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Nagao K, Suito T, Murakami A, Umeda M. Lipid-Mediated Mechanisms of Thermal Adaptation and Thermoregulatory Behavior in Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1461:79-95. [PMID: 39289275 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-4584-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Temperature affects a variety of cellular processes because the molecular motion of cellular constituents and the rate of biochemical reactions are sensitive to temperature changes. Thus, the adaptation to temperature is necessary to maintain cellular functions during temperature fluctuation, particularly in poikilothermic organisms. For a wide range of organisms, cellular lipid molecules play a pivotal role during thermal adaptation. Temperature changes affect the physicochemical properties of lipid molecules, resulting in the alteration of cell membrane-related functions and energy metabolism. Since the chemical structures of lipid molecules determine their physicochemical properties and cellular functions, cellular lipids, particularly fatty acid-containing lipid molecules, are remodeled as a thermal adaptation response to compensate for the effects of temperature change. In this chapter, we first introduce the structure and biosynthetic pathway of fatty acid-containing lipid molecules, such as phospholipid and triacylglycerol, followed by a description of the cellular lipid-mediated mechanisms of thermal adaptation and thermoregulatory behavior in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohjiro Nagao
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takuto Suito
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Umeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- HOLO BIO Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
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2
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Ocean acidification causes fundamental changes in the cellular metabolism of the Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis as detected by metabolomic analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22223. [PMID: 36564436 PMCID: PMC9789029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a targeted metabolomic approach we investigated the effects of low seawater pH on energy metabolism in two late copepodite stages (CIV and CV) of the keystone Arctic copepod species Calanus glacialis. Exposure to decreasing seawater pH (from 8.0 to 7.0) caused increased ATP, ADP and NAD+ and decreased AMP concentrations in stage CIV, and increased ATP and phospho-L-arginine and decreased AMP concentrations in stage CV. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis showed enrichment of the TCA cycle and a range of amino acid metabolic pathways in both stages. Concentrations of lactate, malate, fumarate and alpha-ketoglutarate (all involved in the TCA cycle) increased in stage CIV, whereas only alpha-ketoglutarate increased in stage CV. Based on the pattern of concentration changes in glucose, pyruvate, TCA cycle metabolites, and free amino acids, we hypothesise that ocean acidification will lead to a shift in energy production from carbohydrate metabolism in the glycolysis toward amino acid metabolism in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation in stage CIV. In stage CV, concentrations of most of the analysed free fatty acids increased, suggesting in particular that ocean acidification increases the metabolism of stored wax esters in this stage. Moreover, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis was enriched in both stages indicating increased enzyme production to handle low pH stress.
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3
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Somero GN. Solutions: how adaptive changes in cellular fluids enable marine life to cope with abiotic stressors. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:389-413. [PMID: 37073170 PMCID: PMC10077225 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-022-00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The seas confront organisms with a suite of abiotic stressors that pose challenges for physiological activity. Variations in temperature, hydrostatic pressure, and salinity have potential to disrupt structures, and functions of all molecular systems on which life depends. During evolution, sequences of nucleic acids and proteins are adaptively modified to "fit" these macromolecules for function under the particular abiotic conditions of the habitat. Complementing these macromolecular adaptations are alterations in compositions of solutions that bathe macromolecules and affect stabilities of their higher order structures. A primary result of these "micromolecular" adaptations is preservation of optimal balances between conformational rigidity and flexibility of macromolecules. Micromolecular adaptations involve several families of organic osmolytes, with varying effects on macromolecular stability. A given type of osmolyte generally has similar effects on DNA, RNA, proteins and membranes; thus, adaptive regulation of cellular osmolyte pools has a global effect on macromolecules. These effects are mediated largely through influences of osmolytes and macromolecules on water structure and activity. Acclimatory micromolecular responses are often critical in enabling organisms to cope with environmental changes during their lifetimes, for example, during vertical migration in the water column. A species' breadth of environmental tolerance may depend on how effectively it can vary the osmolyte composition of its cellular fluids in the face of stress. Micromolecular adaptations remain an under-appreciated aspect of evolution and acclimatization. Further study can lead to a better understanding of determinants of environmental tolerance ranges and to biotechnological advances in designing improved stabilizers for biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- George N. Somero
- Department of Biology, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA
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4
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Monroig Ó, Shu-Chien A, Kabeya N, Tocher D, Castro L. Desaturases and elongases involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in aquatic animals: From genes to functions. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Winnikoff JR, Haddock SHD, Budin I. Depth- and temperature-specific fatty acid adaptations in ctenophores from extreme habitats. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb242800. [PMID: 34676421 PMCID: PMC8627573 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Animals are known to regulate the composition of their cell membranes to maintain key biophysical properties in response to changes in temperature. For deep-sea marine organisms, high hydrostatic pressure represents an additional, yet much more poorly understood, perturbant of cell membrane structure. Previous studies in fish and marine microbes have reported correlations with temperature and depth of membrane-fluidizing lipid components, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids. Because little has been done to isolate the separate effects of temperature and pressure on the lipid pool, it is still not understood whether these two environmental factors elicit independent or overlapping biochemical adaptive responses. Here, we use the taxonomic and habitat diversity of the phylum Ctenophora to test whether distinct low-temperature and high-pressure signatures can be detected in fatty acid profiles. We measured the fatty acid composition of 105 individual ctenophores, representing 21 species, from deep and shallow Arctic, temperate, and tropical sampling locales (sea surface temperature, -2° to 28°C). In tropical and temperate regions, remotely operated submersibles (ROVs) enabled sampling down to 4000 m. We found that among specimens with body temperatures 7.5°C or colder, depth predicted fatty acid unsaturation levels. In contrast, in the upper 200 m of the water column, temperature predicted fatty acid chain lengths. Taken together, our findings suggest that lipid metabolism may be specialized with respect to multiple physical variables in diverse marine environments. Largely distinct modes of adaptation to depth and cold imply that polar marine invertebrates may not find a ready refugium from climate change in the deep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Winnikoff
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd., Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Steven H. D. Haddock
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Rd., Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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6
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Henson SA, Cael BB, Allen SR, Dutkiewicz S. Future phytoplankton diversity in a changing climate. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5372. [PMID: 34508102 PMCID: PMC8433162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25699-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The future response of marine ecosystem diversity to continued anthropogenic forcing is poorly constrained. Phytoplankton are a diverse set of organisms that form the base of the marine ecosystem. Currently, ocean biogeochemistry and ecosystem models used for climate change projections typically include only 2-3 phytoplankton types and are, therefore, too simple to adequately assess the potential for changes in plankton community structure. Here, we analyse a complex ecosystem model with 35 phytoplankton types to evaluate the changes in phytoplankton community composition, turnover and size structure over the 21st century. We find that the rate of turnover in the phytoplankton community becomes faster during this century, that is, the community structure becomes increasingly unstable in response to climate change. Combined with alterations to phytoplankton diversity, our results imply a loss of ecological resilience with likely knock-on effects on the productivity and functioning of the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B B Cael
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephanie R Allen
- National Oceanography Centre, European Way, Southampton, UK
- School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton, UK
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, Plymouth, UK
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Center for Global Change Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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7
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Turner NR, Bera G, Renegar DA, Frank TM, Riegl BM, Sericano JL, Sweet S, Knap AH. Measured and predicted acute toxicity of phenanthrene and MC252 crude oil to vertically migrating deep-sea crustaceans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:45270-45281. [PMID: 32789631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deep-water column micronekton play a key role in oceanic food webs and represent an important trophic link between deep- and shallow-water ecosystems. Thus, the potential impacts of sub-surface hydrocarbon plumes on these organisms are critical to developing a more complete understanding of ocean-wide effects resulting from deep-sea oil spills. This work was designed to advance the understanding of hydrocarbon toxicity in several ecologically important deep-sea micronekton species using controlled laboratory exposures aimed at determining lethal threshold exposure levels. The current study confirmed the results previously determined for five deep-sea micronekton by measuring lethal threshold levels for phenanthrene between 81.2 and 277.5 μg/L. These results were used to calibrate the target lipid model and to calculate a critical target lipid body burden for each species. In addition, an oil solubility model was used to predict the acute toxicity of MC252 crude oil to vertically migrating crustaceans, Janicella spinacauda and Euphausiidae spp., and to compare the predictions with results of a 48-h constant exposure toxicity test with passive-dosing. Results confirmed that the tested deep-sea micronekton appear more sensitive than many other organisms when exposed to dissolved oil, but baseline stress complicated interpretation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Turner
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania, FL, 33312, USA.
| | - Gopal Bera
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - D Abigail Renegar
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania, FL, 33312, USA
| | - Tamara M Frank
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania, FL, 33312, USA
| | - Bernhard M Riegl
- Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Nova Southeastern University, Dania, FL, 33312, USA
| | - José L Sericano
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Stephen Sweet
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - Anthony H Knap
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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8
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Yancey PH. Cellular responses in marine animals to hydrostatic pressure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:398-420. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Yancey
- Department of BiologyWhitman CollegeWalla Walla Washington
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9
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Lee MC, Park JC, Lee JS. Effects of environmental stressors on lipid metabolism in aquatic invertebrates. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:83-92. [PMID: 29727774 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is crucial for the survival and propagation of the species, since lipids are an essential cellular component across animal taxa for maintaining homeostasis in the presence of environmental stressors. This review aims to summarize information on the lipid metabolism under environmental stressors in aquatic invertebrates. Fatty acid synthesis from glucose via de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway is mostly well-conserved across animal taxa. The structure of free fatty acid (FFA) from both dietary and DNL pathway could be transformed by elongase and desaturase. In addition, FFA can be stored in lipid droplet as triacylglycerol, upon attachment to glycerol. However, due to the limited information on both gene and lipid composition, in-depth studies on the structural modification of FFA and their storage conformation are required. Despite previously validated evidences on the disturbance of the normal life cycle and lipid homeostasis by the environmental stressors (e.g., obesogens, salinity, temperature, pCO2, and nutrients) in the aquatic invertebrates, the mechanism behind these effects are still poorly understood. To overcome this limitation, omics approaches such as transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have been used, but there are still gaps in our knowledge on aquatic invertebrates as well as the lipidome. This paper provides a deeper understanding of lipid metabolism in aquatic invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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10
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Brown A, Thatje S, Morris JP, Oliphant A, Morgan EA, Hauton C, Jones DOB, Pond DW. Metabolic costs imposed by hydrostatic pressure constrain bathymetric range in the lithodid crab Lithodes maja. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 220:3916-3926. [PMID: 29093188 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.158543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The changing climate is shifting the distributions of marine species, yet the potential for shifts in depth distributions is virtually unexplored. Hydrostatic pressure is proposed to contribute to a physiological bottleneck constraining depth range extension in shallow-water taxa. However, bathymetric limitation by hydrostatic pressure remains undemonstrated, and the mechanism limiting hyperbaric tolerance remains hypothetical. Here, we assess the effects of hydrostatic pressure in the lithodid crab Lithodes maja (bathymetric range 4-790 m depth, approximately equivalent to 0.1 to 7.9 MPa hydrostatic pressure). Heart rate decreased with increasing hydrostatic pressure, and was significantly lower at ≥10.0 MPa than at 0.1 MPa. Oxygen consumption increased with increasing hydrostatic pressure to 12.5 MPa, before decreasing as hydrostatic pressure increased to 20.0 MPa; oxygen consumption was significantly higher at 7.5-17.5 MPa than at 0.1 MPa. Increases in expression of genes associated with neurotransmission, metabolism and stress were observed between 7.5 and 12.5 MPa. We suggest that hyperbaric tolerance in Lmaja may be oxygen-limited by hyperbaric effects on heart rate and metabolic rate, but that Lmaja's bathymetric range is limited by metabolic costs imposed by the effects of high hydrostatic pressure. These results advocate including hydrostatic pressure in a complex model of environmental tolerance, where energy limitation constrains biogeographic range, and facilitate the incorporation of hydrostatic pressure into the broader metabolic framework for ecology and evolution. Such an approach is crucial for accurately projecting biogeographic responses to changing climate, and for understanding the ecology and evolution of life at depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Brown
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Sven Thatje
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - James P Morris
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Andrew Oliphant
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Morgan
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Chris Hauton
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Daniel O B Jones
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - David W Pond
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, Argyll PA37 1QA, UK
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11
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Suito T, Nagao K, Hatano M, Kohashi K, Tanabe A, Ozaki H, Kawamoto J, Kurihara T, Mioka T, Tanaka K, Hara Y, Umeda M. Synthesis of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich triacylglycerols in an endemic goby, Gymnogobius isaza, from Lake Biwa, Japan. J Biochem 2018; 164:127-140. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Suito
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, A4-212 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kohjiro Nagao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, A4-212 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masataka Hatano
- Shiga Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, Hikone, Shiga 522-0057, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kohashi
- Shiga Prefectural Fisheries Experiment Station, Hikone, Shiga 522-0057, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanabe
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Kitakatsushika, Saitama 345-0043, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ozaki
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Kitakatsushika, Saitama 345-0043, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamoto
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kurihara
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Mioka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Kazuma Tanaka
- Division of Molecular Interaction, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yuji Hara
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, A4-212 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Masato Umeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, A4-212 Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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12
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Ding W, Palaiokostas M, Shahane G, Wang W, Orsi M. Effects of High Pressure on Phospholipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:9597-9606. [PMID: 28926699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b07119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The response of lipid membranes to changes in external pressure is important for many biological processes, and it can also be exploited for technological applications. In this work, we employ all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the changes in the physical properties of phospholipid bilayers brought about by high pressure (1000 bar). In particular, we study how the response differs, in relation to different chain unsaturation levels, by comparing monounsaturated 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) and biunsaturated dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayers. Various structural, mechanical, and dynamical features are found to be altered by the pressure increase in both bilayers. Notably, for most properties, including bilayer area and thickness, lipid order parameters, lateral pressure profile, and curvature frustration energy, we observe significantly more pronounced effects for monounsaturated POPC than biunsaturated DOPC. Possible biological implications of the results obtained are discussed, especially in relation to how different lipids can control the structure and function of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Michail Palaiokostas
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Ganesh Shahane
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Engineering & Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London , Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Mario Orsi
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England , Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, U.K
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13
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Anderson TR, Pond DW, Mayor DJ. The Role of Microbes in the Nutrition of Detritivorous Invertebrates: A Stoichiometric Analysis. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2113. [PMID: 28101083 PMCID: PMC5209341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Detritus represents an important pool in the global carbon cycle, providing a food source for detritivorous invertebrates that are conspicuous components of almost all ecosystems. Our knowledge of how these organisms meet their nutritional demands on a diet that is typically comprised of refractory, carbon-rich compounds nevertheless remains incomplete. "Trophic upgrading" of detritus by the attached microbial community (enhancement of zooplankton diet by the inclusion of heterotrophic protozoans) represents a potential source of nutrition for detritivores as both bacteria and their flagellated protistan predators are capable of biosynthesizing essential micronutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). There is however a trade-off because although microbes enhance the substrate in terms of its micronutrient content, the quantity of organic carbon is diminished though metabolic losses as energy passes through the microbial food web. Here, we develop a simple stoichiometric model to examine this trade-off in the nutrition of detritivorous copepods inhabiting the mesopelagic zone of the ocean, focusing on their requirements for carbon and an essential PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Results indicate that feeding on microbes may be a highly favorable strategy for these invertebrates, although the potential for carbon to become limiting when consuming a microbial diet exists because of the inefficiencies of trophic transfer within the microbial food web. Our study highlights the need for improved knowledge at the detritus-microbe-metazoan interface, including interactions between the physiology and ecology of the associated organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W. Pond
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Natural Environment Research CouncilOban, UK
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14
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Bell JB, Aquilina A, Woulds C, Glover AG, Little CTS, Reid W, Hepburn LE, Newton J, Mills RA. Geochemistry, faunal composition and trophic structure in reducing sediments on the southwest South Georgia margin. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160284. [PMID: 27703692 PMCID: PMC5043311 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite a number of studies in areas of focused methane seepage, the extent of transitional sediments of more diffuse methane seepage, and their influence upon biological communities is poorly understood. We investigated an area of reducing sediments with elevated levels of methane on the South Georgia margin around 250 m depth and report data from a series of geochemical and biological analyses. Here, the geochemical signatures were consistent with weak methane seepage and the role of sub-surface methane consumption was clearly very important, preventing gas emissions into bottom waters. As a result, the contribution of methane-derived carbon to the microbial and metazoan food webs was very limited, although sulfur isotopic signatures indicated a wider range of dietary contributions than was apparent from carbon isotope ratios. Macrofaunal assemblages had high dominance and were indicative of reducing sediments, with many taxa common to other similar environments and no seep-endemic fauna, indicating transitional assemblages. Also similar to other cold seep areas, there were samples of authigenic carbonate, but rather than occurring as pavements or sedimentary concretions, these carbonates were restricted to patches on the shells of Axinulus antarcticus (Bivalvia, Thyasiridae), which is suggestive of microbe-metazoan interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Bell
- School of Geography and Water@Leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Author for correspondence: James B. Bell e-mail:
| | - Alfred Aquilina
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Clare Woulds
- School of Geography and Water@Leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adrian G. Glover
- Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | | | - Laura E. Hepburn
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Jason Newton
- NERC Life Sciences Mass Spectrometry Facility, SUERC, East Kilbride G75 0QF, UK
| | - Rachel A. Mills
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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15
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Van Campenhout J, Vanreusel A, Van Belleghem S, Derycke S. Transcription, Signaling Receptor Activity, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Fatty Acid Metabolism Mediate the Presence of Closely Related Species in Distinct Intertidal and Cold-Seep Habitats. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 8:51-69. [PMID: 26637468 PMCID: PMC4758239 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bathyal cold seeps are isolated extreme deep-sea environments characterized by low species diversity while biomass can be high. The Håkon Mosby mud volcano (Barents Sea, 1,280 m) is a rather stable chemosynthetic driven habitat characterized by prominent surface bacterial mats with high sulfide concentrations and low oxygen levels. Here, the nematode Halomonhystera hermesi thrives in high abundances (11,000 individuals 10 cm−2). Halomonhystera hermesi is a member of the intertidal Halomonhystera disjuncta species complex that includes five cryptic species (GD1-5). GD1-5’s common habitat is characterized by strong environmental fluctuations. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of H. hermesi and GD1, H. hermesi’s closest relative. Genes encoding proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation are more strongly expressed in H. hermesi than in GD1, and many genes were only observed in H. hermesi while being completely absent in GD1. Both observations could in part be attributed to high sulfide concentrations and low oxygen levels. Additionally, fatty acid elongation was also prominent in H. hermesi confirming the importance of highly unsaturated fatty acids in this species. Significant higher amounts of transcription factors and genes involved in signaling receptor activity were observed in GD1 (many of which were completely absent in H. hermesi), allowing fast signaling and transcriptional reprogramming which can mediate survival in dynamic intertidal environments. GC content was approximately 8% higher in H. hermesi coding unigenes resulting in differential codon usage between both species and a higher proportion of amino acids with GC-rich codons in H. hermesi. In general our results showed that most pathways were active in both environments and that only three genes are under natural selection. This indicates that also plasticity should be taken in consideration in the evolutionary history of Halomonhystera species. Such plasticity, as well as possible preadaptation to low oxygen and high sulfide levels might have played an important role in the establishment of a cold-seep Halomonhystera population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Van Campenhout
- Research Group Marine Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Belgium Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (CeMoFe), Ghent University, Biology Department, Belgium
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Research Group Marine Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Belleghem
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, Belgium OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Derycke
- Research Group Marine Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Belgium OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
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The metabolic response of marine copepods to environmental warming and ocean acidification in the absence of food. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13690. [PMID: 26364855 PMCID: PMC4650056 DOI: 10.1038/srep13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine copepods are central to the productivity and biogeochemistry of marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, the direct and indirect effects of climate change on their metabolic functioning remain poorly understood. Here, we use metabolomics, the unbiased study of multiple low molecular weight organic metabolites, to examine how the physiology of Calanus spp. is affected by end-of-century global warming and ocean acidification scenarios. We report that the physiological stresses associated with incubation without food over a 5-day period greatly exceed those caused directly by seawater temperature or pH perturbations. This highlights the need to contextualise the results of climate change experiments by comparison to other, naturally occurring stressors such as food deprivation, which is being exacerbated by global warming. Protein and lipid metabolism were up-regulated in the food-deprived animals, with a novel class of taurine-containing lipids and the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, changing significantly over the duration of our experiment. Copepods derive these PUFAs by ingesting diatoms and flagellated microplankton respectively. Climate-driven changes in the productivity, phenology and composition of microplankton communities, and hence the availability of these fatty acids, therefore have the potential to influence the ability of copepods to survive starvation and other environmental stressors.
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