on recombinant DNA technology, leaps in synthesis, assembly, and analysis of DNA have revolutionized genetics and molecular biology over the past two decades (Kosuri and Church, 2014). These technological advances have accelerated the emergence of synthetic biology as a new discipline (Cameron et al., 2014). Synthetic biology is characterized by efforts targeted at the modification of existing and the design of novel biological systems based on principles adopted from information technology and engineering (Andrianantoandro et al., 2006; Khalil and Collins, 2010). As in more traditional engineering disciplines such as mechanical, electrical and civil engineering, synthetic biologists utilize abstraction, decoupling and standardization to make the design of biological systems more efficient and scalable. To facilitate the management of complexity, synthetic biology relies on an abstraction hierarchy composed of multiple levels (Endy, 2005): DNA as genetic material, "parts" as elements of DNA encoding basic biological functions (e.g. promoter, ribosome-binding site, terminator sequence), "devices" as any combination of parts implementing a human-defined function, and "systems" as any combination of devices fulfilling a predefined purpose. Parts are designated to perform predictable and modular functions in the context of higher-level devices or systems, which are successively refined through a cycle of designing, building, and testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Boehm
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Occhialini A, Piatek AA, Pfotenhauer AC, Frazier TP, Stewart CN, Lenaghan SC. MoChlo: A Versatile, Modular Cloning Toolbox for Chloroplast Biotechnology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:943-957. [PMID: 30679266 PMCID: PMC6393787 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant synthetic biology is a rapidly evolving field with new tools constantly emerging to drive innovation. Of particular interest is the application of synthetic biology to chloroplast biotechnology to generate plants capable of producing new metabolites, vaccines, biofuels, and high-value chemicals. Progress made in the assembly of large DNA molecules, composing multiple transcriptional units, has significantly aided in the ability to rapidly construct novel vectors for genetic engineering. In particular, Golden Gate assembly has provided a facile molecular tool for standardized assembly of synthetic genetic elements into larger DNA constructs. In this work, a complete modular chloroplast cloning system, MoChlo, was developed and validated for fast and flexible chloroplast engineering in plants. A library of 128 standardized chloroplast-specific parts (47 promoters, 38 5' untranslated regions [5'UTRs], nine promoter:5'UTR fusions, 10 3'UTRs, 14 genes of interest, and 10 chloroplast-specific destination vectors) were mined from the literature and modified for use in MoChlo assembly, along with chloroplast-specific destination vectors. The strategy was validated by assembling synthetic operons of various sizes and determining the efficiency of assembly. This method was successfully used to generate chloroplast transformation vectors containing up to seven transcriptional units in a single vector (∼10.6-kb synthetic operon). To enable researchers with limited resources to engage in chloroplast biotechnology, and to accelerate progress in the field, the entire kit, as described, is available through Addgene at minimal cost. Thus, the MoChlo kit represents a valuable tool for fast and flexible design of heterologous metabolic pathways for plastid metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Occhialini
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Agnieszka A Piatek
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Alexander C Pfotenhauer
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Taylor P Frazier
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
- Elo Life Systems, Durham, North Carolina 27709
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Scott C Lenaghan
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
- Center for Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Habibi P, Soccol CR, O’Keefe BR, Krumpe LR, Wilson J, de Macedo LLP, Faheem M, Dos Santos VO, Prado GS, Botelho MA, Lacombe S, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Gene-silencing suppressors for high-level production of the HIV-1 entry inhibitor griffithsin in Nicotiana benthamiana. Process Biochem 2018; 70:45-54. [PMID: 32288594 PMCID: PMC7108441 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of emerging host organisms for the economic and efficient production of protein microbicides against HIV is urgently needed in resource-poor areas worldwide. In this study, the production of the novel HIV entry inhibitor candidate, griffithsin (GRFT), was investigated using Nicotiana benthamiana as the expression platform based on a non-viral vector. To increase the yield of recombinant GRFT, the RNA silencing defense mechanism of N. benthamiana was abolished by using three gene silencing suppressors. A transient expression system was used by transferring the GRFT gene, which encodes 122 amino acids, under the control of the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter. The presence of correctly assembled GRFT in transgenic leaves was confirmed using immunoglobulin-specific sandwich ELISA. The data demonstrated that the use of three gene silencing suppressors allowed the highest accumulation of GRFT, with a yield of 400 μg g-1 fresh weight, and this amount was reduced to 287 μg g-1 after purification, representing a recovery of 71.75%. The analysis also showed that the ability of GRFT expressed in N. benthamiana to bind to glycoprotein 120 is close to that of the GRFT protein purified from E. coli. Whole-cell assays using purified GRFT showed that our purified GRFT was potently active against HIV. This study provides the first high-level production of the HIV-1 entry inhibitor griffithsin with a non-viral expression system and illustrates the robustness of the co-agroinfiltration expression system improved through the use of three gene silencing suppressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Habibi
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB-Final W5 Norte – CP 02372, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Barry R. O’Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lauren R.H. Krumpe
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Molecular Targets Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Faheem
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB-Final W5 Norte – CP 02372, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Souza Prado
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB-Final W5 Norte – CP 02372, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | - Severine Lacombe
- IRD, CIRAD, Universite Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB-Final W5 Norte – CP 02372, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University Potiguar, Natal, RN, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hoelscher M, Tiller N, Teh AYH, Wu GZ, Ma JKC, Bock R. High-level expression of the HIV entry inhibitor griffithsin from the plastid genome and retention of biological activity in dried tobacco leaves. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 97:357-370. [PMID: 29948657 PMCID: PMC6061503 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0744-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The potent anti-HIV microbicide griffithsin was expressed to high levels in tobacco chloroplasts, enabling efficient purification from both fresh and dried biomass, thus providing storable material for inexpensive production and scale-up on demand. The global HIV epidemic continues to grow, with 1.8 million new infections occurring per year. In the absence of a cure and an AIDS vaccine, there is a pressing need to prevent new infections in order to curb the disease. Topical microbicides that block viral entry into human cells can potentially prevent HIV infection. The antiviral lectin griffithsin has been identified as a highly potent inhibitor of HIV entry into human cells. Here we have explored the possibility to use transplastomic plants as an inexpensive production platform for griffithsin. We show that griffithsin accumulates in stably transformed tobacco chloroplasts to up to 5% of the total soluble protein of the plant. Griffithsin can be easily purified from leaf material and shows similarly high virus neutralization activity as griffithsin protein recombinantly expressed in bacteria. We also show that dried tobacco provides a storable source material for griffithsin purification, thus enabling quick scale-up of production on demand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Hoelscher
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Nadine Tiller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Audrey Y-H Teh
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Guo-Zhang Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Julian K-C Ma
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ralph Bock
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fresquet-Corrales S, Roque E, Sarrión-Perdigones A, Rochina M, López-Gresa MP, Díaz-Mula HM, Bellés JM, Tomás-Barberán F, Beltrán JP, Cañas LA. Metabolic engineering to simultaneously activate anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathways in Nicotiana spp. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184839. [PMID: 28902886 PMCID: PMC5597232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), or condensed tannins, are powerful antioxidants that remove harmful free oxygen radicals from cells. To engineer the anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthetic pathways to de novo produce PAs in two Nicotiana species, we incorporated four transgenes to the plant chassis. We opted to perform a simultaneous transformation of the genes linked in a multigenic construct rather than classical breeding or retransformation approaches. We generated a GoldenBraid 2.0 multigenic construct containing two Antirrhinum majus transcription factors (AmRosea1 and AmDelila) to upregulate the anthocyanin pathway in combination with two Medicago truncatula genes (MtLAR and MtANR) to produce the enzymes that will derivate the biosynthetic pathway to PAs production. Transient and stable transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana tabacum with the multigenic construct were respectively performed. Transient expression experiments in N. benthamiana showed the activation of the anthocyanin pathway producing a purple color in the agroinfiltrated leaves and also the effective production of 208.5 nmol (-) catechin/g FW and 228.5 nmol (-) epicatechin/g FW measured by the p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) method. The integration capacity of the four transgenes, their respective expression levels and their heritability in the second generation were analyzed in stably transformed N. tabacum plants. DMACA and phoroglucinolysis/HPLC-MS analyses corroborated the activation of both pathways and the effective production of PAs in T0 and T1 transgenic tobacco plants up to a maximum of 3.48 mg/g DW. The possible biotechnological applications of the GB2.0 multigenic approach in forage legumes to produce "bloat-safe" plants and to improve the efficiency of conversion of plant protein into animal protein (ruminal protein bypass) are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edelín Roque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sarrión-Perdigones
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maricruz Rochina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - María P. López-Gresa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Huertas M. Díaz-Mula
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M. Bellés
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Tomás-Barberán
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Murcia, Spain
| | - José P. Beltrán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis A. Cañas
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-UPV), Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Plants are attractive platforms for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. Plants' modular and plastic body plans, capacity for photosynthesis, extensive secondary metabolism, and agronomic systems for large-scale production make them ideal targets for genetic reprogramming. However, efforts in this area have been constrained by slow growth, long life cycles, the requirement for specialized facilities, a paucity of efficient tools for genetic manipulation, and the complexity of multicellularity. There is a need for better experimental and theoretical frameworks to understand the way genetic networks, cellular populations, and tissue-wide physical processes interact at different scales. We highlight new approaches to the DNA-based manipulation of plants and the use of advanced quantitative imaging techniques in simple plant models such as Marchantia polymorpha. These offer the prospects of improved understanding of plant dynamics and new approaches to rational engineering of plant traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Boehm
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Pollak
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jim Haseloff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu Y, You L, Li S, Ma M, Wu M, Ma L, Bock R, Chang L, Zhang J. In vivo Assembly in Escherichia coli of Transformation Vectors for Plastid Genome Engineering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1454. [PMID: 28871270 PMCID: PMC5566966 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation for the expression of recombinant proteins and entire metabolic pathways has become a promising tool for plant biotechnology. However, large-scale application of this technology has been hindered by some technical bottlenecks, including lack of routine transformation protocols for agronomically important crop plants like rice or maize. Currently, there are no standard or commercial plastid transformation vectors available for the scientific community. Construction of a plastid transformation vector usually requires tedious and time-consuming cloning steps. In this study, we describe the adoption of an in vivo Escherichia coli cloning (iVEC) technology to quickly assemble a plastid transformation vector. The method enables simple and seamless build-up of a complete plastid transformation vector from five DNA fragments in a single step. The vector assembled for demonstration purposes contains an enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression cassette, in which the gfp transgene is driven by the tobacco plastid ribosomal RNA operon promoter fused to the 5' untranslated region (UTR) from gene10 of bacteriophage T7 and the transcript-stabilizing 3'UTR from the E. coli ribosomal RNA operon rrnB. Successful transformation of the tobacco plastid genome was verified by Southern blot analysis and seed assays. High-level expression of the GFP reporter in the transplastomic plants was visualized by confocal microscopy and Coomassie staining, and GFP accumulation was ~9% of the total soluble protein. The iVEC method represents a simple and efficient approach for construction of plastid transformation vector, and offers great potential for the assembly of increasingly complex vectors for synthetic biology applications in plastids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Lili You
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Meiqi Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Mengting Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Lixin Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Ralph Bock
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
- Department III, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam, Germany
| | - Ling Chang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Chang
| | - Jiang Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Hubei UniversityWuhan, China
- Jiang Zhang
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fräbel S, Krischke M, Staniek A, Warzecha H. Recombinant flavin-dependent halogenases are functional in tobacco chloroplasts without co-expression of flavin reductase genes. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1586-1594. [PMID: 27687297 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Halogenation of natural compounds in planta is rare. Herein, a successful engineering of tryptophan 6-halogenation into the plant context by heterologous expression of the Streptomyces toxytricini Stth gene and localization of its enzymatic product in various tobacco cell compartments is described. When co-expressed with the flavin reductase rebF from Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes, Stth efficiently produced chlorinated tryptophan in the cytosol. Further, supplementation of KBr yielded the brominated metabolite. More strikingly, targeting of the protein to the chloroplasts enabled effective halogenation of tryptophan even in absence of the partner reductase, providing crucial evidence for sufficient, organelle-specific supply of the FADH2 cofactor to drive halogen integration. Incorporation of an alternative enzyme, the 7-halogenase RebH from L. aerocolonigenes, into the metabolic set-up resulted in the formation of 6,7-dichlorotryptophan. Finally, expression of tryptophan decarboxylase (tdc) in concert with stth led to the generation of 6-chlorotryptamine, a new-to-nature precursor of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. In sum, the report highlights the tremendous application potential of plants as a unique chassis for the engineering of rare and valuable halogenated natural products, with chloroplasts as the cache of reduction equivalents driving metabolic reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Fräbel
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Julius-von-Sachs-Institut der Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agata Staniek
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Heribert Warzecha
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ahmad N, Michoux F, Lössl AG, Nixon PJ. Challenges and perspectives in commercializing plastid transformation technology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5945-5960. [PMID: 27697788 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plastid transformation has emerged as an alternative platform to generate transgenic plants. Attractive features of this technology include specific integration of transgenes-either individually or as operons-into the plastid genome through homologous recombination, the potential for high-level protein expression, and transgene containment because of the maternal inheritance of plastids. Several issues associated with nuclear transformation such as gene silencing, variable gene expression due to the Mendelian laws of inheritance, and epigenetic regulation have not been observed in the plastid genome. Plastid transformation has been successfully used for the production of therapeutics, vaccines, antigens, and commercial enzymes, and for engineering various agronomic traits including resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, these demonstrations have usually focused on model systems such as tobacco, and the technology per se has not yet reached the market. Technical factors limiting this technology include the lack of efficient protocols for the transformation of cereals, poor transgene expression in non-green plastids, a limited number of selection markers, and the lengthy procedures required to recover fully segregated plants. This article discusses the technology of transforming the plastid genome, the positive and negative features compared with nuclear transformation, and the current challenges that need to be addressed for successful commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Franck Michoux
- Alkion Biopharma SAS, 4 rue Pierre Fontaine, 91058 Evry, France
| | - Andreas G Lössl
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building-Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patron NJ, Orzaez D, Marillonnet S, Warzecha H, Matthewman C, Youles M, Raitskin O, Leveau A, Farré G, Rogers C, Smith A, Hibberd J, Webb AAR, Locke J, Schornack S, Ajioka J, Baulcombe DC, Zipfel C, Kamoun S, Jones JDG, Kuhn H, Robatzek S, Van Esse HP, Sanders D, Oldroyd G, Martin C, Field R, O'Connor S, Fox S, Wulff B, Miller B, Breakspear A, Radhakrishnan G, Delaux PM, Loqué D, Granell A, Tissier A, Shih P, Brutnell TP, Quick WP, Rischer H, Fraser PD, Aharoni A, Raines C, South PF, Ané JM, Hamberger BR, Langdale J, Stougaard J, Bouwmeester H, Udvardi M, Murray JAH, Ntoukakis V, Schäfer P, Denby K, Edwards KJ, Osbourn A, Haseloff J. Standards for plant synthetic biology: a common syntax for exchange of DNA parts. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:13-9. [PMID: 26171760 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Inventors in the field of mechanical and electronic engineering can access multitudes of components and, thanks to standardization, parts from different manufacturers can be used in combination with each other. The introduction of BioBrick standards for the assembly of characterized DNA sequences was a landmark in microbial engineering, shaping the field of synthetic biology. Here, we describe a standard for Type IIS restriction endonuclease-mediated assembly, defining a common syntax of 12 fusion sites to enable the facile assembly of eukaryotic transcriptional units. This standard has been developed and agreed by representatives and leaders of the international plant science and synthetic biology communities, including inventors, developers and adopters of Type IIS cloning methods. Our vision is of an extensive catalogue of standardized, characterized DNA parts that will accelerate plant bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Patron
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Diego Orzaez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda Tarongers SN, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Heribert Warzecha
- Plant Biotechnology and Metabolic Engineering, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstrasse 4, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Colette Matthewman
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Mark Youles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - Oleg Raitskin
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Aymeric Leveau
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Gemma Farré
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Christian Rogers
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alison Smith
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Julian Hibberd
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Alex A R Webb
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - James Locke
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Cambridge University, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Jim Ajioka
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - David C Baulcombe
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | | | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - H Peter Van Esse
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7RG, UK
| | - Dale Sanders
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Giles Oldroyd
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Cathie Martin
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rob Field
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sarah O'Connor
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Samantha Fox
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Brande Wulff
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ben Miller
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andy Breakspear
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | | | - Dominique Loqué
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, EmeryStation East, 5885 Hollis St, 4th Floor, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Avda Tarongers SN, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alain Tissier
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Patrick Shih
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | | | - W Paul Quick
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Heiko Rischer
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo 02044, Finland
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Christine Raines
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Paul F South
- United States Department of Agriculture, Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, ARS 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Departments of Bacteriology and Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Björn R Hamberger
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jane Langdale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Jens Stougaard
- Centre for Carbohydrate Recognition and Signalling, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AA, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - James A H Murray
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Katherine Denby
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre and School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Keith J Edwards
- BrisSynBio, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Anne Osbourn
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jim Haseloff
- OpenPlant Consortium: The University of Cambridge, The John Innes Centre and The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jin S, Daniell H. The Engineered Chloroplast Genome Just Got Smarter. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:622-640. [PMID: 26440432 PMCID: PMC4606472 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are known to sustain life on earth by providing food, fuel, and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. However, the chloroplast genome has also been smartly engineered to confer valuable agronomic traits and/or serve as bioreactors for the production of industrial enzymes, biopharmaceuticals, bioproducts, or vaccines. The recent breakthrough in hyperexpression of biopharmaceuticals in edible leaves has facilitated progression to clinical studies by major pharmaceutical companies. This review critically evaluates progress in developing new tools to enhance or simplify expression of targeted genes in chloroplasts. These tools hold the promise to further the development of novel fuels and products, enhance the photosynthetic process, and increase our understanding of retrograde signaling and cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxia Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fuqua JL, Hamorsky K, Khalsa G, Matoba N, Palmer KE. Bulk production of the antiviral lectin griffithsin. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1160-8. [PMID: 26176205 PMCID: PMC5016770 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Application of plant-based protein expression systems for bulk production of recombinant protein pharmaceuticals is building momentum. There are considerable regulatory challenges to consider in commercialization of plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs), some of which are inherent to plant-production systems and others that are common with other production systems, but are new to PMPs because of the youth of the industry. In this review, we discuss our recent and ongoing experience with bulk production of the HIV microbicide candidate, griffithsin (GRFT), utilizing plant-based transient protein expression, with specific focus on areas relevant to commercial manufacturing of bulk GRFT active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Analytical programs have been developed for the qualification and monitoring of both the expression vector system and the API detailing our experience and plans for each. Monitoring postpurification protein modifications are discussed in relation to stability and safety programs. Expression, processing and analytics programs are associated with increased manufacturing costs in current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) production because of the required qualification testing. The impact of these costs on the overall cost of goods is particularly relevant to GRFT manufacturing because GRFT, as an HIV microbicide, is most needed in populations at high risk for HIV exposure in resource-poor countries. Consequently, GRFT for microbicide applications is a very cost-sensitive recombinant PMP. We have therefore emphasized maintaining a low cost of goods. We provide a review of the literature on the economics of PMPs with various expression systems and how they may impact production costs and complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Fuqua
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Krystal Hamorsky
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Nobuyuki Matoba
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kenneth E Palmer
- Owensboro Cancer Research Program, Owensboro, KY, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|