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da Silva NMP, Guterres DC, Borges LS, Barreto RW, Furtado GQ. Surveying potentially antagonistic fungi to myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) in Brazil: fungicolous Cladosporium spp. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1899-1914. [PMID: 37389796 PMCID: PMC10484887 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The myrtle rust (MR), caused by Austropuccinia psidii, is a worldwide threat to the cultivated and wild Myrtaceae. Originally from the neotropics, it has spread to North America, Africa, and Asia and has reached geographically isolated areas in the Pacific and Australasia. It is attacking native species in those new ranges and is still spreading and causing great concern for the damage caused to endemic Myrtaceae, and to the environment. Classical biological control is regarded as the most sustainable management option for mitigating such biological invasions. However, there are no examples of introductions of host-specific co-evolved natural enemies of plant pathogens, from their native range, as a management strategy for plant pathogens. In order to explore this neglected approach, a survey of potential fungal natural enemies of A. psidii was initiated recently in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil). Several purported mycoparasites have been collected from A. Psidii pustules formed on myrtaceous hosts. This included some isolates of dematiaceous fungi recognized as having a Cladosporium-like morphology. Here we present the results of the investigation aimed at elucidating their identity through a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Besides morphological and cultural features, molecular analyses using sequences of translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1) and actin (ACT) were performed. The combination of data generated is presented herein and placed all Cladosporium-like isolates in six species of Cladosporium, namely, Cladosporium angulosum, C. anthropophilum, C. bambusicola, C. benschii, C. guizhouense, and C. macadamiae. None of these have ever been recorded in association with A. psidii. Now, with the identification of these isolates at hand, an evaluation of biocontrol potential of these fungi will be initiated. In contrast with the ready finding of fungicolous (possibly mycoparasitic) fungi on MR in this study, no evidence of those was recorded from Australasia until now.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luísa Salvador Borges
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Robert Weingart Barreto
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gleiber Quintão Furtado
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Tyagi K, Kumar P, Pandey A, Ginwal HS, Barthwal S, Nautiyal R, Meena RK. First record of Cladosporium oxysporum as a potential novel fungal hyperparasite of Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae and screening of Populus deltoides clones against leaf rust. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:213. [PMID: 37251733 PMCID: PMC10212908 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03623-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Melampsora medusae f. sp. deltoidae is causing serious foliar rust disease on Populus deltoides clones in India. In the present study, a novel fungal hyperparasite on M. medusae has been reported. The hyperparasitic fungus was isolated from the uredeniospores of the rust fungi and identified as Cladosporium oxysporum by morphological characterization and DNA barcode technique based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of nrDNA and beta-tubulin (TUB) gene region. Hyperparasitism was further confirmed through leaf assay and cavity slide methods. Leaf assay method showed no adverse effect of C. oxysporum on poplar leaves. However, the mean germination percentage of urediniospores was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the cavity slide method when a conidial suspension (1.5 × 107 conidia per ml) of C. oxysporum was applied in different deposition sequences. Scanning and light microscopic observations were made to explore the mode of action of the hyperparasitism. The antagonistic fungus vividly showed three different types of antagonism mechanisms, including enzymatic, direct, and contact parasitism. Alternatively, by screening 25 high-yielding clones of P. deltoides, five clones (FRI-FS-83, FRI-FS-92, FRI-FS-140, FRI-AM-111, and D-121) were enlisted under highly resistant category. Present study revealed an antagonistic relationship between C. oxysporum and M. medusae, which could be an effective method of biocontrol in field plantations of poplar. Combining this biocontrol approach with the use of resistant host germplasm could be an environment friendly strategy for preventing foliar rust and increasing poplar productivity in northern India. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03623-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Tyagi
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195 Uttarakhand India
| | - Prabal Kumar
- Division of Silviculture and Forest Management, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248006 Uttarakhand India
| | - Amit Pandey
- Division of Forest Protection, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248006 Uttarakhand India
| | - Harish S. Ginwal
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195 Uttarakhand India
| | - Santan Barthwal
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195 Uttarakhand India
| | - Raman Nautiyal
- Division of Forestry Statistics, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, Dehradun, 248006 Uttarakhand India
- Present Address: Institute of Green Economy, Gurugram, India
| | - Rajendra K. Meena
- Division of Genetics and Tree Improvement, ICFRE-Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 248195 Uttarakhand India
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Si B, Wang H, Bai J, Zhang Y, Cao Y. Evaluating the Utility of Simplicillium lanosoniveum, a Hyperparasitic Fungus of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, as a Biological Control Agent against Wheat Stem Rust. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010022. [PMID: 36678370 PMCID: PMC9862854 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat stem rust is one of the wheat diseases caused by Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici (Pgt). This disease has been responsible for major losses to wheat production worldwide. Currently used methods for controlling this disease include fungicides, the breeding of stem rust-resistant cultivars, and preventive agricultural measures. However, the excessive use of fungicides can have various deleterious effects on the environment. A hyperparasitic fungus with white mycelia and oval conidia, Simplicillium lanosoniveum, was isolated from the urediniospores of Pgt. When Pgt-infected wheat leaves were inoculation with isolates of S. lanosoniveum, it was found that S. lanosoniveum inoculation inhibited the production and germination of urediniospores, suggesting that S. lanosoniveum could inhibit the growth and spread of Pgt. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that S. lanosoniveum could inactivate the urediniospores by inducing structural damage. Overall, findings indicate that S. lanosoniveum might provide an effective biological agent for the control of Pgt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Si
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jiaming Bai
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yuanyin Cao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-0400-0358
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Isolation, Identification and Hyperparasitism of a Novel Cladosporium cladosporioides Isolate Hyperparasitic to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060892. [PMID: 35741414 PMCID: PMC9219750 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Obligate biotrophic pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a major threat to wheat production. Parasites of Pst can be used to develop biological agents for environmentally friendly control of this fungal disease. Here, we report a hyperparasitic fungus isolated from taupe-colored uredinia of Pst and identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides through molecular and morphological characterizations. The hyperparasitic isolate was able to reduce the production and viability of Pst. Therefore, Cladosporium cladosporioides may have potential in biological control of stripe rust on wheat. Abstract Wheat rust outbreaks have caused significantly economic losses all over the world. Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is an obligate biotrophic fungus causing stripe rust on wheat. Application of fungicides may cause environmental problems. The effects of hyperparasites on plant pathogens are the basis for biological control of plant pathogenic fungi and parasites of Pst have great value in biological agents development. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of isolate of Cladosporium cladosporioides from Pst based on morphological characterization and analysis of molecular markers. The hyperparasitic isolate was isolated from taupe-colored uredinia of Pst. Upon artificial inoculation, the hyperparasitic isolate was able to reduce the production and germination rate of Pst urediospores, and Pst uredinia changed color from yellow to taupe. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the strain could efficiently colonize Pst urediospores. Therefore, the isolate has the potential to be developed into a biological control agent for managing wheat stripe rust.
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Barge EG, Leopold DR, Rojas A, Vilgalys R, Busby PE. Phylogenetic conservatism of mycoparasitism and its contribution to pathogen antagonism. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3018-3030. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward G. Barge
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Devin R. Leopold
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Alejandro Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
| | - Rytas Vilgalys
- Department of Biology Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Posy E. Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
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Phuna ZX, Madhavan P. A CLOSER LOOK AT THE MYCOBIOME IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: FUNGAL SPECIES, PATHOGENESIS AND TRANSMISSION. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:1291-1321. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University Malaysia Subang Jaya Selangor
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University Malaysia Subang Jaya Selangor
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Błaszczyk L, Salamon S, Mikołajczak K. Fungi Inhabiting the Wheat Endosphere. Pathogens 2021; 10:1288. [PMID: 34684238 PMCID: PMC8539314 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat production is influenced by changing environmental conditions, including climatic conditions, which results in the changing composition of microorganisms interacting with this cereal. The group of these microorganisms includes not only endophytic fungi associated with the wheat endosphere, both pathogenic and symbiotic, but also those with yet unrecognized functions and consequences for wheat. This paper reviews the literature in the context of the general characteristics of endophytic fungi inhabiting the internal tissues of wheat. In addition, the importance of epigenetic regulation in wheat-fungus interactions is recognized and the current state of knowledge is demonstrated. The possibilities of using symbiotic endophytic fungi in modern agronomy and wheat cultivation are also proposed. The fact that the current understanding of fungal endophytes in wheat is based on a rather small set of experimental conditions, including wheat genotypes, plant organs, plant tissues, plant development stage, or environmental conditions, is recognized. In addition, most of the research to date has been based on culture-dependent methods that exclude biotrophic and slow-growing species and favor the detection of fast-growing fungi. Additionally, only a few reports of studies on the entire wheat microbiome using high-throughput sequencing techniques exist. Conducting comprehensive research on the mycobiome of the endosphere of wheat, mainly in the context of the possibility of using this knowledge to improve the methods of wheat management, mainly the productivity and health of this cereal, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Błaszczyk
- Department of Plant Microbiomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 Strzeszyńska Street, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (S.S.); (K.M.)
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Becker R, Ulrich K, Behrendt U, Kube M, Ulrich A. Analyzing Ash Leaf-Colonizing Fungal Communities for Their Biological Control of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:590944. [PMID: 33193255 PMCID: PMC7649789 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.590944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The invasive ascomycete Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has been threatening Fraxinus excelsior populations throughout Europe for over two decades. Since the infection and first colonization by the pathogen occurs in leaves, leaf-colonizing microorganisms have been discussed as a barrier and as possible biocontrol agents against the disease. To identify fungal groups with health-supporting potential, we compared the fungal microbiota of compound leaves from susceptible and tolerant ash trees in four ash stands with high H. fraxineus exposure. The fungal communities were analyzed both culture-independently by ITS2 amplicon sequencing and by the taxonomic classification of 1,704 isolates using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) or sequencing of the entire ITS region. The fungal community structure did not show significant differences depending on the health status. However, for several OTUs and a MALDI group, a significantly higher abundance was found in tolerant ash trees. Thus, the yeast Papiliotrema flavescens was significantly increased and accounted for 12.3% of the mycobiome of tolerant ashes (OTU0003), and it had also a distinctly higher abundance among the isolates. The filamentous ascomycete Sarocladium strictum was increased 24-fold among the isolates of tolerant trees, but its abundance was comparably low. An in vitro screening for the growth inhibition of the pathogen via cocultivation resulted in 28 yeast-like isolates and 79 filamentous fungi with antagonistic activity. A statistical cocultivation test on two H. fraxineus strains confirmed six of the yeast-like isolates that suppressed H. fraxineus significantly, from 39-50%, two of them through a fungicidal effect. The highest inhibition rates among the yeasts were found for three isolates belonging to Aureobasidium pullulans and P. flavescens. The cocultivation test of the filamentous isolates revealed higher effects compared to the yeasts. Four isolates showed significant inhibition of both H. fraxineus strains with a rate of 72-100%, and five further isolates inhibited only one H. fraxineus strain significantly. The most effective isolates were members of the genus Cladosporium. During the next step, in planta tests will be necessary to verify the efficacy of the antagonistic isolates and to assess their suitability as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Becker
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ulrich
- Institute of Forest Genetics, Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Waldsieversdorf, Germany
| | - Undine Behrendt
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kube
- Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Ulrich
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, Research Area Landscape Functioning, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
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Cladocillium musae, a new genus and species of cercosporoid fungi (Mycosphaerellaceae) on wild banana in Taiwan. Mycol Prog 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang N, Fan X, Zhang S, Liu B, He M, Chen X, Tang C, Kang Z, Wang X. Identification of a Hyperparasitic Simplicillium obclavatum Strain Affecting the Infection Dynamics of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici on Wheat. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1277. [PMID: 32754121 PMCID: PMC7340151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most serious threats to wheat production worldwide. Changes of Pst virulence may circumvent resistance in wheat varieties, and application of fungicides may cause environmental problems. Parasites of Pst can be used to develop biological agents for environmentally friendly control of this fungal disease. Here, we report a hyperparasitic fungus isolated from Pst and identified it as Simplicillium obclavatum through molecular and morphological characterizations. We demonstrated that inoculation of Pst-infected wheat leaves with S. obclavatum reduced the production and germination rate of Pst urediniospores. Therefore, S. obclavatum has the potential to be developed into a biological control agent for managing wheat stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengying He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianming Chen
- USDA-ARS, Wheat Genetics, Physiology, Quality, and Disease Research Unit and Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China
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Chaibub AA, Sousa TPD, Araújo LGD, Filippi MCCD. Molecular and morphological characterization of rice phylloplane fungi and determination of the antagonistic activity against rice pathogens. Microbiol Res 2019; 231:126353. [PMID: 31707299 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.126353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cladosporium spp. is a cosmopolitan fungal genus. In the literature, it has been reported as a biological agent for controlling several plant diseases, but its mechanism of action has never been clarified. The present study aims to identify Cladosporium spp. based on the DNA phylogeny of nine isolates obtained from the phylloplane of rice and their potential antagonistic activity against the main fungal pathogens that affect rice crop. Nine isolates of Cladosporium spp. were identified based on DNA phylogeny, molecular and morphological characterization, and their antagonistic effects with the rice pathogens C. miyabeanus, M. oryzae, M. albescens and S. oryzae. Four isolates were selected to study lytic enzymes such as β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase and protease, and only one isolate was selected for a conidial germination and appressoria formation assay. The nine isolates were identified as C. cladosporioides, C. tenuissimum and C. subuliforme. Four isolates, identified as C. cladosporioides, inhibited the mycelial growth of rice pathogens such as C1H (68.59%) of S. oryzae, C5 G (74.32%) of C. miyabeanus, C11 G (75.97%) of M. oryzae and C24 G (77.39%) of M. albescens. C24 G showed a high activity of lytic enzymes, was tested against C. miyabeanus and M. oryzae, and inhibited conidial germination and appressorium formation by more than 59.36%. The characterization of C. cladosporioides suggested this species as a potential bioagent for the management of several rice diseases, especially rice blast. This is the first time that a potential biological agent from the genus Cladosporium identified at the species level was isolated from the rice phylloplane, and some of its mechanisms of action were demonstrated, such as increasing lytic enzyme activity against rice pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Chaibub
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70.910-900, Brazil; Agricultural Microbiology Laboratory, Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, 75375-000, GO, Brazil.
| | - Thatyane P de Sousa
- Agronomy School, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74.690-900, Brazil.
| | - Leila G de Araújo
- Microorganisms Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74.690-900, Brazil.
| | - Marta Cristina C de Filippi
- Agricultural Microbiology Laboratory, Embrapa Rice and Beans, Santo Antônio de Goiás, 75375-000, GO, Brazil.
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Characterization of biodegradation in a 17th century easel painting and potential for a biological approach. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207630. [PMID: 30517139 PMCID: PMC6281183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to characterize the microorganisms involved in biodeterioration processes to understand their effects on cultural assets and to define an efficient strategy for protecting artworks, monuments, and buildings from microbiological recolonization. In this study, we analyzed the microbial communities dwelling on the verso (front) and recto (back) sides of a 17th century easel painting attributed to Carlo Bononi, an Italian artist of the first Baroque period. Cultivable bacteria and fungi colonizing the painting were isolated and identified in order to characterize the microbial community possibly involved in deteriorating the pictorial layer of the painting. The isolated bacterial strains belonged to the Staphylococcus and Bacillus genera. Furthermore, culture-dependent techniques and SEM/EDS analyses revealed the presence of filamentous fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Alternaria. The chemical compositions of pigments were consistent with typical 17th century paintings, and some of the identified pigments, namely red lac and red and yellow earths, could be exploited as nutrient sources by painting-associated microorganisms. The study also evaluated, in vitro, the potential decontaminating activity of a biocompound, containing spores of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus megaterium. The results indicated the ability of this biocompound to counteract the growth of contaminating microorganisms that are potentially dangerous to the painting, suggesting the potential use of these microorganisms to prevent biodeterioration of artworks.
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Zhu X, Qi T, Yang Q, He F, Tan C, Ma W, Voegele RT, Kang Z, Guo J. Host-Induced Gene Silencing of the MAPKK Gene PsFUZ7 Confers Stable Resistance to Wheat Stripe Rust. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1853-1863. [PMID: 29070517 PMCID: PMC5717739 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful genetic tool to accelerate research in plant biotechnology and control biotic stresses by manipulating target gene expression. However, the potential of RNAi in wheat to efficiently and durably control the devastating stripe rust fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) remained largely under explored so far. To address this issue, we generated transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) lines expressing dsRNA targeting PsFUZ7 transcripts of Pst We analyzed expression of PsFUZ7 and related genes, and resistance traits of the transgenic wheat lines. We show that PsFUZ7 is an important pathogenicity factor that regulates infection and development of Pst A PsFUZ7 RNAi construct stably expressed in two independent transgenic wheat lines confers strong resistance to PstPst hyphal development is strongly restricted, and necrosis of plant cells in resistance responses was significantly induced. We conclude that trafficking of RNA molecules from wheat plants to Pst may lead to a complex molecular dialogue between wheat and the rust pathogen. Moreover, we confirm the RNAi-based crop protection approaches can be used, to our knowledge, as a novel control strategy against rust pathogens in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tuo Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fuxin He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenglong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ralf Thomas Voegele
- Department of Phytopathology, Institute of Phytomedicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Cheng Y, Wu K, Yao J, Li S, Wang X, Huang L, Kang Z. PSTha5a23, a candidate effector from the obligate biotrophic pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is involved in plant defense suppression and rust pathogenicity. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:1717-1729. [PMID: 27871149 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the infection of host plants, pathogens can deliver virulence-associated 'effector' proteins to promote plant susceptibility. However, little is known about effector function in the obligate biotrophic pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) that is an important fungal pathogen in wheat production worldwide. Here, they report their findings on an in planta highly induced candidate effector from Pst, PSTha5a23. The PSTha5a23 gene is unique to Pst and shows a low level of intra-species polymorphism. It has a functional N-terminal signal peptide and is translocated to the host cytoplasm after infection. Overexpression of PSTha5a23 in Nicotiana benthamiana was found to suppress the programmed cell death triggered by BAX, PAMP-INF1 and two resistance-related mitogen-activated protein kinases (MKK1 and NPK1). Overexpression of PSTha5a23 in wheat also suppressed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-associated callose deposition. In addition, silencing of PSTha5a23 did not change Pst virulence phenotypes; however, overexpression of PSTha5a23 significantly enhanced Pst virulence in wheat. These results indicate that the Pst candidate effector PSTha5a23 plays an important role in plant defense suppression and rust pathogenicity, and also highlight the utility of gene overexpression in plants as a tool for studying effectors from obligate biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Kuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Juanni Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Shumin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, Yangling, 712100, China
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15
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Torres DE, Rojas-Martínez RI, Zavaleta-Mejía E, Guevara-Fefer P, Márquez-Guzmán GJ, Pérez-Martínez C. Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides as potential new fungal antagonists of Puccinia horiana Henn., the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170782. [PMID: 28141830 PMCID: PMC5283677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Puccinia horiana Hennings, the causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust, is a worldwide quarantine organism and one of the most important fungal pathogens of Chrysanthemum × morifolium cultivars, which are used for cut flowers and as potted plants in commercial production regions of the world. It was previously reported to be controlled by Lecanicillium lecanii, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, C. uredinicola and Aphanocladium album, due to their antagonistic and hyperparasitic effects. We report novel antagonist species on Puccinia horiana. Fungi isolated from rust pustules in a commercial greenhouse from Villa Guerrero, México, were identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium pseudocladosporioides based upon molecular analysis and morphological characters. The antagonism of C. cladosporioides and C. pseudocladosporioides on chrysanthemum white rust was studied using light and electron microscopy in vitro at the host/parasite interface. Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. pseudocladosporioides grew towards the white rust teliospores and colonized the sporogenous cells, but no direct penetration of teliospores was observed; however, the structure and cytoplasm of teliospores were altered. The two Cladosporium spp. were able to grow on media containing laminarin, but not when chitin was used as the sole carbon source; these results suggest that they are able to produce glucanases. Results from the study indicate that both Cladosporium species had potential as biological control agents of chrysanthemum white rust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Zavaleta-Mejía
- Instituto de Fitosanidad, Colegio de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Texcoco, México
| | - Patricia Guevara-Fefer
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México
| | - G. Judith Márquez-Guzmán
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México
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16
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Zheng L, Zhao J, Liang X, Zhan G, Jiang S, Kang Z. Identification of a Novel Alternaria alternata Strain Able to Hyperparasitize Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the Causal Agent of Wheat Stripe Rust. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:71. [PMID: 28197134 PMCID: PMC5281574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate bitrophic fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) causes stripe (yellow) rust on wheat worldwide. Here, we report a novel fungal strain able to hyperparasitize Pst. The strain was isolated from gray-colored rust pustules, and was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.: Fr.) keissler based on a combination of morphological characteristics and multi-locus (ITS, GAPDH, and RPB2) phylogeny. Upon artificial inoculation, the hyperparasite reduced the production and viability of urediniospores, and produced a typical gray-colored rust pustule symptom. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the strain could efficiently penetrate and colonize Pst urediniospores. This study first demonstrates that A. alternata could parasitize Pst and indicates its potential application in the biological control of wheat stripe rust disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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17
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Chaibub AA, de Carvalho JCB, de Sousa Silva C, Collevatti RG, Gonçalves FJ, de Carvalho Barros Côrtes MV, de Filippi MCC, de Faria FP, Lopes DCB, de Araújo LG. Defence responses in rice plants in prior and simultaneous applications of Cladosporium sp. during leaf blast suppression. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:21554-21564. [PMID: 27515526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An alternative method to control rice blast (Magnaporthe oryzae) is to include biological agent in the disease management strategy. The objective of this study was to assess the leaf blast-suppressing effects of rice phylloplane fungi. One Cladosporium sp. phylloplane fungus was shown to possess biocontrolling traits based on its morphological characteristics and an analysis of its 18S ribosomal DNA. Experiments aimed at determining the optimal time to apply the bioagent and the mechanisms involved in its rice blast-suppressing activities were performed under controlled greenhouse conditions. We used foliar spraying to apply the Cladosporium sp. 48 h prior to applying the pathogen, and we found that this increased the enzymatic activity. Furthermore, in vitro tests performed using isolate C24 showed that it possessed the ability to secrete endoxylanases and endoglucanases. When Cladosporium sp. was applied either prior to or simultaneous with the pathogen, we observed a significant increase in defence enzyme activity, and rice blast was suppressed by 84.0 and 78.6 %, respectively. However, some enzymes showed higher activity at 24 h while others did so at 48 h after the challenge inoculation. Cladosporium sp. is a biological agent that is capable of suppressing rice leaf blast by activating biochemical defence mechanisms in rice plants. It is highly adapted to natural field conditions and should be included in further studies aimed at developing strategies to support ecologically sustainable disease management and reduce environmental pollution by the judicious use of fungicidal sprays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Abdallah Chaibub
- Genetics of Microorganism Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos de Sousa Silva
- Genetics of Microorganism Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Rosane Garcia Collevatti
- Genetics and Biodiversity Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, Km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Fábio José Gonçalves
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural C.P. 179, Cep, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Márcio Vinícius de Carvalho Barros Côrtes
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural C.P. 179, Cep, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristina Corsi de Filippi
- Plant Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory at Embrapa Rice and Beans, Rodovia GO-462, km 12 Zona Rural C.P. 179, Cep, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO, 75375-000, Brazil.
| | - Fabrícia Paula de Faria
- Fungi Biotechnology Laboratory, Rodovia Goiânia / Nova Veneza, Km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
| | | | - Leila Garcês de Araújo
- Genetics of Microorganism Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia/Nova Veneza, km 0. Goiânia, Goiás, 74001-970, Brazil
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