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Vafeiadou AM, Geldhof K, Barhdadi W, Baetens JM, De Baets B, Moens T, Daly AJ. Temperature-driven dynamics: unraveling the impact of climate change on cryptic species interactions within the Litoditis marina complex. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17324. [PMID: 38784398 PMCID: PMC11114120 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change and the associated increase in sea temperatures are projected to greatly impact marine ecosystems. Temperature variation can influence the interactions between species, leading to cascading effects on the abundance, diversity and composition of communities. Such changes in community structure can have consequences on ecosystem stability, processes and the services it provides. Therefore, it is important to better understand the role of species interactions in the development of communities and how they are influenced by environmental factors like temperature. The coexistence of closely related cryptic species, with significant biological and ecological differences, makes this even more complex. This study investigated the effect of temperature on species growth and both intra- and interspecific interactions of three species within the free-living nematode Litoditis marina complex. To achieve this, closed microcosm experiments were conducted on the L. marina species Pm I, Pm III and Pm IV in monoculture and combined cultures at two temperature treatments of 15 °C and 20 °C. A population model was constructed to elucidate and quantify the effects of intra- and interspecific interactions on nematode populations. The relative competitive abilities of the investigated species were quantified using the Modern Coexistence Theory (MCT) framework. Temperature had strong and disparate effects on the population growth of the distinct L. marina species. This indicates temperature could play an important role in the distribution of these cryptic species. Both competitive and facilitative interactions were observed in the experiments. Temperature affected both the type and the strength of the species interactions, suggesting a change in temperature could impact the coexistence of these closely related species, alter community dynamics and consequently affect ecosystem processes and services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Vafeiadou
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kevin Geldhof
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wissam Barhdadi
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan M. Baetens
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bernard De Baets
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Moens
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aisling J. Daly
- Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Universiteit Gent, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Cheng R, Luo A, Orr M, Ge D, Hou Z, Qu Y, Guo B, Zhang F, Sha Z, Zhao Z, Wang M, Shi X, Han H, Zhou Q, Li Y, Liu X, Shao C, Zhang A, Zhou X, Zhu C. Cryptic diversity begets challenges and opportunities in biodiversity research. Integr Zool 2024. [PMID: 38263700 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
How many species of life are there on Earth? This is a question that we want to know but cannot yet answer. Some scholars speculate that the number of species may reach 2.2 billion when considering cryptic diversity and that each morphology-based insect species may contain an average of 3.1 cryptic species. With nearly two million described species, such high estimates of cryptic diversity would suggest that cryptic species are widespread. The development of molecular species delimitation has led to the discovery of a large number of cryptic species, and cryptic biodiversity has gradually entered our field of vision and attracted more attention. This paper introduces the concept of cryptic species, how they evolve, and methods by which they may be discovered and confirmed, and provides theoretical and methodological guidance for the study of hidden species. A workflow of how to confirm cryptic species is provided. In addition, the importance and reliability of multi-evidence-based integrated taxonomy are reaffirmed as a way to better standardize decision-making processes. Special focus on cryptic diversity and increased funding for taxonomy is needed to ensure that cryptic species in hyperdiverse groups are discoverable and described. An increased focus on cryptic species in the future will naturally arise as more difficult groups are studied, and thereby, we may finally better understand the rules governing the evolution and maintenance of cryptic biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Arong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael Orr
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Entomologie, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Deyan Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong'e Hou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Qu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baocheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongli Sha
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingsong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanning Li
- Institute of Oceanography, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xingyue Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aibing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaodong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences/International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Zhao J, Zhang J, Zhu X, Lu J, Jin B, Chen H. The Life Cycle of the Bacterial-Feeding Nematode Diplolaimella stagnosa and Its Population Growth in Response to Temperature and Food Availability. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.953608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diplolaimella is a ubiquitous cosmopolitan genus, but information on the life cycles of its species is limited. Here, we describe the life cycle of a free-living bacterivorous nematode, Diplolaimella stagnosa, and report the effects of temperature and food availability on its population dynamics. Specimens were primarily collected from the intertidal zone of Hangzhou Bay Wetland, China and culture experiments were conducted in nutrient agar media with habitat water at 20°C. The nematode primarily fed on an unidentified bacterium that it carried. Under these conditions, both males and females matured in 16 days. Reproduction was by gamogenesis and gravid females normally carried 7–8 eggs. Embryogenesis was completed in 58 h, and the entire life cycle (egg to adult) was completed in 16–18 days. During juvenile development, body lengths of worms increased linearly up to the 16th day, and then remained constant. Body lengths of males and females were 898.1 ± 6.0 μm and 1039.7 ± 14.7 μm, respectively. Nematodes kept at 25°C had a greater population increase than those at 20°C, and the population growth of nematodes was substantially higher in microcosms with abundant bacteria supplied by leaves of Phragmites australis than in microcosms without plant litter. Based on its life strategy and the influence of food availability and temperature on population growth, D. stagnosa was allocated to group c-p 2, suggesting its potential use as a model organism in toxicological studies.
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Cid Alda FP, Valdivia N, Guillemin ML. More than What Meets the Eye: Differential Spatiotemporal Distribution of Cryptic Intertidal Bangiales. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:605. [PMID: 35270075 PMCID: PMC8912569 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Morphologically similar but genetically distinct species have been termed cryptic and most have been assumed to be ecologically similar. However, if these species co-occur at a certain spatial scale, some niche differences at finer scales should be expected to allow for coexistence. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a disjointed distribution of cryptic bladed Bangiales along spatial (intertidal elevations) and temporal (seasons) environmental gradients. Bladed Bangiales were identified and quantified across four intertidal elevations and four seasons for one year, at five rocky intertidal sites (between 39° S and 43° S) in southern Chile. Species determination was based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene amplification. To assess species gross morphology, thallus shape, color, and maximum length and width were recorded. Hundreds of organisms were classified into nine Bangiales species belonging to three genera (i.e., Fuscifolium, Porphyra, and Pyropia), including five frequent (>97% of specimens) and four infrequent species. All species, except for Pyropia saldanhae, had been previously reported along the coasts of Chile. The thallus shape and color were very variable, and a large overlap of the maximum width and length supported the cryptic status of these species. Multivariate analyses showed that the main variable affecting species composition was intertidal elevation. Species such as Py. orbicularis were more abundant in low and mid intertidal zones, while others, such as Po. mumfordii and Po. sp. FIH, were principally observed in high and spray elevations. Despite all numerically dominant species being present all year long, a slight effect of seasonal variation on species composition was also detected. These results strongly support the existence of spatial niche partitioning in cryptic Bangiales along the Chilean rocky intertidal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda P. Cid Alda
- Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Nelson Valdivia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Isla Teja, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Marie-Laure Guillemin
- Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- CNRS, Sorbonne Université, IRL 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff, France
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5
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Establishing the baselines of Diplolaimella dievengatensis (Nematoda: Monhysteridae) for life-history experiments. ZOOL ANZ 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Zimmermann BL, Buzatto I, Santos S, Giri F, Teixeira de Mello F, Crandall KA, Pérez‐Losada M, Bartholomei‐Santos ML. Entangled Aeglidae (Decapoda, Anomura): Additional evidence for cryptic species. ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca L. Zimmermann
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biodiversidade Animal Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul Ibirubá Brazil
| | - Ivanice Buzatto
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biodiversidade Animal Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Sandro Santos
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Biodiversidade Animal Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil
| | - Federico Giri
- Laboratorio de Macrocrustáceos Instituto Nacional de Limnología Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Universidad Nacional del Litoral Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Franco Teixeira de Mello
- Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Ambiental Centro Universitario Regional Este (CURE) Universidad de la República Maldonado Uruguay
| | - Keith A. Crandall
- Computational Biology Institute George Washington University Washington DC USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology US National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
| | - Marcos Pérez‐Losada
- Computational Biology Institute George Washington University Washington DC USA
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology US National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington DC USA
- CIBIO‐InBIO Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos Vairão Portugal
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7
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Wen F, Ljustina O, Vicknair W, Perrera B, Lamb JY. Reproductive Phenology and the Larval Period of the Western Dwarf Salamander (Eurycea paludicola) in Southeastern Louisiana. SOUTHEAST NAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1656/058.020.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Wen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, 808 N. Pine Street Hammond, LA 70402
| | - Oliver Ljustina
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, 808 N. Pine Street Hammond, LA 70402
| | - Wren Vicknair
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, 808 N. Pine Street Hammond, LA 70402
| | - Brooke Perrera
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, 808 N. Pine Street Hammond, LA 70402
| | - Jennifer Y. Lamb
- Department of Biology, St. Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, St. Cloud, MN 56301
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8
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Schäffer S, Kerschbaumer M, Koblmüller S. Multiple new species: Cryptic diversity in the widespread mite species Cymbaeremaeus cymba (Oribatida, Cymbaeremaeidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 135:185-192. [PMID: 30898693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The absence of obvious morphological differences between species impedes species identification in many groups of organisms. Such cryptic species appear to be particularly common in small-bodied animals, impacting species richness estimates. In this study we aimed at characterizing the molecular diversity of the Palearctic arboreal oribatid mite species Cymbaeremaeus cymba across large parts of Europe. Phylogenetic analyses of three molecular markers, including the COI barcoding region, identified eight well supported, fairly divergent clades within C. cymba, which we consider to represent distinct species based on molecular species delimitation methods. Intraspecific variation of the COI gene was extremely low in all putative species, contradicting previous assumptions of high intraspecific diversity in oribatid mites. The frequent co-occurrence of two species on a single tree suggests an ecological micro-niche differentiation. Contrary to previous studies on oribatid mites, we find that COI is a good marker for species delimitation and its further use for barcoding of oribatids is highly recommended. Furthermore, we provide descriptions of six new Cymbaeremaeus species and designate a neotype of C. cymba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Schäffer
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Stephan Koblmüller
- Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Chenuil A, Cahill AE, Délémontey N, Du Salliant du Luc E, Fanton H. Problems and Questions Posed by Cryptic Species. A Framework to Guide Future Studies. HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10991-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSpecies are the currency of biology and important units of biodiversity, thus errors in species delimitations potentially have important consequences. During the last decades, owing to the use of genetic markers, many nominal species appeared to consist of several reproductively isolated entities called cryptic species (hereafter CS). In this chapter we explain why CS are important for practical reasons related to community and ecosystem monitoring, and for biological knowledge, particularly for understanding ecological and evolutionary processes. To find solutions to practical problems and to correct biological errors, a thorough analysis of the distinct types of CS reported in the literature is necessary and some general rules have to be identified. Here we explain how to identify CS, and we propose a rational and practical classification of CS (and putative CS), based on the crossing of distinct levels of genetic isolation with distinct levels of morphological differentiation. We also explain how to identify likely explanations for a given CS (either inherent to taxonomic processes or related to taxon biology, ecology and geography) and how to build a comprehensive database aimed at answering these practical and theoretical questions. Our pilot review of the literature in marine animals established that half of the reported cases are not CS sensu stricto (i.e. where morphology cannot distinguish the entities) and just need taxonomic revision. It also revealed significant associations between CS features, such as a higher proportion of diagnostic morphological differences in sympatric than in allopatric CS and more frequent ecological differentiation between sympatric than allopatric CS, both observations supporting the competitive exclusion theory, thus suggesting that ignoring CS causes not only species diversity but also functional diversity underestimation.
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10
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Mevenkamp L, Ong EZ, Van Colen C, Vanreusel A, Guilini K. Combined, short-term exposure to reduced seawater pH and elevated temperature induces community shifts in an intertidal meiobenthic assemblage. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 133:32-44. [PMID: 29198410 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In future global change scenarios the surface ocean will experience continuous acidification and rising temperatures. While effects of both stressors on marine, benthic communities are fairly well studied, consequences of the interaction of both factors remain largely unknown. We performed a short-term microcosm experiment exposing a soft-bottom community from an intertidal flat in the Westerscheldt estuary to two levels of seawater pH (ambient pHT = 7.9, reduced pHT = 7.5) and temperature (10 °C ambient and 13 °C elevated temperature) in a crossed design. After 8 weeks, meiobenthic community structure and nematode staining ratios, as a proxy for mortality, were compared between treatments and structural changes were related to the prevailing abiotic conditions in the respective treatments (pore water pHT, sediment grain size, total organic matter content, total organic carbon and nitrogen content, phytopigment concentrations and carbonate concentration). Pore water pHT profiles were significantly altered by pH and temperature manipulations and the combination of elevated temperature and reduced pH intensified the already more acidic porewater below the oxic zone. Meiofauna community composition was significantly affected by the combination of reduced pH and elevated temperature resulting in increased densities of predatory Platyhelminthes, reduced densities of Copepoda and Nauplii and complete absence of Gastrotricha compared to the experimental control. Furthermore, nematode staining ratio was elevated when seawater pH was reduced pointing towards reduced degradation rates of dead nematode bodies. The observed synergistic interactions of pH and temperature on meiobenthic communities and abiotic sediment characteristics underline the importance of multistressor experiments when addressing impacts of global change on the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mevenkamp
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ee Zin Ong
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carl Van Colen
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katja Guilini
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Mevenkamp L, Brown A, Hauton C, Kordas A, Thatje S, Vanreusel A. Hydrostatic pressure and temperature affect the tolerance of the free-living marine nematode Halomonhystera disjuncta to acute copper exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 192:178-183. [PMID: 28963926 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Potential deep-sea mineral extraction poses new challenges for ecotoxicological research since little is known about effects of abiotic conditions present in the deep sea on the toxicity of heavy metals. Due to the difficulty of collecting and maintaining deep-sea organisms alive, a first step would be to understand the effects of high hydrostatic pressure and low temperatures on heavy metal toxicity using shallow-water relatives of deep-sea species. Here, we present the results of acute copper toxicity tests on the free-living shallow-water marine nematode Halomonhystera disjuncta, which has close phylogenetic and ecological links to the bathyal species Halomonhystera hermesi. Copper toxicity was assessed using a semi-liquid gellan gum medium at two levels of hydrostatic pressure (0.1MPa and 10MPa) and temperature (10°C and 20°C) in a fully crossed design. Mortality of nematodes in each treatment was assessed at 4 time intervals (24 and 48h for all experiments and additionally 72 and 96h for experiments run at 10°C). LC50 values ranged between 0.561 and 1.864mg Cu2+L-1 and showed a decreasing trend with incubation time. Exposure to high hydrostatic pressure significantly increased sensitivity of nematodes to copper, whereas lower temperature resulted in an apparently increased copper tolerance, possibly as a result of a slower metabolism under low temperatures. These results indicate that hydrostatic pressure and temperature significantly affect metal toxicity and therefore need to be considered in toxicity assessments for deep-sea species. Any application of pollution limits derived from studies of shallow-water species to the deep-sea mining context must be done cautiously, with consideration of the effects of both stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mevenkamp
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Alastair Brown
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Chris Hauton
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Anna Kordas
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Thatje
- University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 - S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Lee MR, Canales-Aguirre CB, Nuñez D, Pérez K, Hernández CE, Brante A. The identification of sympatric cryptic free-living nematode species in the Antarctic intertidal. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186140. [PMID: 28982192 PMCID: PMC5629031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of free-living nematodes in the beaches of two Antarctic islands, King George and Deception islands was investigated. We used morphological and molecular (LSU, and two fragments of SSU sequences) approaches to evaluate 236 nematodes. Specimens were assigned to at least genera using morphology and were assessed for the presence of cryptic speciation. The following genera were identified: Halomonhystera, Litoditis, Enoploides, Chromadorita, Theristus, Oncholaimus, Viscosia, Gammanema, Bathylaimus, Choanolaimus, and Paracanthonchus; along with specimens from the families Anticomidae and Linhomoeidae. Cryptic speciation was identified within the genera Halomonhystera and Litoditis. All of the cryptic species identified live sympatrically. The two cryptic species of Halomonhystera exhibited no significant morphological differences. However, Litoditis species 2 was significantly larger than Litoditis species 1. The utility of molecular data in confirming the identifications of some of the morphologically more challenging families of nematodes was demonstrated. In terms of which molecular sequences to use for the identification of free-living nematodes, the SSU sequences were more variable than the LSU sequences, and thus provided more resolution in the identification of cryptic speciation. Finally, despite the considerable amount of time and effort required to put together genetic and morphological data, the resulting advance in our understanding of diversity and ecology of free-living marine nematodes, makes that effort worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Lee
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Daniela Nuñez
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Karla Pérez
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Católica de la Santísima de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Crisitan E. Hernández
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva and Filoinformática, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Antonio Brante
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Católica de la Santísima de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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13
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Koenders A, Schön I, Halse S, Martens K. Valve shape is not linked to genetic species in theEucypris virens(Ostracoda, Crustacea) species complex. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Koenders
- Centre for Ecosystem Management; Edith Cowan University; 270 Joondalup Dv Joondalup WA 6027 Australia
| | - Isa Schön
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature; Freshwater Biology; Vautierstraat 29 B-1000 Brussels Belgium
- Research Group Zoology; University of Hasselt; Agoralaan Building D B-3590 Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Stuart Halse
- Bennelongia Environmental Consultants; 5 Bishop Street Jolimont WA 6014 Australia
| | - Koen Martens
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Nature; Freshwater Biology; Vautierstraat 29 B-1000 Brussels Belgium
- Department of Biology; University of Ghent; K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35 B-9000 Gent Belgium
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Kuczyński L, Rector BG, Kiedrowicz A, Lewandowski M, Szydło W, Skoracka A. Thermal Niches of Two Invasive Genotypes of the Wheat Curl Mite Aceria tosichella: Congruence between Physiological and Geographical Distribution Data. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154600. [PMID: 27123590 PMCID: PMC4849750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella Keifer, is a major pest of cereals worldwide. It is also a complex of well-defined genetic lineages with divergent physiological traits, which has not been accounted for in applied contexts. The aims of the study were to model the thermal niches of the two most pestiferous WCM lineages, designated MT-1 and MT-8, and to assess the extent to which temperature determines the distribution of these lineages. WCM population dynamics were modeled based on thermal niche data from March to November on the area of Poland (>311,000 km2). The most suitable regions for population development were predicted and compared to empirical field abundance data. Congruence between modeled parameters and field data for mite presence were observed for both WCM lineages although congruence between modeled thermal suitability and mite field abundance was observed only for MT-8. Thermal niche data for MT-1 and MT-8 provide biological insights and aid monitoring and management of WCM and the plant viruses it vectors. The presented models accurately estimate distributions of WCM and can be incorporated into management strategies for both current and predicted climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lechosław Kuczyński
- Department of Avian Biology and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Brian G. Rector
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), Great Basin Rangelands Research Unit, Reno, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Kiedrowicz
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mariusz Lewandowski
- Department of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences–SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Szydło
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Skoracka
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail:
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15
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Scriven JJ, Whitehorn PR, Goulson D, Tinsley MC. Niche partitioning in a sympatric cryptic species complex. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1328-39. [PMID: 26848386 PMCID: PMC4730923 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition theory states that multiple species should not be able to occupy the same niche indefinitely. Morphologically, similar species are expected to be ecologically alike and exhibit little niche differentiation, which makes it difficult to explain the co‐occurrence of cryptic species. Here, we investigated interspecific niche differentiation within a complex of cryptic bumblebee species that co‐occur extensively in the United Kingdom. We compared the interspecific variation along different niche dimensions, to determine how they partition a niche to avoid competitive exclusion. We studied the species B. cryptarum, B. lucorum, and B. magnus at a single location in the northwest of Scotland throughout the flight season. Using mitochondrial DNA for species identification, we investigated differences in phenology, response to weather variables and forage use. We also estimated niche region and niche overlap between different castes of the three species. Our results show varying levels of niche partitioning between the bumblebee species along three niche dimensions. The species had contrasting phenologies: The phenology of B. magnus was delayed relative to the other two species, while B. cryptarum had a relatively extended phenology, with workers and males more common than B. lucorum early and late in the season. We found divergent thermal specialisation: In contrast to B. cryptarum and B. magnus, B. lucorum worker activity was skewed toward warmer, sunnier conditions, leading to interspecific temporal variation. Furthermore, the three species differentially exploited the available forage plants: In particular, unlike the other two species, B. magnus fed predominantly on species of heather. The results suggest that ecological divergence in different niche dimensions and spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in the environment may contribute to the persistence of cryptic species in sympatry. Furthermore, our study suggests that cryptic species provide distinct and unique ecosystem services, demonstrating that morphological similarity does not necessarily equate to ecological equivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Scriven
- Biological and Environmental Sciences School of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
| | - Penelope R Whitehorn
- Biological and Environmental Sciences School of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences University of Sussex Falmer Brighton BN1 9QG UK
| | - Matthew C Tinsley
- Biological and Environmental Sciences School of Natural Sciences University of Stirling Stirling FK9 4LA UK
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Van Campenhout J, Vanreusel A, Van Belleghem S, Derycke S. Transcription, Signaling Receptor Activity, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Fatty Acid Metabolism Mediate the Presence of Closely Related Species in Distinct Intertidal and Cold-Seep Habitats. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 8:51-69. [PMID: 26637468 PMCID: PMC4758239 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bathyal cold seeps are isolated extreme deep-sea environments characterized by low species diversity while biomass can be high. The Håkon Mosby mud volcano (Barents Sea, 1,280 m) is a rather stable chemosynthetic driven habitat characterized by prominent surface bacterial mats with high sulfide concentrations and low oxygen levels. Here, the nematode Halomonhystera hermesi thrives in high abundances (11,000 individuals 10 cm−2). Halomonhystera hermesi is a member of the intertidal Halomonhystera disjuncta species complex that includes five cryptic species (GD1-5). GD1-5’s common habitat is characterized by strong environmental fluctuations. Here, we compared the transcriptomes of H. hermesi and GD1, H. hermesi’s closest relative. Genes encoding proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation are more strongly expressed in H. hermesi than in GD1, and many genes were only observed in H. hermesi while being completely absent in GD1. Both observations could in part be attributed to high sulfide concentrations and low oxygen levels. Additionally, fatty acid elongation was also prominent in H. hermesi confirming the importance of highly unsaturated fatty acids in this species. Significant higher amounts of transcription factors and genes involved in signaling receptor activity were observed in GD1 (many of which were completely absent in H. hermesi), allowing fast signaling and transcriptional reprogramming which can mediate survival in dynamic intertidal environments. GC content was approximately 8% higher in H. hermesi coding unigenes resulting in differential codon usage between both species and a higher proportion of amino acids with GC-rich codons in H. hermesi. In general our results showed that most pathways were active in both environments and that only three genes are under natural selection. This indicates that also plasticity should be taken in consideration in the evolutionary history of Halomonhystera species. Such plasticity, as well as possible preadaptation to low oxygen and high sulfide levels might have played an important role in the establishment of a cold-seep Halomonhystera population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Van Campenhout
- Research Group Marine Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Belgium Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (CeMoFe), Ghent University, Biology Department, Belgium
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Research Group Marine Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Steven Van Belleghem
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Biology Department, Ghent University, Belgium OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Derycke
- Research Group Marine Biology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Belgium OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
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