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Sulfasalazine/Nimesulide dual-loaded halloysite based poly (sulfobetaine methacrylate) hydrogels: Development and drug release characteristics. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rehman MU, Farooq A, Ali R, Bashir S, Bashir N, Majeed S, Taifa S, Ahmad SB, Arafah A, Sameer AS, Khan R, Qamar W, Rasool S, Ahmad A. Preclinical Evidence for the Pharmacological Actions of Glycyrrhizic Acid: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:436-465. [PMID: 32562521 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200620204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Family: Fabaceae) is one of the important traditional medicinal plant used extensively in folk medicine. It is known for its ethnopharmacological value in curing a wide variety of ailments. Glycyrrhizin, an active compound of G. glabra, possesses anti-inflammatory activity due to which it is mostly used in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment and management of chronic diseases. The present review is focused extensively on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and potential effects of Glycyrrhizic Acid (GA). A thorough literature survey was conducted to identify various studies that reported on the GA on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Farooq
- RAKCOPS, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras AL Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rayeesa Ali
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sana Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Nazirah Bashir
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Samia Majeed
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Syed Taifa
- Division of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shuhama, JandK, India
| | - Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aga Syed Sameer
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Wajhul Qamar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Central Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiema Rasool
- Forest Biotech Lab, Department of Forest Mana pgement, Faculty of Forestry, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-therapeutics, Institute of Nanoscience and Technology (DST-INST), Mohali, Punjab, India
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Mausset-Bonnefont AL, Cren M, Vicente R, Quentin J, Jorgensen C, Apparailly F, Louis-Plence P. Arthritis sensory and motor scale: predicting functional deficits from the clinical score in collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:264. [PMID: 31801618 PMCID: PMC6894222 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-2047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model, inflammation readouts are usually quantified using operator-dependent clinical scoring systems, and no systematic relationship with functional deficits has been detected. In this study, we extensively quantified sensory and motor deficits in CIA mice during natural disease progression and therapeutic treatment. Then, we used these data to build a scale to predict functional deficits on the basis of the classical clinical score. Methods Using the CIA mouse model, we longitudinally screened multiple approaches to assess locomotion (open field test, Catwalk™), sensitivity (Von Frey, Hargreaves, static weight-bearing tests), and inflammation (skin temperature), and identified the most accurate tests to correlate sensory and motor deficits with disease severity, measured by clinical score. We then used these tests to characterize functional deficits in control (naïve and mice injected with complete Freund’s adjuvant) and CIA mice, either untreated or treated with methotrexate to prevent functional deficits. By mathematical approaches, we finally investigated the relationship between functional deficits and clinical score. Results We found that the functional disability scores obtained with the open field, Catwalk™, Hargreaves, and skin temperature tests significantly correlated with the clinical score in CIA mice, either untreated or treated with methotrexate. Mathematical correlation showed that motor deficits, robustly characterized by two different tests, were twice more responsive than thermal sensitivity deficits. Conclusion We propose the arthritis sensory and motor (ArthriSM) scale as a new theranostic tool to predict motor and sensory deficit based on the clinical score, in the experimental mouse model of CIA. This ArthriSM scale may facilitate the transfer of knowledge between preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maïlys Cren
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Rita Vicente
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Quentin
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Yang Z, Ji W, Li M, Qi Z, Huang R, Qu J, Wang H, Wang H. Protective effect of nimesulide on acute lung injury in mice with severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:6024-6031. [PMID: 31632570 PMCID: PMC6789255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the effect of Nimesulide (NIM) on acute lung injury (ALI) in mice with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). In our study, caerulein and LPS were employed to establish the ALI mice model induced by SAP. All animals were divided into four groups randomly: control, model (SAP), NIM low and high dosages groups. Following treatment with NIM, histopathology observation of pancreatic tissues and lung tissues were detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The levels of serum amylase, lipase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-6 were measured by ELISA. The ratio of wet lung to dry lung (W/D) was calculated. In addition, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were measured by Western blotting. Moreover, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was detected using Immunohistochemistry analysis. The results revealed that NIM markedly improved pancreatic histological injury and decreased the levels of serum amylase, lipase, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in a dose-dependent after NIM treatment. For ALI induced by SAP, pulmonary edema were significantly alleviated compared with the mice in SAP group. In addition, the decreased ratio of W/D were observed after NIM intervene. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 proteins were downregulated following NIM treatment. More, NIM inhibited the expression of COX2 in lung tissues. Taken together, our study demonstrated that NIM was able to protect against ALI induced by SAP via inhibiting inflammation, which will be of novel therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ming Li
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhidong Qi
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jingdong Qu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Huaiquan Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Nimesulide effects on the blood pro-oxidant–antioxidant status in lipopolysaccharide-challenged mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Affaitati G, Costantini R, Tana C, Lapenna D, Schiavone C, Cipollone F, Giamberardino MA. Effects of topical vs injection treatment of cervical myofascial trigger points on headache symptoms in migraine patients: a retrospective analysis. J Headache Pain 2018; 19:104. [PMID: 30409108 PMCID: PMC6755551 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-018-0934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In migraine patients with cervical myofascial trigger points whose target areas coincide with migraine sites (M + cTrPs), TrP anesthetic injection reduces migraine symptoms, but the procedure often causes discomfort. This study evaluated if a topical TrP treatment with 3% nimesulide gel has similar efficacy as the injection but produces lesser discomfort with higher acceptability by the patients. Methods Retrospective analysis of medical charts of M + cTrPs patients in the period January 2012–December 2016 at a single Headache Center. Three groups of 25 patients each were included, all receiving migraine prophylaxis (flunarizine 5 mg/day) for 3 months and symptomatic treatment on demand. Group 1 received no TrP treatment, group 2 received TrP injections (bupivacaine 5 mg/ml at basis, 3rd, 10th, 30th and 60th day), group 3 received daily TrP topical treatment with 1.5 g of 3% nimesulide gel for 15 consecutive days, 15 days interruption and again 15 consecutive days. The following were evaluated: monthly number of migraine attacks and rescue medications, migraine intensity; pain thresholds to skin electrical stimulation (EPTs) and muscle pressure stimulation (PPTs) in TrP and target (basis, 30th, 60th and 180th days); discomfort from, acceptability of and willingness to repeat treatment (end of study). ANOVA for repeated measures and 1-way ANOVA were used to assess temporal trends in each group and comparisons among groups, respectively. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results Migraine improved over time in all groups, but significantly more and earlier in those receiving TrP treatment vs no TrP treatment (0.02 < p < 0.0001, 30–180 days for intensity and rescue medication, 60–180 days for number). All thresholds in the non-TrP-treated group did not change over time, while significantly improving in both the injection and nimesulide gel groups (0.01 < p < 0.0001, 30–180 days). Improvement of migraine and thresholds did not differ in the two TrP-treated groups. Discomfort was significantly lower, acceptability and willingness to repeat treatment significantly higher (0.05 < p < 0.0001) with gel than injection. Conclusion In migraine patients, topical treatment of cervical TrPs with 5% nimesulide gel proves equally effective as TrP injection with local anesthetics but more acceptable by the patients. This treatment could be effectively associated to standard migraine prophylaxis to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannapia Affaitati
- Headache Center, Geriatrics Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging and Ce.S.I.-Met, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, 66100, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Costantini
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Tana
- Internal Medicine and Critical Subacute Care Unit, Medicine Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University-Hospital of Parma, Via Antonio Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Domenico Lapenna
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cosima Schiavone
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Maria Adele Giamberardino
- Headache Center, Geriatrics Clinic, Department of Medicine and Science of Aging and Ce.S.I.-Met, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, 66100, Chieti, Italy
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Scheinberg M, Pott Júnior H, Macêdo EDA, Bocchi de Oliveira MF, Ecclissato C, Amazonas RB. Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose combination of nimesulide/pantoprazole compared to naproxen/esomeprazole for pain relief in patients with osteoarticular diseases and dyspeptic symptoms. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2775-2783. [PMID: 30233140 PMCID: PMC6132486 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s172068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the safety and efficacy of fixed-dose combination tablets of naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium and nimesulide/pantoprazole to determine if both regimens are equally suited to relieve pain in patients with osteoarticular diseases and dyspeptic symptoms. Methods Patients were randomly assigned to receive either nimesulide/pantoprazole (100 mg/20 mg) twice daily or naproxen/esomeprazole magnesium (500 mg/20 mg) twice daily for 14 days. The primary endpoint was defined as the mean change in modified Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain subscale. Secondary endpoints were mean visual analog scale score of dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, abdominal discomfort/pain, epigastric burning, postprandial fullness), mean visual analog scale score of individual dyspeptic symptoms, and individual score of dyspeptic symptoms according to patient diary. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01670552. Results A total of 490 patients were enrolled and randomized, and 399 completed treatment (naproxen/esomeprazole, n=201; nimesulide/pantoprazole, n=198). The difference in mean change in the modified Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain score after 7 days of treatment between the two treatment groups was 2.33 mm (95% CI, −1.22 to 5.89 mm). After 14 days of therapy, the difference was 0.45 mm (95% CI, −3.29 to 4.19 mm). The most common adverse events in the pooled group were abdominal discomfort, abdominal distention, dyspepsia, and nausea, but none of these was deemed to be clinically meaningful. Conclusion The present study demonstrated noninferiority of a 14-day regimen with a fixed-dose combination of nimesulide/pantoprazole compared to naproxen/esomeprazole for the treatment of osteoarticular pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morton Scheinberg
- Clinical Research Center Hospital AACD, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
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Olender D, Żwawiak J, Zaprutko L. Multidirectional Efficacy of Biologically Active Nitro Compounds Included in Medicines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E54. [PMID: 29844300 PMCID: PMC6027522 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The current concept in searching for new bioactive products, including mainly original active substances with potential application in pharmacy and medicine, is based on compounds with a previously determined structure, well-known properties, and biological activity profile. Nowadays, many commonly used drugs originated from natural sources. Moreover, some natural materials have become the source of leading structures for processing further chemical modifications. Many organic compounds with great therapeutic significance have the nitro group in their structure. Very often, nitro compounds are active substances in many well-known preparations belonging to different groups of medicines that are classified according to their pharmacological potencies. Moreover, the nitro group is part of the chemical structure of veterinary drugs. In this review, we describe many bioactive substances with the nitro group, divided into ten categories, including substances with exciting activity and that are currently undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Olender
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Justyna Żwawiak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Lucjusz Zaprutko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
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Huang QC, Wang MJ, Chen XM, Yu WL, Chu YL, He XH, Huang RY. Can active components of licorice, glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid, lick rheumatoid arthritis? Oncotarget 2016; 7:1193-202. [PMID: 26498361 PMCID: PMC4811453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review stated the possible application of the active components of licorice, glycyrrhizin (GL) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment based on the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2/thromboxane A2 (TxA2) pathway. METHODS The extensive literature from inception to July 2015 was searched in PubMed central, and relevant reports were identified according to the purpose of this study. RESULTS The active components of licorice GL and GA exert the potential anti-inflammatory effects through, at least in part, suppressing COX-2 and its downstream product TxA2. Additionally, the COX-2/TxA2 pathway, an auto-regulatory feedback loop, has been recently found to be a crucial mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of RA. However, TxA2 is neither the pharmacological target of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) nor the target of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and the limitations and side effects of those drugs may be, at least in part, attributable to lack of the effects on the COX-2/TxA2 pathway. Therefore, GL and GA capable of targeting this pathway hold the potential as a novel add-on therapy in therapeutic strategy, which is supported by several bench experiments. CONCLUSIONS The active components of licorice, GL and GA, could not only potentiate the therapeutic effects but also decrease the adverse effects of NSAIDs or DMARDs through suppressing the COX-2/TxA2 pathway during treatment course of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Chun Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Mao-Jie Wang
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Min Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Lin Yu
- Central Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Liang Chu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Hong He
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Yue Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Guangzhou, China
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De S, Manna A, Kundu S, De Sarkar S, Chatterjee U, Sen T, Chattopadhyay S, Chatterjee M. Allylpyrocatechol Attenuates Collagen-Induced Arthritis via Attenuation of Oxidative Stress Secondary to Modulation of the MAPK, JAK/STAT, and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:249-259. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Dekkers JS, Schoones JW, Huizinga TW, Toes RE, van der Helm-van Mil AH. Possibilities for preventive treatment in rheumatoid arthritis? Lessons from experimental animal models of arthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:458-467. [PMID: 27481831 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current research in rheumatoid arthritis focuses on preclinical disease phases as it is hypothesised that early preclinical treatment might prevent progression to full-blown disease. Since performance of studies in prearthritis phases in humans is challenging, animal models offer an opportunity to evaluate preventive treatments. We performed a systematic literature review and summarised treatment effects during different stages of arthritis development in animal models. METHODS Eight medical literature databases were systematically searched. Studies were selected if they reported effects of synthetic or biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in animal models of arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis and adjuvant-induced arthritis) on arthritis severity, as measured with arthritis severity scores, paw swelling or paw volume. Quality was assessed using an 11-item checklist. Study characteristics were extracted and effect sizes obtained in high-quality studies were summarised in meta-analyses. Studies were categorised into three groups: prophylactic (prior to generation of autoantibody response), prearthritis (after induction of autoantibody response) and therapeutic intervention (after arthritis development). RESULTS Out of 1415 screened articles, 22 studies (including n=712 animals) were eligible of good quality and included in meta-analyses. Prophylactic (16 experiments, n=312 animals) and prearthritis treatment (9 experiments, n=156 animals) both were associated with a reduction of arthritis severity (p<0.001 and p=0.005, respectively). Stratified analyses for different antirheumatic drugs initiated in the prearthritis phase suggested higher efficacy of methotrexate than of anti-tumour necrosis factor. CONCLUSIONS Data of experimental studies in animal models of arthritis suggest that prophylactic and prearthritis treatment strategies are effective and hint at differences in efficacy between antirheumatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Dekkers
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J W Schoones
- Walaeus Library, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - T W Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R E Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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