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Zheng Y, Li G, Luo Q, Sha H, Zhang H, Wang R, Kong W, Liao J, Zhao M. Research progress on the N protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1391697. [PMID: 38741730 PMCID: PMC11089252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1391697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). PRRSV exhibits genetic diversity and complexity in terms of immune responses, posing challenges for eradication. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of PRRSV, an alkaline phosphoprotein, is important for various biological functions. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, genetic evolution, impact on PRRSV replication and virulence, interactions between viral and host proteins, modulation of host immunity, detection techniques targeting the N protein, and progress in vaccine development. The discussion provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PRRSV virulence, developing diagnostic techniques, and designing effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Ruining Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jiedan Liao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Research Progress on Glycoprotein 5 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050813. [PMID: 36899670 PMCID: PMC10000246 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an acute, febrile, and highly contagious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Glycoprotein 5 (GP5) is a glycosylated envelope protein encoded by the PRRSV ORF5, which has good immunogenicity and can induce the body to produce neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, study of GP5 protein is of great significance in the diagnosis, prevention, and control of PRRSV and the development of new vaccines. We reviewed GP5 protein genetic variation, immune function, interaction with viral protein and host proteins, induction of cell apoptosis, and stimulation of neutralizing antibodies. GP5 protein's influence on virus replication and virulence, as well as its use as a target for viral detection and immunization are reviewed.
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Cheng Y, Wu M, Xiao L, Zhang M, Huang B, Cong F, Yi L. Identificationof a novel linear epitope on the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid protein, as recognized by a specific monoclonal antibody. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1165396. [PMID: 37143683 PMCID: PMC10151797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1165396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains one of the most threatening pathogens of swine. The nucleocapsid (N) protein is the major structural protein of the virus and has been used as a PRRSV diagnostic antigen due to its high level of inherent immunogenicity. Methods The recombinant PRRSV N protein was generated by the prokaryotic expressing system and used to immunized mice. Monoclonal antibodies against PRRSV were produced and validated by western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence analysis. In this study, the linear epitope of a specific monoclonal antibody mAb (N06) was subsequently identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using the synthesized overlapping peptides as antigens. Results According to the results of western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence analysis, mAb (N06) was capable of recognizing the native form as well as the denatured form of PRRSV N protein. The results of ELISA showed that mAb N06 recognized the epitope NRKKNPEKPHFPLATE, which was consistent with BCPREDS predictions of antigenicity. Conclusion All the data suggested that the mAb (N06) can be used as diagnostic reagents for PRRSV detection, while the recognized linear epitope can be useful in epitope-based vaccines development, which is helpful for the control of local PRRSV infections in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuening Cheng
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Miaoli Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bihong Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Cong, ; Li Yi,
| | - Li Yi
- Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Cong, ; Li Yi,
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Cui X, Xia D, Huang X, Sun Y, Shi M, Zhang J, Li G, Yang Y, Wang H, Cai X, An T. Analysis of Recombinant Characteristics Based on 949 PRRSV-2 Genomic Sequences Obtained from 1991 to 2021 Shows That Viral Multiplication Ability Contributes to Dominant Recombination. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0293422. [PMID: 36073823 PMCID: PMC9602502 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02934-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the pig-raising industry. The PRRS virus (PRRSV) has high genetic diversity, partly owing to viral recombination. Some individual recombinant type 2 PRRSV (PRRSV-2) strains have been detected; however, the sequence composition characteristics of recombination hot spots and potential driving forces for recombinant PRRSV-2 are still unreported. Therefore, all available genomic sequences of PRRSV-2 (n = 949, including 29 genomes sequenced in this study) from 11 countries from 1991 to 2021 were collected and analyzed. The results revealed that the dominant major recombinant parent has been converted from lineage 3 (L3) to L1 since 2012. The recombination hot spots were located at nucleotides (nt) 7900 to 8200 (in NSP9, encoding viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) and nt 12500 to nt 13300 (in ORF2-ORF4, mean ORF2 to ORF4); no AU-rich characteristics were found in the recombination hot spots. Based on infectious clones of L1 and L8 PRRSV-2, recombinant PRRSVs were generated by switching complete or partial NSP9 (harboring the recombination hot spot). The results showed that recombinant PRRSVs based on the L1 backbone, but not the L8 backbone, acquired a higher replication capacity in pig primary alveolar macrophages. These findings will help to understand the reason behind the dominance of L1-based recombination in PRRSV-2 strains and provide new clues for an in-depth study of the recombination mechanism of PRRSV-2. IMPORTANCE Recombination is an important driver of the genetic shifts that are tightly linked to the evolution of RNA viruses. Viral recombination contributes substantially to the emergence of new variants, alterations in virulence, and pathogenesis. PRRSV is genetically diverse, partly because of extensive recombination. In this study, we analyzed interlineage recombination based on available genomic sequences of PRRSV-2 from 1991 to 2021. The study revealed the temporal and geographical distribution of recombinant PRRSVs and the recombination hot spot's location and showed that artificially constructed recombinant PRRSVs (harboring a high-frequency region) had more viral genomic copies than their parental virus, indicating that dominant recombination was shaped by a tendency to benefit viral replication. This finding will enrich our understanding of PRRSV recombination and provide new clues for an in-depth study of the recombination mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Dasong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mang Shi
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Yongbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Research Progress in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus–Host Protein Interactions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111381. [PMID: 35681845 PMCID: PMC9179581 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the pig industry in many countries. PRRSV is internalized into host cells by the interaction between PRRSV proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades the cells, the host antiviral immune system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the viruses. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate the host machine and circumvent against the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus–host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against viral infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. Most viruses, including PRRSV, interact with host proteins during infection. On the one hand, such interaction promotes the virus from escaping the host immune system to complete its replication. On the other hand, the interactions regulate the host cell immune response to inhibit viral infections. As common antiviral drugs become increasingly inefficient under the pressure of viral selectivity, therapeutic agents targeting the intrinsic immune factors of the host protein are more promising because the host protein has a lower probability of mutation under drug-mediated selective pressure. This review elaborates on the virus–host interactions during PRRSV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of PRRSV, and we hope this can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of PRRS.
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Shepherd FK, Dvorak CMT, Murtaugh MP, Marthaler DG. Leveraging a Validated in silico Approach to Elucidate Genotype-Specific VP7 Epitopes and Antigenic Relationships of Porcine Rotavirus A. Front Genet 2020; 11:828. [PMID: 32849819 PMCID: PMC7411229 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) remains one of the most widespread causes of diarrheal disease and mortality in piglets despite decades of research and efforts to boost lactogenic immunity for passive protection. Genetic changes at B cell epitopes (BCEs) may be driving failure of lactogenic immunity, which relies on production of IgA antibodies to passively neutralize RVA within the piglet gut, yet little research has mapped epitopes to swine-specific strains of RVA. Here we describe a bioinformatic approach to predict BCEs on the VP7 outer capsid protein using sequence data alone. We first validated the approach using a previously published dataset of VP7-specific cross-neutralization titers, and found that amino acid changes at predicted BCEs on the VP7 protein allowed for accurate recapitulation of antigenic relationships among the strains. Applying the approach to a dataset of swine RVA sequences identified 9 of the 11 known BCEs previously mapped to swine strains, indicating that epitope prediction can identify sites that are known to drive neutralization escape in vitro. Additional genotype-specific BCEs were also predicted that may be the cause of antigenic differences among strains of RVA on farms and should be targeted for further confirmatory work. The results of this work lay the groundwork for high throughput, immunologically-relevant analysis of swine RVA sequence data, and provide potential sites that can be targeted with vaccines to reduce piglet mortality and support farm health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances K Shepherd
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Cheryl M T Dvorak
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Independent evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 with genetic heterogeneity in antigenic regions of structural proteins in Korea. Arch Virol 2018; 164:213-224. [PMID: 30317394 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important pathogen that affects the global swine industry. The continuous evolution of this virus has made control and prevention difficult, which emphasizes the importance of monitoring currently circulating PRRSV strains. In this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of whole structural genes of 35 PRRSV-2 isolates that circulated between 2012 and 2017 in Korea. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that a recently identified PRRSV-2 shared a relatively low level of nucleotide sequence identity that ranged from 86.2% to 92.8%; however, they were clustered into four distinct Korean field clades, except KU-N1702, in ORF2-7-based phylogeny. KU-N1702 was closely related to the NADC30-like strains that were identified in the USA and China. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the GP5 neutralizing epitope was conserved among the KU viruses. In contrast, the viruses had genetic mutations in key residues for viral neutralization within GP5 and M. For minor structural proteins, neutralizing epitopes, aa 41-55 of GP2, 61-75 of GP3, and 51-65 of GP4, were variable among the KU viruses. Bioinformatics demonstrated diversifying evolution within the GP2 and GP4 neutralizing epitopes and the emergence of a novel glycosylation site within the GP3 and GP4 neutralizing epitopes. Taken together, these data provide evidence that Korean PRRSV-2 evolved independently in Korea, with genetic heterogeneity in antigenic regions of structural proteins.
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Zhang Z, Wen X, Dong J, Ge X, Zhou L, Yang H, Guo X. Epitope mapping and characterization of a novel Nsp10-specific monoclonal antibody that differentiates genotype 2 PRRSV from genotype 1 PRRSV. Virol J 2017. [PMID: 28629383 PMCID: PMC5477253 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), the causative agent of PRRS, has two distinct and highly diverse genotypes (genotype 1 and genotype 2) in the field. Accurate diagnosis and differentiation of the two genotypes of PRRSV are critical to the effective prevention and control of PRRS. The non-structural protein 10 (Nsp10) plays a vital role in viral replication and is one of the most conserved proteins of PRRSV, thus constituting a good candidate for PRRSV diagnosis. Results In this study, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 4D9 against Nsp10 by immunizing BALB/c mice with purified recombinant Nsp10 expressed by an Escherichia coli system. Through fine epitope mapping of mAb 4D9 using a panel of eukaryotic expressed polypeptides with GFP-tags, we identified the motif 286AIQPDYRDKL295 as the minimal unit of the linear B-cell epitope recognized by mAb 4D9. Protein sequence alignment indicated that 286AIQPDYRDKL295 was highly conserved in genotype 2 PRRSV strains, whereas genotype 1 PRRSV strains had variable amino acids in this motif. Furthermore, a mutant of the motif carrying two constant amino acids of genotype 1 PRRSV, Cys290 and Glu293, failed to react with mAb 4D9. More importantly, the mAb 4D9 could differentiate genotype 2 PRRSV strains from genotype 1 PRRSV strains using Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis. Conclusion Our findings suggest that Nsp10-specific mAb generated in this study could be a useful tool for basic research and may facilitate the establishment of diagnostic methods to discriminate between genotype 1 and genotype 2 PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuexia Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Peng J, Yuan Y, Du Y, Wu J, Li B, Li J, Yu J, Hu L, Shen S, Wang J, Zhu R. Potentiation of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide on the immune response and protection elicited by a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus glycoprotein 5 subunit in pigs. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:83-92. [PMID: 26828953 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Yanmei Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Baoquan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Shandong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Si Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Jinbao Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China.
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China.
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Peng J, Yuan Y, Shen S, Niu Z, Du Y, Wu J, Li J, Yu J, Wang T, Wang J. Immunopotentiation of four natural adjuvants co-administered with a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus glycoprotein 5 subunit. Virus Genes 2016; 52:261-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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