1
|
Booth S, Ko JH. Radionuclide Imaging of the Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Substrate of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson's Disease. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 58:213-226. [PMID: 38932760 PMCID: PMC11196570 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-024-00842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a frequent manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD), resulting in decrease in patients' quality of life and increased societal and economic burden. However, cognitive decline in PD is highly heterogenous and the mechanisms are poorly understood. Radionuclide imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have been used to investigate the neurochemical and neuroanatomical substrate of cognitive decline in PD. These techniques allow the assessment of different neurotransmitter systems, changes in brain glucose metabolism, proteinopathy, and neuroinflammation in vivo in PD patients. Here, we review current radionuclide imaging research on cognitive deficit in PD with a focus on predicting accelerating cognitive decline. This research could assist in the development of prognostic biomarkers for patient stratification and have utility in the development of ameliorative or disease-modifying therapies targeting cognitive deficit in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Booth
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 130-745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9 Canada
- PrairieNeuro Research Centre, Kleysen Institute of Advanced Medicine, Health Science Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ji Hyun Ko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 130-745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9 Canada
- PrairieNeuro Research Centre, Kleysen Institute of Advanced Medicine, Health Science Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cucca A, Manara CV, Catalan M, Liccari M, Antonutti L, Lombardo TMI, Cenacchi V, Rangan S, Mingolo S, Crisafulli C, Dore F, Murgia M, Agostini T, Manganotti P. Using illusions to understand hallucinations: differences in perceptual performances on illusory figures may underscore specific visuoperceptual impairments in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1256224. [PMID: 38125403 PMCID: PMC10732246 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1256224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual hallucinations are prevalent, potentially disabling symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Multiple impairments in bottom-up sensory processing and top-down perceptual modulation are implicated in the pathophysiology of these phenomena. In healthy individuals, visual illusions are elicited by illusory figures through parametric manipulations of geometrical configurations, contrast, color, or spatial relationships between stimuli. These illusory percepts provide insight on the physiologic processes subserving conscious and unconscious perception. In this exploratory, cross-sectional, controlled study, perceptual performance on illusory figures was assessed on 11 PD patients with hallucinations, 10 non-hallucinating PD patients, and 10 age-matched healthy individuals. In order to characterize potential neural substrates of perceptual performances, patients' brain metabolic patterns on FDG PET were also analyzed. Illusions relying on attentional modulation and global perception were attenuated in PD patients without hallucinations. This pattern was no longer recognizable in hallucinating patients. Conversely, illusory effects normally counteracted by figure to background segregation and overlapping figures recognition were enhanced in PD patients with hallucinations. FDG PET findings further suggest that perceptual differences between PD patients might be linked to abnormal top-down perceptual modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cucca
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Mauro Catalan
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Liccari
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia Antonutti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Cenacchi
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sophie Rangan
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Serena Mingolo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carmelo Crisafulli
- Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Diagnostic Department University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Franca Dore
- Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Diagnostic Department University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Murgia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tiziano Agostini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Neurology Clinic, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hanna-Pladdy B, Pahwa R, Lyons KE. Dopaminergic Basis of Spatial Deficits in Early Parkinson's Disease. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab042. [PMID: 34738086 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic mechanisms regulating cognitive and motor control were evaluated comparing visuoperceptual and perceptuomotor functions in Parkinson's disease (PD). The performance of PD patients (n = 40) was contrasted with healthy controls (n = 42) across two separate visits (on and off dopaminergic medications) on computerized tasks of perception and aiming to a target at variable stimulus lengths (4, 8, 12 cm). Novel visuoperceptual tasks of length equivalence and width interval estimations without motor demands were compared with tasks estimating spatial deviation in movement termination. The findings support the presence of spatial deficits in early PD, more pronounced with increased discrimination difficulty, and with shorter stimulus lengths of 4 cm for both visuoperceptual and perceptumotor functions. Dopaminergic medication had an adverse impact on visuoperceptual accuracy in particular for length equivalence estimations, in contrast with dopaminergic modulation of perceptuomotor functions that reduced angular displacements toward the target. The differential outcomes for spatial accuracy in perception versus movement termination in PD are consistent with involvement of the direct pathway and models of progressive loss of dopamine through corticostriatal loops. Future research should develop validated and sensitive standardized tests of perception and explore dopaminergic selective deficits in PD to optimize medication titration for motor and cognitive symptoms of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hanna-Pladdy
- Center for Advanced Imaging Research (CAIR), Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - R Pahwa
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - K E Lyons
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ishioka T, Hirayama K, Hosokai Y, Takeda A, Suzuki K, Nishio Y, Sawada Y, Abe N, Mori E. Impaired perception of illusory contours and cortical hypometabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 32:102779. [PMID: 34418792 PMCID: PMC8385116 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the perception of illusory contours in patients with PD. PD patients showed difficulty in perceiving Kanizsa illusory figures. Impaired perception of Kanizsa illusory figures was related to LOC hypometabolism.
Neuroimaging evidence suggests that areas of the higher-order visual cortex, including the lateral occipital complex (LOC), are engaged in the perception of illusory contours; however, these findings remain unsubstantiated by human lesion data. Therefore, we assessed the presentation time necessary to perceive two types of illusory contours formed by Kanizsa figures or aligned line ends in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Additionally, we used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to measure regional cerebral glucose metabolism in PD patients. Although there were no significant differences in the stimulus durations required for perception of illusory contours formed by aligned line ends between PD patients and controls, PD patients required significantly longer stimulus durations for the perception of Kanizsa illusory figures. Difficulty in perceiving Kanizsa illusory figures was correlated with hypometabolism in the higher-order visual cortical areas, including the posterior inferior temporal gyrus. These findings indicate an association between dysfunction in the posterior inferior temporal gyrus, a region corresponding to a portion of the LOC, and impaired perception of Kanizsa illusory figures in PD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ishioka
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Health and Social Services, Saitama Prefectural University, Japan; Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan.
| | - Kazumi Hirayama
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Science, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hosokai
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan; Department of Radiological Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, Sendai Nishitaga Hospital, Japan
| | - Kyoko Suzuki
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nishio
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sawada
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan; Department of Health and Welfare Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Abe
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan; Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Etsuro Mori
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Japan; Department of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gang M, Baba T, Hosokai Y, Nishio Y, Kikuchi A, Hirayama K, Hasegawa T, Aoki M, Takeda A, Mori E, Suzuki K. Clinical and Cerebral Metabolic Changes in Parkinson's Disease With Basal Forebrain Atrophy. Mov Disord 2020; 35:825-832. [PMID: 31971293 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinergic dysfunction plays a key role in cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent studies revealed that atrophy in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), the largest cholinergic nucleus in the basal forebrain, heralds cognitive decline in PD. Despite clinical importance of NBM atrophy in PD, clinical and radiological correlates of NBM atrophy remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE We investigated the longitudinal changes in clinical and cerebral glucose metabolic characteristics in PD with atrophy in the NBM. METHODS We analyzed the 3-year longitudinal data of 56 PD patients who underwent motor, nonmotor, and imaging evaluations at baseline. The patients were classified into PD with and without NBM atrophy based on the results of magnetic resonance imaging volumetry. We compared clinical characteristics and cerebral glucose metabolic changes between PD with and without NBM atrophy. RESULTS At baseline, 20 patients and 36 patients were classified into PD with and without NBM atrophy groups, respectively. At follow-up, the data of the 14 PD patients in the NBM atrophy group and the 18 patients in the group without NBM atrophy completed full assessments and were available for the analysis. The PD with NBM atrophy group showed severe cognitive dysfunction and psychiatric symptoms both at baseline and follow-up. The NBM volume significantly correlated with motor and nonmotor functions. The PD with NBM atrophy showed significantly reduced metabolism in the parietal and occipital cortices both at baseline and follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Basal forebrain atrophy is a simple and sensible marker of faster disease progression and cortical hypometabolism in PD. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyeong Gang
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hosokai
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Radiological Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nishio
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hirayama
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Science, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Etsuro Mori
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kyoko Suzuki
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Trošt M, Perovnik M, Pirtošek Z. Correlations of Neuropsychological and Metabolic Brain Changes in Parkinson's Disease and Other α-Synucleinopathies. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1204. [PMID: 31798525 PMCID: PMC6868095 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a common feature in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other α-synucleinopathies as 80% of PD patients develop dementia within 20 years. Early cognitive changes in PD patients present as a dysexecutive syndrome, broadly characterized as a disruption of the fronto-striatal dopamine network. Cognitive deficits in other domains (recognition memory, attention processes and visuospatial abilities) become apparent with the progression of PD and development of dementia. In dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) the cognitive impairment develops early or even precedes parkinsonism and it is more pronounced in visuospatial skills and memory. Cognitive impairment in the rarer α-synucleinopathies (multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure) is less well studied. Metabolic brain imaging with positron emission tomography and [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) is a well-established diagnostic method in neurodegenerative diseases, including dementias. Changes in glucose metabolism precede those seen on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Reduction in glucose metabolism and atrophy have been suggested to represent consecutive changes of neurodegeneration and are linked to specific cognitive disorders (e.g., dysexecutive syndrome, memory impairment, visuospatial deficits etc.). Advances in the statistical analysis of FDG-PET images enabling a network analysis broadened our understanding of neurodegenerative brain processes. A specific cognitive pattern related to PD was identified by applying voxel-based network modeling approach. The magnitude of this pattern correlated significantly with patients' cognitive skills. Specific metabolic brain changes were observed also in patients with DLB as well as in a prodromal phase of α-synucleinopathy: REM sleep behavior disorder. Metabolic brain imaging with FDG-PET is a reliable biomarker of neurodegenerative brain diseases throughout their course, precisely reflecting their topographic distribution, stage and functional impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Trošt
- Department for Neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department for Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Perovnik
- Department for Neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Zvezdan Pirtošek
- Department for Neurology, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Massa F, Arnaldi D, De Cesari F, Girtler N, Brugnolo A, Grazzini M, Bauckneht M, Meli R, Morbelli S, Pardini M, Sambuceti G, De Carli F, Tiraboschi P, Nobili F. Neuroimaging findings and clinical trajectories of Lewy body disease in patients with MCI. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 76:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
8
|
Yoshida S, Hasegawa T, Suzuki M, Sugeno N, Kobayashi J, Ueyama M, Fukuda M, Ido-Fujibayashi A, Sekiguchi K, Ezura M, Kikuchi A, Baba T, Takeda A, Mochizuki H, Nagai Y, Aoki M. Parkinson's disease-linked DNAJC13 mutation aggravates alpha-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity through perturbation of endosomal trafficking. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:823-836. [PMID: 29309590 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in DNAJC13 gene have been linked to familial form of Parkinson's disease (PD) with Lewy pathology. DNAJC13 is an endosome-related protein and believed to regulate endosomal membrane trafficking. However, the mechanistic link between DNAJC13 mutation and α-synuclein (αSYN) pathology toward neurodegeneration remains poorly understood. In this study, we showed that PD-linked N855S-mutant DNAJC13 caused αSYN accumulation in the endosomal compartment, presumably due to defective cargo trafficking from the early endosome to the late and/or recycling endosome. In vivo experiments using human αSYN transgenic flies showed that mutant DNAJC13 not only increased the amount of insoluble αSYN in fly head but also induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration, rough eye phenotype and age-dependent locomotor impairment. Together, these findings suggest that DNAJC13 mutation perturbs multi-directional endosomal trafficking, resulting in the aberrant endosomal retention of αSYN, which might predispose to the neurodegenerative process that leads to PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yoshida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Mari Suzuki
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Diabetic Neuropathy Project, Department of Sensory and Motor Systems, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Junpei Kobayashi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Morio Ueyama
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Fukuda
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akemi Ido-Fujibayashi
- Division of Matrixome Research and Application, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Division of Matrixome Research and Application, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michinori Ezura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Baba
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai 982-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Crowley EK, Nolan YM, Sullivan AM. Exercise as a therapeutic intervention for motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: Evidence from rodent models. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 172:2-22. [PMID: 30481560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway, which leads to the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease - tremor, rigidity and postural instability. A number of non-motor symptoms are also associated with PD, including cognitive impairment, mood disturbances and dysfunction of gastrointestinal and autonomic systems. Current therapies provide symptomatic relief but do not halt the disease process, so there is an urgent need for preventative strategies. Lifestyle interventions such as aerobic exercise have shown potential to lower the risk of developing PD and to alleviate both motor and non-motor symptoms. However, there is a lack of large-scale randomised clinical trials that have employed exercise in PD patients. This review will focus on the evidence from studies on rodent models of PD, for employing exercise as an intervention for both motor and non-motor symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E K Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Y M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - A M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lanskey JH, McColgan P, Schrag AE, Acosta-Cabronero J, Rees G, Morris HR, Weil RS. Can neuroimaging predict dementia in Parkinson's disease? Brain 2018; 141:2545-2560. [PMID: 30137209 PMCID: PMC6113860 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia in Parkinson's disease affects 50% of patients within 10 years of diagnosis but there is wide variation in severity and timing. Thus, robust neuroimaging prediction of cognitive involvement in Parkinson's disease is important: (i) to identify at-risk individuals for clinical trials of potential new treatments; (ii) to provide reliable prognostic information for individuals and populations; and (iii) to shed light on the pathophysiological processes underpinning Parkinson's disease dementia. To date, neuroimaging has not made major contributions to predicting cognitive involvement in Parkinson's disease. This is perhaps unsurprising considering conventional methods rely on macroscopic measures of topographically distributed neurodegeneration, a relatively late event in Parkinson's dementia. However, new technologies are now emerging that could provide important insights through detection of other potentially relevant processes. For example, novel MRI approaches can quantify magnetic susceptibility as a surrogate for tissue iron content, and increasingly powerful mathematical approaches can characterize the topology of brain networks at the systems level. Here, we present an up-to-date overview of the growing role of neuroimaging in predicting dementia in Parkinson's disease. We discuss the most relevant findings to date, and consider the potential of emerging technologies to detect the earliest signs of cognitive involvement in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette H Lanskey
- Institute of Neurology, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter McColgan
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Anette E Schrag
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus UCL Institute of Neurology, UK
| | | | - Geraint Rees
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Campus UCL Institute of Neurology, UK
- Department of Movement Disorders, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Rimona S Weil
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, Queen Square, London, UK
- UCL Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hasegawa T, Yoshida S, Sugeno N, Kobayashi J, Aoki M. DnaJ/Hsp40 Family and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 11:743. [PMID: 29367843 PMCID: PMC5767785 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common devastating neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. The precise molecular and cellular basis underlying PD still remains uncertain; however, accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal cell death is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Over the previous two decades, more than 20 genes have been identified as the cause of and/or risk for PD. Because sporadic and familial forms of PD have many similarities in clinical and neuropathological features, common molecular pathways, such as aberrant mitochondrial and protein homeostasis, are likely to exist in both conditions. Of the various genes and proteins involved in PD, the versatile DnaJ/Hsp40 co-chaperones have attracted particular attention since several genes encoding this protein family have been successively identified as the cause of the familial forms of PD/Parkinsonism. In this review, we will introduce the current knowledge regarding the integratory and modulatory effect of DnaJ/Hsp40 in various cellular functions and argue how the failure of these proteins may initiate and/or facilitate of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shun Yoshida
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Junpei Kobayashi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ash S, Jester C, York C, Kofman OL, Langey R, Halpin A, Firn K, Dominguez Perez S, Chahine L, Spindler M, Dahodwala N, Irwin DJ, McMillan C, Weintraub D, Grossman M. Longitudinal decline in speech production in Parkinson's disease spectrum disorders. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 171:42-51. [PMID: 28527315 PMCID: PMC5512868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined narrative speech production longitudinally in non-demented (n=15) and mildly demented (n=8) patients with Parkinson's disease spectrum disorder (PDSD), and we related increasing impairment to structural brain changes in specific language and motor regions. Patients provided semi-structured speech samples, describing a standardized picture at two time points (mean±SD interval=38±24months). The recorded speech samples were analyzed for fluency, grammar, and informativeness. PDSD patients with dementia exhibited significant decline in their speech, unrelated to changes in overall cognitive or motor functioning. Regression analysis in a subset of patients with MRI scans (n=11) revealed that impaired language performance at Time 2 was associated with reduced gray matter (GM) volume at Time 1 in regions of interest important for language functioning but not with reduced GM volume in motor brain areas. These results dissociate language and motor systems and highlight the importance of non-motor brain regions for declining language in PDSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Ash
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
| | - Charles Jester
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Collin York
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Olga L Kofman
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Rachel Langey
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Amy Halpin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kim Firn
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sophia Dominguez Perez
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lama Chahine
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Meredith Spindler
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nabila Dahodwala
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - David J Irwin
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Corey McMillan
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meles SK, Teune LK, de Jong BM, Dierckx RA, Leenders KL. Metabolic Imaging in Parkinson Disease. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:23-28. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.183152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
|
14
|
Perez-Lloret S, Peralta MC, Barrantes FJ. Pharmacotherapies for Parkinson's disease symptoms related to cholinergic degeneration. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2016; 17:2405-2415. [PMID: 27785919 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2016.1254189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dopamine depletion is one of the most important features of Parkinson's Disease (PD). However, insufficient response to dopaminergic replacement therapy suggests the involvement of other neurotransmitter systems in the pathophysiology of PD. Cholinergic degeneration contributes to gait impairments, cognitive impairment, psychosis, and REM-sleep disturbances, among other symptoms. Areas covered: In this review, we explore the idea that enhancing cholinergic tone by pharmacological or neurosurgical procedures could be a first-line therapeutic strategy for the treatment of symptoms derived from cholinergic degeneration in PD. Expert opinion: Rivastigmine, a drug that increases cholinergic tone by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase, is effective for dementia, whereas the use of Donepezil is still in the realm of investigation. Interesting results suggest the efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of gait dysfunction. Evidence on the clinical effects of these drugs for psychosis and REM-sleep disturbances is still weak. Stimulation of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nuclei (which provide cholinergic innervation to the brain stem and subcortical nuclei) has also been used with some success for the treatment of gait dysfunction. Anticholinergic drugs should be used with caution in PD, as they may aggravate cholinergic symptoms. Notwithstanding, in some patients they might help control parkinsonian motor symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Perez-Lloret
- a Institute of Cardiology Research , University of Buenos Aires, National Research Council (CONICET-ININCA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Peralta
- b Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Neurology Department , CEMIC University Hospital , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- c Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology , Institute for Biomedical Research, UCA-CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Weil RS, Schrag AE, Warren JD, Crutch SJ, Lees AJ, Morris HR. Visual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2016; 139:2827-2843. [PMID: 27412389 PMCID: PMC5091042 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease have a number of specific visual disturbances. These include changes in colour vision and contrast sensitivity and difficulties with complex visual tasks such as mental rotation and emotion recognition. We review changes in visual function at each stage of visual processing from retinal deficits, including contrast sensitivity and colour vision deficits to higher cortical processing impairments such as object and motion processing and neglect. We consider changes in visual function in patients with common Parkinson's disease-associated genetic mutations including GBA and LRRK2 . We discuss the association between visual deficits and clinical features of Parkinson's disease such as rapid eye movement sleep behavioural disorder and the postural instability and gait disorder phenotype. We review the link between abnormal visual function and visual hallucinations, considering current models for mechanisms of visual hallucinations. Finally, we discuss the role of visuo-perceptual testing as a biomarker of disease and predictor of dementia in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rimona S. Weil
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Anette E. Schrag
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jason D. Warren
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sebastian J. Crutch
- 4 Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Lees
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Huw R. Morris
- 1 Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- 2 National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, UK
- 3 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Striatum in Parkinson's Disease after Levodopa Administration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161935. [PMID: 27611959 PMCID: PMC5017636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite improvement in motor symptoms, the effect of dopaminergic medications on cognition in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is less clear. The purpose of this study was to reveal levodopa-induced acute changes in the functional connectivity of the striatum in patients with PD compared with matched untreated patients and healthy volunteers. Methods Twenty-two patients with PD underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging both ON and OFF dopamine-replacement therapy on two consecutive days. Twenty-eight normal aging volunteers also did them without taking in levodopa. Three caudate seeds and two putamen seeds were selected to calculate functional connectivity intensity. Results Motor symptoms measured by UPDRS were significantly worse in PD OFF than PD ON. Decreased functional connectivity in PD OFF compared to controls was detected in the following seed regions: dorsal caudate, ventral putamen and dorsal putamen. Increases in connectivity in PD ON compared to controls were found in the primary and supplementary motor areas and the associative prefrontal and parietal regions, while decreases in anterior cingulate, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus. For the ventral striatal seeds, decreased connectivity in PD ON compared to PD OFF was found in the ventromedial prefrontal and orbitofrontal regions, dorsolateral prefrontal regions. For the dorsal striatal seeds, increased connectivity in PD ON compared to PD OFF was observed in the primary and secondary motor areas. Conclusion Our results suggest that levodopa significantly changes the motor and cognitive networks of the cortico-striatal pathways. This knowledge will lead clinicians to survey a broader range of symptoms in determining optimal therapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Delgado-Alvarado M, Gago B, Navalpotro-Gomez I, Jiménez-Urbieta H, Rodriguez-Oroz MC. Biomarkers for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2016; 31:861-81. [PMID: 27193487 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is one of the most frequent and disabling nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease. Around 30% of patients with Parkinson's disease experience mild cognitive impairment, a well-established risk factor for the development of dementia. However, mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease is a heterogeneous entity that involves different types and extents of cognitive deficits. Because it is not currently known which type of mild cognitive impairment confers a higher risk of progression to dementia, it would be useful to define biomarkers that could identify these patients to better study disease progression and possible interventions. In this sense, the identification among patients with Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment of biomarkers associated with dementia would allow the early detection of this process. This review summarizes studies from the past 25 years that have assessed the potential biomarkers of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients. Despite the potential importance, no biomarker has as yet been validated. However, features such as low levels of epidermal and insulin-like growth factors or uric acid in plasma/serum and of Aß in CSF, reduction of cerebral cholinergic innervation and metabolism measured by PET mainly in posterior areas, and hippocampal atrophy in MRI might be indicative of distinct deficits with a distinct risk of dementia in subgroups of patients. Longitudinal studies combining the existing techniques and new approaches are needed to identify patients at higher risk of dementia. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Delgado-Alvarado
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Navalpotro-Gomez
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haritz Jiménez-Urbieta
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María C Rodriguez-Oroz
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastián, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Neurology Department, University Hospital Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,Ikerbasque (Basque Foundation for Science), Bilbao, Spain.,Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language (BCBL), San Sebastián, Spain.,Physiology Department, Medical School University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Perez-Lloret S, Barrantes FJ. Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission and their clinical correlates in Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2:16001. [PMID: 28725692 PMCID: PMC5516588 DOI: 10.1038/npjparkd.2016.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In view of its ability to explain the most frequent motor symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (PD), degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been considered one of the disease’s main pathophysiological features. Several studies have shown that neurodegeneration also affects noradrenergic, serotoninergic, cholinergic and other monoaminergic neuronal populations. In this work, the characteristics of cholinergic deficits in PD and their clinical correlates are reviewed. Important neurophysiological processes at the root of several motor and cognitive functions remit to cholinergic neurotransmission at the synaptic, pathway, and circuital levels. The bulk of evidence highlights the link between cholinergic alterations and PD motor symptoms, gait dysfunction, levodopa-induced dyskinesias, cognitive deterioration, psychosis, sleep abnormalities, autonomic dysfunction, and altered olfactory function. The pathophysiology of these symptoms is related to alteration of the cholinergic tone in the striatum and/or to degeneration of cholinergic nuclei, most importantly the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and the pedunculopontine nucleus. Several results suggest the clinical usefulness of antimuscarinic drugs for treating PD motor symptoms and of inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase for the treatment of dementia. Data also suggest that these inhibitors and pedunculopontine nucleus deep-brain stimulation might also be effective in preventing falls. Finally, several drugs acting on nicotinic receptors have proved efficacious for treating levodopa-induced dyskinesias and cognitive impairment and as neuroprotective agents in PD animal models. Results in human patients are still lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Perez-Lloret
- Institute of Cardiologic Research, National Scientific and Research Council (ININCA-CONICET), Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Biomedical Research, UCA-CONICET, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Albani G, Pedroli E, Cipresso P, Bulla D, Cimolin V, Thomas A, Mauro A, Riva G. Visual Hallucinations as Incidental Negative Effects of Virtual Reality on Parkinson's Disease Patients: A Link with Neurodegeneration? PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2015; 2015:194629. [PMID: 26064775 PMCID: PMC4441992 DOI: 10.1155/2015/194629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We followed up a series of 23 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients who had performed an immersive virtual reality (VR) protocol eight years before. On that occasion, six patients incidentally described visual hallucinations (VH) with occurrences of images not included in the virtual environment. Curiously, in the following years, only these patients reported the appearance of VH later in their clinical history, while the rest of the group did not. Even considering the limited sample size, we may argue that VR immersive systems can induce unpleasant effects in PD patients who are predisposed to a cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Albani
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Ospedale San Giuseppe, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Cadorna 90, Piancavallo, 28824 Verbania, Italy
| | - Elisa Pedroli
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Magnasco 2, 20149 Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Cipresso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Magnasco 2, 20149 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniel Bulla
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Ospedale San Giuseppe, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Cadorna 90, Piancavallo, 28824 Verbania, Italy
| | - Veronica Cimolin
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Astrid Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Neuroimaging and Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi “G. d'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Ospedale San Giuseppe, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Cadorna 90, Piancavallo, 28824 Verbania, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini”, Università di Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Magnasco 2, 20149 Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica di Milano, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|