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Qi P, Liu X, Li C, Xu Q, Hu L, Duan H, Zhao G, Lin J. Progranulin Protects against Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis by Attenuating the Inflammatory Response through Enhancing Autophagy. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 38900967 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a severe corneal condition caused by pathogenic fungi and is associated with the virulence of fungi and an excessive tissue inflammatory response. Progranulin (PGRN), functioning as a multifunctional growth factor, exerts a pivotal influence on the regulation of inflammation and autophagy. The aim of our research was to analyze the role of PGRN in Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. We found that PGRN expression was increased in the mouse cornea with A. fumigatus keratitis. In our experiments, corneas of mice with FK were treated with 100 ng/mL of PGRN. In vitro, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 10 ng/mL of PGRN before A. fumigatus stimulation. The findings suggested that PGRN effectively alleviated corneal edema and decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice. In stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, PGRN treatment suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α but promoted the expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10. PGRN treatment significantly upregulated the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3, Beclin-1, and Atg-7. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA, autophagy inhibitor) reversed the regulation of inflammatory cytokines by PGRN. In addition, our study demonstrated that PGRN also enhanced phagocytosis in RAW 264.7 cells. In summary, PGRN attenuated the inflammatory response of A. fumigatus keratitis by increasing autophagy and enhanced the phagocytic activity of RAW 264.7 cells. This showed that PGRN had a protective effect on A. fumigatus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Liting Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Huijin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
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Huang G, Jian J, Liu CJ. Progranulinopathy: A diverse realm of disorders linked to progranulin imbalances. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:142-159. [PMID: 37981505 PMCID: PMC10978308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, was originally isolated as a secreted growth factor that implicates in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of tumorigenesis, inflammation to neural proliferation. Compelling evidence indicating that GRN mutation can lead to various common neuronal degenerative diseases and rare lysosomal storage diseases. These findings have unveiled a critical role for PGRN as a lysosomal protein in maintaining lysosomal function. The phenotypic spectrum of PGRN imbalance has expanded to encompass a broad spectrum of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases. These diseases collectively referred to as Progranulinopathy- a term encompasses the wide spectrum of disorders influenced by PGRN imbalance. Unlike its known extracellular function as a growth factor-like molecule associated with multiple membrane receptors, PGRN also serves as an intracellular co-chaperone engaged in the folding and traffic of its associated proteins, particularly the lysosomal hydrolases. This chaperone activity is required for PGRN to exert its diverse functions across a broad range of diseases, encompassing both the central nervous system and peripheral systems. In this comprehensive review, we present an update of the emerging role of PGRN in Progranulinopathy, with special focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between PGRN and a diverse array of proteins at various levels, ranging from extracellular fluids and intracellular components, as well as various pathophysiological processes involved. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive grasp of PGRN's diverse functions, aiming to unveil intricate mechanisms behind Progranulinopathy and open doors for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Progranulin in Musculoskeletal Inflammatory and Degenerative Disorders, Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus and Intervertebral Disc Disease: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121544. [PMID: 36558994 PMCID: PMC9782117 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a glycoprotein formed by 593 amino acids encoded by the GRN gene. It has an important role in immunity and inflammatory response, as well as in tissue recovery. Its role in musculoskeletal inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and intervertebral disc degeneration disease (IVDD), is, nowadays, an important target to investigate. The objective of this review is to systematically sum up all the recent findings concerning PGRN as a target in the development and resolution of the inflammatory diseases. PubMed was examined with the terms combinations (Progranulin) AND (Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic), (Progranulin) AND (Arthritis, Rheumatoid), and (Progranulin) AND (Intervertebral Disc Degeneration). PubMed was examined with the terms combinations (Atsttrin) AND (Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic), (Atsttrin) AND (Arthritis, Rheumatoid), and (Atsttrin) AND (Intervertebral Disc Degeneration). Moreover, research through Web of Science was performed searching the same items. The inclusion criteria were: studies whose main topic were progranulin, or atsttrin, with emphasis on the three selected diseases. On the other hand, the exclusion criteria were studies that only focused on diseases not related to RA, lupus or IVDD, in addition to the previous published literature reviews. Since few results were obtained, we did not filter by year. The records assessed for eligibility were 23, including all the studies with the information in state of art of progranulin and its capability to be a potential target or treatment for each one of the selected diseases. As these results are descriptive and not clinical trials, we did not perform risk of bias methods. Within these results, many studies have shown an anti-inflammatory activity of PGRN in RA. PGRN levels in serum and synovial fluids in RA patients were reported higher than controls. On the other hand, serum levels were directly correlated with SLE disease activity index, suggesting an important role of PGRN as a player in the progression of inflammatory diseases and a therapeutical approach for the recovery. This review has some limitations due to the small number of studies in this regard; therefore, we highlight the importance and the necessity of further investigation. No external funding was implicated in this systematical review.
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Chen Q, Wu Z, Xie L. Progranulin is essential for bone homeostasis and immunology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:58-68. [PMID: 36177883 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication or crosstalk between immune and skeletal cells is considered a crucial element in bone homeostasis modulation. Progranulin (PGRN) is an autocrine growth factor that is structured as beads-on-a-string and participates in multiple pathophysiological processes, including atherosclerosis, arthritis, neurodegenerative pathologies, cancer, and wound repair. PGRN functions as a competitor that binds to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), thereby blocking the TNF-α pathway. PGRN is regarded as an agonist of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, delaying the progression of inflammation through the TNFR2 pathway. The exploitation of PGRN may bring benefits for inflammatory bone diseases and the stabilization of bone homeostasis. The PGRN-modified analog Atsttrin possesses three TNFR-binding fragments and thereby exerts superior therapeutic effects on multiple preclinical animal models compared to PGRN. In this review, we highlight the emerging roles of PGRN in bone formation, as well as in physiological and TNF-α-mediated inflammatory conditions revealed in recent discoveries. We address potential therapies for the treatment of inflammatory bone conditions, such as periodontitis, by the use of PGRN and its derivative Atsttrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - ZuPing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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Wang F, Yang Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Mu Y, Yang J, Yu L, Wang M. Mannan-Binding Lectin Regulates the Th17/Treg Axis Through JAK/STAT and TGF-β/SMAD Signaling Against Candida albicans Infection. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1797-1810. [PMID: 35300210 PMCID: PMC8923702 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s344489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a key molecule in innate immunity and activates the lectin complement pathway, which plays an important role in resisting Candida albicans (C. albicans) infection. However, the underlying mechanism of this resistance to infection remains unclear. Methods In this study, we investigated how MBL regulates the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into T helper type 17 (Th17) and T regulatory (Treg) cells against C. albicans in mice, as well as the underlying mechanisms. We generated MBL double-knockout (KO) mice and infected them with C. albicans by intraperitoneal injection. Results Compared with that in wild-type (WT) mice, the percentage of Th17 cells increased in MBL-null mice, whereas Treg cells decreased, indicating that MBL might regulate the Th17/Treg balance. In addition, in MBL-null mice, the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-21, and the master transcription factor of Th17 cells, RORγt, significantly increased. Conversely, IL-10, IL-2, and the Treg-specific transcription factor, Foxp3, decreased. Moreover, we found that the levels of TGF-β and IL-6 upregulated in MBL-null mice. Mechanistically, we found that MBL regulated the TGF-β/SMAD pathway through the inhibition of p-SMAD2 and promotion of p-SMAD3, and mediated the JAK/STAT pathway through the inhibition of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3 and promotion of p-JAK3 and p-STAT5. MBL double-KO mice showed a more severe inflammatory response and significantly lower survival rates with C. albicans infection. Conclusion These results suggest that MBL regulates the Th17/Treg cell balance to inhibit inflammatory responses, possibly via IL-6- and TGF-β-mediated JAK/STAT and TGF-β/SMAD signaling, and play an important role in anti-C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanping Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Luoyang Oriental Hospital, Luoyang, Henan, 471000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenchao Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Mu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Yu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Molecular Diagnostics, Xinxiang, 453003, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Mingyong Wang; Lili Yu, Email ;
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Wang C, Zhou W, Su G, Hu J, Yang P. Progranulin Suppressed Autoimmune Uveitis and Autoimmune Neuroinflammation by Inhibiting Th1/Th17 Cells and Promoting Treg Cells and M2 Macrophages. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/2/e1133. [PMID: 35082168 PMCID: PMC8791655 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Progranulin (PGRN) is an important immune regulatory molecule in several immune-mediated diseases. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of PGRN in uveitis and its counterpart, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS Serum PGRN levels in patients with Behcet disease (BD) or Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and normal controls were measured by ELISA. EAE and EAU were induced in B10RIII, wild-type, and PGRN-/- mice to evaluate the effect of PGRN on the development of these 2 immune-mediated disease models. The local and systemic immunologic alterations were detected by ELISA, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR. RNA sequencing was performed to identify the hub genes and key signaling pathway. RESULTS A significantly decreased PGRN expression was observed in patients with active BD and active VKH. Recombinant PGRN significantly reduced EAU severity in association with a decreased frequency of Th17 and Th1 cells. PGRN-/- mice developed an exacerbated EAU and EAE in association with strikingly increased frequency of Th1 and Th17 cells and reduced frequency of regulatory T (Treg) cells. In vitro studies revealed that rPGRN could inhibit IRBP161-180-specific Th1 and Th17 cell response and promote Treg cell expansion. It promoted non-antigen-specific Treg cell polarization from naive CD4+ T cells in association with increased STAT5 phosphorylation. Using RAN sequencing, we identified 5 shared hub genes including Tnf, Il6, Il1b, Cxcl2, and Ccl2 and the most significantly enriched MAPK and tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway in PGRN-/- EAU mice. The aggravated EAE activity in PGRN-/- mice was associated with a skew from M2 to M1 macrophages. DISCUSSION Our results collectively reveal an important protective role of PGRN in EAU and EAE. These studies suggest that PGRN could serve as an immunoregulatory target in the study of prevention and treatment for the Th1/Th17-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaokui Wang
- From the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, China
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- From the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, China
| | - Guannan Su
- From the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, China
| | - Jianping Hu
- From the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- From the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, China.
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Zhao X, Hasan S, Liou B, Lin Y, Sun Y, Liu C. Analysis of the Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases in Aged Progranulin Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:629. [PMID: 35054815 PMCID: PMC8775568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are debilitating impairments that affect millions of people worldwide and are characterized by progressive degeneration of structure and function of the central or peripheral nervous system. Effective biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases can be used to improve the diagnostic workup in the clinic as well as facilitate the development of effective disease-modifying therapies. Progranulin (PGRN) has been reported to be involved in various neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, in the current study we systematically compared the inflammation and accumulation of typical neurodegenerative disease markers in the brain tissue between PGRN knockout (PGRN KO) and wildtype (WT) mice. We found that PGRN deficiency led to significant neuron loss as well as activation of microglia and astrocytes in aged mice. Several characteristic neurodegenerative markers, including α-synuclein, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), Tau, and β-amyloid, were all accumulated in the brain of PGRN-deficient mice as compared to WT mice. Moreover, higher aggregation of lipofuscin was observed in the brain tissue of PGRN-deficient mice compared with WT mice. In addition, the autophagy was also defective in the brain of PGRN-deficient mice, indicated by the abnormal expression level of autophagy marker LC3-II. Collectively, comprehensive assays support the idea that PGRN plays an important role during the development of neurodegenerative disease, indicating that PGRN might be a useful biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
| | - Benjamin Liou
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yi Lin
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; (B.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; (X.Z.); (S.H.)
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Lan YJ, Sam NB, Cheng MH, Pan HF, Gao J. Progranulin as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Immune-Mediated Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:6543-6556. [PMID: 34898994 PMCID: PMC8655512 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s339254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a secretory glycoprotein consisting of 593 amino acid residues, is a key actor and regulator of multiple system functions such as innate immune response and inflammation, as well as tissue regeneration. Recently, there is emerging evidence that PGRN is protective in the development of a variety of immune-mediated diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and multiple sclerosis (MS) by regulating signaling pathways known to be critical for immunology, particularly the tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF receptor (TNF-α/TNFR) signaling pathway. Whereas, the role of PGRN in psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) is controversial. This review summarizes the immunological functions of PGRN and its role in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated diseases, in order to provide new ideas for developing therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Jiao Lan
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Napoleon Bellua Sam
- Department of Medical Research and Innovation, School of Medicine, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Ming-Han Cheng
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Gao
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Schumann L, Wilken-Schmitz A, Trautmann S, Vogel A, Schreiber Y, Hahnefeld L, Gurke R, Geisslinger G, Tegeder I. Increased Fat Taste Preference in Progranulin-Deficient Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:4125. [PMID: 34836380 PMCID: PMC8623710 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin deficiency in mice is associated with deregulations of the scavenger receptor signaling of CD36/SCARB3 in immune disease models, and CD36 is a dominant receptor in taste bud cells in the tongue and contributes to the sensation of dietary fats. Progranulin-deficient mice (Grn-/-) are moderately overweight during middle age. We therefore asked if there was a connection between progranulin/CD36 in the tongue and fat taste preferences. By using unbiased behavioral analyses in IntelliCages and Phenomaster cages we showed that progranulin-deficient mice (Grn-/-) developed a strong preference of fat taste in the form of 2% milk over 0.3% milk, and for diluted MCTs versus tap water. The fat preference in the 7d-IntelliCage observation period caused an increase of 10% in the body weight of Grn-/- mice, which did not occur in the wildtype controls. CD36 expression in taste buds was reduced in Grn-/- mice at RNA and histology levels. There were no differences in the plasma or tongue lipids of various classes including sphingolipids, ceramides and endocannabinoids. The data suggest that progranulin deficiency leads to a lower expression of CD36 in the tongue resulting in a stronger urge for fatty taste and fatty nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Schumann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Sandra Trautmann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Alexandra Vogel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
| | - Yannick Schreiber
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (L.S.); (A.W.-S.); (S.T.); (A.V.); (Y.S.); (L.H.); (R.G.); (G.G.)
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10
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Yoon T, Lee LE, Ahn SS, Pyo JY, Song JJ, Park YB, Lee SW. Serum progranulin as a predictive marker for high activity of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24048. [PMID: 34626000 PMCID: PMC8605163 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether serum progranulin could act as a predictive marker for high disease activity of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS Fifty-eight AAV patients were included in this study. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained at blood collection. The Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey Physical and Mental Component Summaries (SF-36 PCS and SF-36 MCS), Birmingham Vasculitis activity score (BVAS), Five-Factor Score (FFS), and Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI) were assessed as AAV-specific indices. Whole blood was collected and serum samples were isolated and stored at -80°C. Serum progranulin concentration was quantified by ELISA kits. RESULTS The median age of patients was 63.0 years (19 men). The median BVAS was 11.0, and the median serum progranulin level was 49.0 ng/ml. Serum progranulin was significantly correlated with BVAS, FFS, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein level, SF-36 PCS, haemoglobin, and serum albumin. Severe AAV was arbitrarily defined as the highest tertile of BVAS (BVAS ≥16). When the cut-offs of serum progranulin were set as 55.16 ng/ml and 43.01 ng/ml for severe AAV, AAV patients with serum progranulin ≥55.16 and 43.01 ng/ml had significantly higher risks of severe AAV than those without (relative risk (RR) 4.167 and 4.524, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Progranulin might play an anti-inflammatory role in AAV pathogenesis and serum progranulin could be used as a predictive marker for high activity of AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Yoon
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, BK21 Plus Project, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucy Eunju Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yoon Pyo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jason Jungsik Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Bright F, Katzeff JS, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Kril JJ, Halliday GM, Kim WS. Glycoprotein Pathways Altered in Frontotemporal Dementia With Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:736260. [PMID: 34539672 PMCID: PMC8440893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.736260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a younger onset form of neurodegeneration initiated in the frontal and/or temporal lobes with a slow clinical onset but rapid progression. bvFTD is highly complex biologically with different pathological signatures and genetic variants that can exhibit a spectrum of overlapping clinical manifestations. Although the role of innate immunity has been extensively investigated in bvFTD, the involvement of adaptive immunity in bvFTD pathogenesis is poorly understood. We analyzed blood serum proteomics to identify proteins that are associated with autoimmune disease in bvFTD. Eleven proteins (increased: ATP5B, CALML5, COLEC11, FCGBP, PLEK, PLXND1; decreased: APOB, ATP8B1, FAM20C, LOXL3, TIMD4) were significantly altered in bvFTD with autoimmune disease compared to those without autoimmune disease. The majority of these proteins were enriched for glycoprotein-associated proteins and pathways, suggesting that the glycome is targeted in bvFTD with autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Bright
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jared S Katzeff
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jillian J Kril
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Fu W, Hu W, Yi YS, Hettinghouse A, Sun G, Bi Y, He W, Zhang L, Gao G, Liu J, Toyo-Oka K, Xiao G, Solit DB, Loke P, Liu CJ. TNFR2/14-3-3ε signaling complex instructs macrophage plasticity in inflammation and autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e144016. [PMID: 34185706 DOI: 10.1172/jci144016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFR1 and TNFR2 have received prominent attention because of their dominance in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmunity. TNFR1 has been extensively studied and primarily mediates inflammation. TNFR2 remains far less studied, although emerging evidence demonstrates that TNFR2 plays an antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory role in various conditions and diseases. Herein, we report that TNFR2 regulates macrophage polarization, a highly dynamic process controlled by largely unidentified intracellular regulators. Using biochemical copurification and mass spectrometry approaches, we isolated the signaling molecule 14-3-3ε as a component of TNFR2 complexes in response to progranulin stimulation in macrophages. In addition, 14-3-3ε was essential for TNFR2 signaling-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization and switch. Both global and myeloid-specific deletion of 14-3-3ε resulted in exacerbated inflammatory arthritis and counteracted the protective effects of progranulin-mediated TNFR2 activation against inflammation and autoimmunity. TNFR2/14-3-3ε signaled through PI3K/Akt/mTOR to restrict NF-κB activation while simultaneously stimulating C/EBPβ activation, thereby instructing macrophage plasticity. Collectively, this study identifies 14-3-3ε as a previously unrecognized vital component of the TNFR2 receptor complex and provides new insights into the TNFR2 signaling, particularly its role in macrophage polarization with therapeutic implications for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases with activation of the TNFR2/14-3-3ε antiinflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yufei Bi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenjun He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guanmin Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jody Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - David B Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Png Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Kong C, Shi Y, Xu J, Xiu Z, Qi W. Serum progranulin level is associated with disease activity following orthopedic surgery in rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520971459. [PMID: 33322978 PMCID: PMC7745593 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520971459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have focused on the ability of progranulin to predict postoperative disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who have undergone surgery. This study evaluated serum progranulin levels in active RA patients and analyzed its relationship with postoperative disease activity. Methods One hundred thirty-two patients with active RA and 72 healthy subjects were included in this study. Serum progranulin was measured, and clinical data were collected. The postoperative 1-year Disease Activity Score in 28 joints calculated with C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) scores was evaluated as an indicator of disease activity. The predictive value of progranulin in postoperative 1-year disease activity in RA patients was also analyzed. Results Serum progranulin was significantly associated with the postoperative 1-year RA disease activity. The mean serum progranulin level in patients with a high disease activity was significantly higher than that of RA patients with low-to-moderate disease activity (54.2 ± 10.6 ng/mL vs. 46.7 ± 8.8 ng/mL). Serum progranulin was also evaluated as an independent predictive factor for postoperative 1-year RA disease activity in multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR], 2.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–8.85). Conclusions Serum progranulin levels may be a promising indicator of postoperative disease activity in RA patients who underwent orthopedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Kong
- Chunyu Kong, Department of Rheumatology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, No. 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300190, P.R. China.
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14
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Fu W, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. In Vitro Physical and Functional Interaction Assays to Examine the Binding of Progranulin Derivative Atsttrin to TNFR2 and Its Anti-TNFα Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2248:109-119. [PMID: 33185871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
TNFα/TNFR signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and anti-TNFα therapies have been accepted as the effective approaches for treating several autoimmune diseases. Progranulin (PGRN), a multi-faced growth factor-like molecule, directly binds to TNFR1 and TNFR2, particularly to the latter with higher affinity than TNFα. PGRN derivative Atsttrin is composed of three TNFR-binding domain of PGRN and exhibits even better therapeutic effects than PGRN in several inflammatory disease models, including collagen-induced arthritis. Herein we describe the detailed methodology of using (1) ELISA-based solid phase protein-protein interaction assay to demonstrate the direct binding of Atsttrin to TNFR2 and its inhibition of TNFα/TNFR2 interaction; and (2) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of in vitro osteoclastogenesis to reveal the cell-based anti-TNFα activity of Atsttrin. Using the protocol described here, the investigators should be able to reproducibly detect the physical inhibition of TNFα binding to TNFR and the functional inhibition of TNFα activity by Atsttrin and various kinds of TNF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Monitoring Atsttrin-Mediated Inhibition of TNFα/NF-κβ Activation Through In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33185877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κβ transcription factor is a molecular mediator crucial to many biological functions and a central regulator of inflammatory and immune responses. NF-κβ is activated by multiple immunologically relevant stimuli, including members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, and targeting TNF/NFκβ activity is a therapeutic objective in many inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Here, we describe the generation of a transgenic reporter mouse model, expressing the human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) transgene (TNF-tg) and carrying the luciferase gene under control of the NFκB-responsive element (NF-κB-Luc). Bioluminescence imaging shows that overexpression of TNF-α effectively activates NF-κB luciferase in vivo. To evaluate this system as a screen for potential therapeutics targeting the TNF/NFκβ signaling pathway, we treated double mutant mice with PGRN-derived Atsttrin, an engineered molecule comprising the minimal progranulin (PGRN):TNFR binding fragments previously demonstrated as therapeutic in multiple models of TNF/NFκβ-driven disease. Administration of Atsttrin could effectively inhibit luciferase activity in TNF-tg:NF-κB-Luc double mutant mice and demonstrates that this transgenic model can be used to non-invasively monitor the in vivo efficacy of modulators of TNF-activated NF-κB signaling pathway.
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16
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The complex role of adipokines in obesity, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:731-752. [PMID: 33729498 PMCID: PMC7969664 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic is a major contributor to chronic disease and disability in the world today. Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, a multitude of studies have characterized the pathological changes that occur within adipose tissue in the obese state. One significant change is the dysregulation of adipokine production. Adipokines are an indispensable link between metabolism and optimal immune system function; however, their dysregulation in obesity contributes to chronic low-grade inflammation and disease pathology. Herein, I will highlight current knowledge on adipokine structure and physiological function, and focus on the known roles of these factors in the modulation of the immune response. I will also discuss adipokines in rheumatic and autoimmune diseases.
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17
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Liu L, Guo H, Song A, Huang J, Zhang Y, Jin S, Li S, Zhang L, Yang C, Yang P. Progranulin inhibits LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization via NF-кB and MAPK pathways. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:32. [PMID: 32503416 PMCID: PMC7275413 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage M1 polarization plays a pivotal role in inflammatory diseases. Progranulin (PGRN) has potential anti-inflammation action, however, the effect of PGRN on macrophage M1 polarization has been poorly studied. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of PGRN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage M1 polarization and clarify the underlying mechanisms. METHODS RAW264.7 cells were polarized to M1 macrophage by LPS with or without recombinant PGRN (rPGRN) and tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody (anti-TNF-α). A cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8), flow cytometry, Quantitative Real-Time PCR assay (q-PCR), Western blot assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to determine the effect of different treatments on cell proliferation, expression of surface phenotype marker and expressions and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The activation of NF-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence respectively. THP-1 and primary bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) were also used to demonstrate effect of PGRN on expressions and secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. RESULTS In RAW264.7 cells, rPGRN at concentrations below 80 ng/ml significantly promoted cell proliferation in dose dependent fashion. rPGRN significantly inhibited LPS-induced change of phenotype (CD86/CD206 ratio) and function (tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions). LPS-stimulated secretion of TNF-α and activated phosphorylation of IKKα/β, IкBα, p65, JNK and p38 and the nucleus translocation of NF-кB p65 were also significantly downregulated by rPGRN. In addition, recombinant TNF-α (rTNF-α) significantly boosted TNF-α and iNOS expression vs the control group. Moreover, anti-TNF-α significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and iNOS expression. In THP-1 and BMDM cells, reversing effect of rPGRN on LPS-enhanced expressions of TNF-α and iNOS and secretion of TNF-α was further demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS PGRN down-regulates LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization in phenotype and function via NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Liu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimei Song
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shutong Li
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhe Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pishan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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18
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Progranulin Improves Acute Lung Injury through Regulating the Differentiation of Regulatory T Cells and Interleukin-10 Immunomodulation to Promote Macrophage Polarization. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9704327. [PMID: 32565732 PMCID: PMC7281846 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9704327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), which plays an anti-inflammatory role in acute lung injury (ALI), is promising as a potential drug. Studies have shown that regulatory T cells (Tregs) and interleukin- (IL-) 10 can repress inflammation and alleviate tissue damage during ALI. In this study, we built a lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced ALI mouse model to illustrate the effect of PGRN on regulation of Treg differentiation and modulation of IL-10 promoting macrophage polarization. We found that the proportion of Tregs in splenic mononuclear cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was higher after treatment with PGRN. The increased proportion of Tregs after PGRN intratracheal instillation was consistent with the decreased severity of lung injury, the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines, and the increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In vitro, the percentages of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs from splenic naïve CD4+ T cells increased after PGRN treatment. In further research, it was found that PGRN can regulate the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 and affect the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages by upregulating IL-10. These findings show that PGRN likely plays a protective role in ALI by promoting Treg differentiation and activating IL-10 immunomodulation.
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19
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Proanthocyanidins Promote Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts in Inflammatory Environment Via Suppressing NF-κB Signal Pathway. Inflammation 2020; 43:892-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Elia LP, Reisine T, Alijagic A, Finkbeiner S. Approaches to develop therapeutics to treat frontotemporal dementia. Neuropharmacology 2020; 166:107948. [PMID: 31962288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) is a complex disease presenting as a spectrum of clinical disorders with progressive degeneration of frontal and temporal brain cortices and extensive neuroinflammation that result in personality and behavior changes, and eventually, death. There are currently no effective therapies for FTD. While 60-70% of FTD patients are sporadic cases, the other 30-40% are heritable (familial) cases linked to mutations in several known genes. We focus here on FTD caused by mutations in the GRN gene, which encodes a secreted protein, progranulin (PGRN), that has diverse roles in regulating cell survival, immune responses, and autophagy and lysosome function in the brain. FTD-linked mutations in GRN reduce brain PGRN levels that lead to autophagy and lysosome dysfunction, TDP43 accumulation, excessive microglial activation, astrogliosis, and neuron death through still poorly understood mechanisms. PGRN insufficiency has also been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), and so the development of therapeutics for GRN-linked FTD that restore PGRN levels and function may have broader application for other neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on a strategy to increase PGRN to functional, healthy levels in the brain by identifying novel genetic and chemical modulators of neuronal PGRN levels. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa P Elia
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Terry Reisine
- Independent Scientific Consultant, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Amela Alijagic
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Center for Systems and Therapeutics and Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, San Francisco, CA, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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21
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Jing C, Zhang X, Song Z, Zheng Y, Yin Y. Progranulin Mediates Proinflammatory Responses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2019; 40:33-42. [PMID: 31804874 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2019.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease caused by the disorders of immune regulation but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Progranulin (PGRN) is an immunomodulatory protein that is upregulated in SLE patients. However, the factors involved in regulating the pathogenesis of SLE by PGRN are largely unknown. We sought to investigate the role and molecular mechanisms of PGRN in SLE to develop a novel therapeutic target. We used an animal model of SLE that was induced in PGRN-deficient and normal wild type (WT) mice using pristane. PGRN concentrations were measured in SLE and the impact of PGRN deficiency was examined by measuring tissue injury and immune responses of T cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg) and B cells. SLE patients and mice showed elevated PGRN levels. Compared with WT SLE mice, inflammatory cell infiltration, tissue edema, and necrosis were alleviated in PGRN-/- SLE mice and the levels of serum chemistry markers of tissue damage and the presence of anti-double-stranded DNA and anti-ribosomal protein P0 antibodies were all significantly decreased. We further discovered that PGRN deficiency could disturb the immune responses of T cell (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg) and B cell responses, leading to the decrease of inflammatory cytokines including interferon-γ and interleukin-17A and increased levels of regulatory B cells. PGRN plays a proinflammatory role in the development of SLE partially through promoting the production of autoantibodies and enhancing Th1 and Th17 cell responses. This may provide new therapeutic options for patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixin Song
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuqiang Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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A novel mechanism of EAE resistance highlights the conflicting roles of progranulin-mediated immunosuppression and antigen processing. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 18:506-507. [PMID: 31511641 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Huang A, Shinde PV, Huang J, Senff T, Xu HC, Margotta C, Häussinger D, Willnow TE, Zhang J, Pandyra AA, Timm J, Weggen S, Lang KS, Lang PA. Progranulin prevents regulatory NK cell cytotoxicity against antiviral T cells. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129856. [PMID: 31484831 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
`NK cell-mediated regulation of antigen-specific T cells can contribute to and exacerbate chronic viral infection, but the protective mechanisms against NK cell-mediated attack on T cell immunity are poorly understood. Here, we show that progranulin (PGRN) can reduce NK cell cytotoxicity through reduction of NK cell expansion, granzyme B transcription, and NK cell-mediated lysis of target cells. Following infection with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), PGRN levels increased - a phenomenon dependent on the presence of macrophages and type I IFN signaling. Absence of PGRN in mice (Grn-/-) resulted in enhanced NK cell activity, increased NK cell-mediated killing of antiviral T cells, reduced antiviral T cell immunity, and increased viral burden, culminating in increased liver immunopathology. Depletion of NK cells restored antiviral immunity and alleviated pathology during infection in Grn-/- mice. In turn, PGRN treatment improved antiviral T cell immunity. Taken together, we identified PGRN as a critical factor capable of reducing NK cell-mediated attack of antiviral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II and
| | - Tina Senff
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas E Willnow
- Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jinping Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aleksandra A Pandyra
- Department of Molecular Medicine II and.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Timm
- Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Schmitz K, Wilken-Schmitz A, Vasic V, Brunkhorst R, Schmidt M, Tegeder I. Progranulin deficiency confers resistance to autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:1077-1091. [PMID: 31467413 PMCID: PMC7609649 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a secreted neurotrophin that assists in the autophagolysosomal pathways that contribute to MHC-mediated antigen processing, pathogen removal, and autoimmunity. We showed that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have high levels of circulating progranulin and that its depletion in a mouse model by a monoclonal antibody aggravates MS-like experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, unexpectedly, progranulin-deficient mice (Grn−/−) were resistant to EAE, and this resistance was fully restored by wild-type bone marrow transplantation. FACS analyses revealed a loss of MHC-II-positive antigen-presenting cells in Grn−/− mice and a reduction in the number of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells along with a strong increase in the number of scavenger receptor class B (CD36+) phagocytes, suggesting defects in antigen presentation along with a compensatory increase in phagocytosis. Indeed, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from Grn−/− mice showed stronger uptake of antigens but failed to elicit antigen-specific T-cell proliferation. An increase in the number of CD36+ phagocytes was associated with increased local inflammation at the site of immunization, stronger stimulation-evoked morphological transformation of bone marrow-derived macrophages to phagocytes, an increase in the phagocytosis of E. coli particles and latex beads and defects in the clearance of the material. Hence, the outcomes in the EAE model reflect the dichotomy of progranulin-mediated immune silencing and autoimmune mechanisms of antigen recognition and presentation, and our results reveal a novel progranulin-dependent pathway in autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Annett Wilken-Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Verica Vasic
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mirko Schmidt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Tegeder
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of the Medical Faculty, Goethe-University, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
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The Adipokine Network in Rheumatic Joint Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174091. [PMID: 31443349 PMCID: PMC6747092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases encompass a diverse group of chronic disorders that commonly affect musculoskeletal structures. Osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the two most common, leading to considerable functional limitations and irreversible disability when patients are unsuccessfully treated. Although the specific causes of many rheumatic conditions remain unknown, it is generally accepted that immune mechanisms and/or uncontrolled inflammatory responses are involved in their etiology and symptomatology. In this regard, the bidirectional communication between neuroendocrine and immune system has been demonstrated to provide a homeostatic network that is involved in several pathological conditions. Adipokines represent a wide variety of bioactive, immune and inflammatory mediators mainly released by adipocytes that act as signal molecules in the neuroendocrine-immune interactions. Adipokines can also be synthesized by synoviocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and inflammatory cells in the joint microenvironment, showing potent modulatory properties on different effector cells in OA and RA pathogenesis. Effects of adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin on local and systemic inflammation are broadly described. However, more recently, other adipokines, such as progranulin, chemerin, lipocalin-2, vaspin, omentin-1 and nesfatin, have been recognized to display immunomodulatory actions in rheumatic diseases. This review highlights the latest relevant findings on the role of the adipokine network in the pathophysiology of OA and RA.
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Schulze-Edinghausen L, Dürr C, Öztürk S, Zucknick M, Benner A, Kalter V, Ohl S, Close V, Wuchter P, Stilgenbauer S, Lichter P, Seiffert M. Dissecting the Prognostic Significance and Functional Role of Progranulin in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E822. [PMID: 31200555 PMCID: PMC6627891 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11060822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is known for its strong dependency on the tumor microenvironment. We found progranulin (GRN), a protein that has been linked to inflammation and cancer, to be upregulated in the serum of CLL patients compared to healthy controls, and increased GRN levels to be associated with an increased hazard for disease progression and death. This raised the question of whether GRN is a functional driver of CLL. We observed that recombinant GRN did not directly affect viability, activation, or proliferation of primary CLL cells in vitro. However, GRN secretion was induced in co-cultures of CLL cells with stromal cells that enhanced CLL cell survival. Gene expression profiling and protein analyses revealed that primary mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in co-culture with CLL cells acquire a cancer-associated fibroblast-like phenotype. Despite its upregulation in the co-cultures, GRN treatment of MSCs did not mimic this effect. To test the relevance of GRN for CLL in vivo, we made use of the Eμ-TCL1 CLL mouse model. As we detected strong GRN expression in myeloid cells, we performed adoptive transfer of Eμ-TCL1 leukemia cells to bone marrow chimeric Grn-/- mice that lack GRN in hematopoietic cells. Thereby, we observed that CLL-like disease developed comparable in Grn-/- chimeras and respective control mice. In conclusion, serum GRN is found to be strongly upregulated in CLL, which indicates potential use as a prognostic marker, but there is no evidence that elevated GRN functionally drives the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Schulze-Edinghausen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Claudia Dürr
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Selcen Öztürk
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Axel Benner
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Verena Kalter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sibylle Ohl
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Viola Close
- Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany, and Cooperation Unit Mechanisms of Leukemogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wuchter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany, and Department of Internal Medicine I, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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The role of progranulin (PGRN) in the modulation of anti-inflammatory response in asthma. Cent Eur J Immunol 2019; 44:97-101. [PMID: 31114443 PMCID: PMC6526594 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2019.83267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases. Epidemiological studies show that asthma will develop among around 40% of children under six years old with symptoms of bronchial obstruction. Diagnosis of asthma is complicated, especially in the paediatric population. As a result, a lot of research is being carried out to establish the pathophysiology and to find new biomarkers of this disease. Progranulin (PGRN) is a recently discovered growth factor with many biological functions. PGRN has anti-inflammatory properties because it inhibits neutrophil degranulation and blocks tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) transmission. The underlying mechanisms are still being researched, but TNF-α is considered to be a cytokine responsible for neutrophilic inflammation in the airways and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Therefore, PGRN, by lowering TNF-α concentration and stimulating regulatory T-cell (Treg) proliferation, relieves symptoms of bronchial inflammatory diseases. This article attempts to verify the current knowledge about basic pathophysiological mechanisms in asthma. We also summarise the most recent research advances in the role of PGRN in the respiratory system.
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Cui Y, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Progranulin: A conductor of receptors orchestra, a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and a therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 45:53-64. [PMID: 30733059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a widely expressed glycoprotein with pleiotropic function, has been linked to a host of physiological processes and diverse pathological states. A series of contemporary preclinical disease models and clinical trials have evaluated various therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN, highlighting PGRN as a promising therapeutic target. Herein we summarize available knowledge of PGRN targeting in various kinds of diseases, including common neurological diseases, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, cancer, tissue repair, and rare lysosomal storage diseases, with a focus on the functional domain-oriented drug development strategies. In particular, we emphasize the role of extracellular PGRN as a non-conventional, extracellular matrix bound, growth factor-like conductor orchestrating multiple membrane receptors and intracellular PGRN as a chaperone/co-chaperone that mediates the folding and traffic of its various binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Niedzielska M, Israelsson E, Angermann B, Sidders BS, Clausen M, Catley M, Malhotra R, Dumont C. Differential gene expression in human tissue resident regulatory T cells from lung, colon, and blood. Oncotarget 2018; 9:36166-36184. [PMID: 30546835 PMCID: PMC6281418 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As we learn more about how immune responses occur in situ, it is becoming clear that each organ/tissue is characterized with its own anatomy and microenvironment which may affect and even determine the outcome of the immune responses. With emerging data from animal studies showing that regulatory T cells infiltrating non-lymphoid tissues exhibit unique phenotypes and transcriptional signatures and display functions beyond their well-established suppressive roles, there is an urgent need to explore the function of tissue Treg cells in humans. Here we characterized the transcriptome of Treg residing at the human mucosal tissue obtained from the normal area of cancer resections and their peripheral blood counterparts, identifying human lung and colon tissue Treg signature genes and their upstream regulators. Pathway analysis highlighted potential differences in the cross-talk between tissue Treg cells and other non-immune tissue-specific cell types. For example, genes associated with wnt pathway were differentially regulated in lung Treg cells compared to blood or colon indicating a potential role for lung Treg cells in epithelium repair and regeneration. Moreover, we identified several non-coding RNAs specifically expressed by tissue-resident Tregs. These results provide a comprehensive view of lung and colon tissue Treg transcriptional landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Niedzielska
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bastian Angermann
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Benjamin S Sidders
- Bioscience, Oncology, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maryam Clausen
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew Catley
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rajneesh Malhotra
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Céline Dumont
- Bioscience, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chen Y, Jian J, Hettinghouse A, Zhao X, Setchell KDR, Sun Y, Liu CJ. Progranulin associates with hexosaminidase A and ameliorates GM2 ganglioside accumulation and lysosomal storage in Tay-Sachs disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1359-1373. [PMID: 30341570 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a lethal lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by mutations in the HexA gene, which can lead to deficiency of β-hexosaminidase A (HexA) activity and consequent accumulation of its substrate, GM2 ganglioside. Recent reports that progranulin (PGRN) functions as a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and its deficiency is associated with LSDs, including Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, prompted us to screen the effects of recombinant PGRN on lysosomal storage in fibroblasts from 11 patients affected by various LSDs, which led to the isolation of TSD in which PGRN demonstrated the best effects in reducing lysosomal storage. Subsequent in vivo studies revealed significant GM2 accumulation and the existence of typical TSD cells containing zebra bodies in both aged and ovalbumin-challenged adult PGRN-deficient mice. In addition, HexA, but not HexB, was aggregated in PGRN-deficient cells. Furthermore, recombinant PGRN significantly reduced GM2 accumulation and lysosomal storage in these animal models. Mechanistic studies indicated that PGRN bound to HexA through granulins G and E domain and increased the enzymatic activity and lysosomal delivery of HexA. More importantly, Pcgin, an engineered PGRN derivative bearing the granulin E domain, also effectively bound to HexA and reduced the GM2 accumulation. Collectively, these studies not only provide new insights into the pathogenesis of TSD but may also have implications for developing PGRN-based therapy for this life-threatening disorder. KEY MESSAGES: GM2 accumulation and the existence of typical TSD cells containing zebra bodies are detected in both aged and ovalbumin-challenged adult PGRN deficient mice. Recombinant PGRN significantly reduces GM2 accumulation and lysosomal storage both in vivo and in vitro, which works through increasing the expression and lysosomal delivery of HexA. Pcgin, an engineered PGRN derivative bearing the granulin E domain, also effectively binds to to HexA and reduces GM2 accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Xueheng Zhao
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Bartholomeus E, De Neuter N, Meysman P, Suls A, Keersmaekers N, Elias G, Jansens H, Hens N, Smits E, Van Tendeloo V, Beutels P, Van Damme P, Ogunjimi B, Laukens K, Mortier G. Transcriptome profiling in blood before and after hepatitis B vaccination shows significant differences in gene expression between responders and non-responders. Vaccine 2018; 36:6282-6289. [PMID: 30205979 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As the hepatitis B virus is widely spread and responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, WHO recommends vaccination from infancy to reduce acute infection and chronic carriers. However, current subunit vaccines are not 100% efficacious and leave 5-10% of recipients unprotected. METHODS To evaluate immune responses after Engerix-B vaccination, we determined, using mRNA-sequencing, whole blood early gene expression signatures before, at day 3 and day 7 after the first dose and correlated this with the resulting antibody titer after two vaccine doses. RESULTS Our results indicate that immune related genes are differentially expressed in responders mostly at day 3 and in non-responders mostly at day 7. The most remarkable difference between responders and non-responders were the differentially expressed genes before vaccination. The granulin precursor gene (GRN) was significantly downregulated in responders while upregulated in non-responders at day 0. Furthermore, absolute granulocytes numbers were significantly higher in non-responders at day 0. CONCLUSION The non-responders already showed an activated state of the immune system before vaccination. Furthermore, after vaccination, they exhibited a delayed and partial immune response in comparison to the responders. Our data may indicate that the baseline and untriggered immune system can influence the response upon hepatitis B vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Bartholomeus
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nicolas De Neuter
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Adrem Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Adrem Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Arvid Suls
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Keersmaekers
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - George Elias
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hilde Jansens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and Statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination (CEV), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien Smits
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo Van Tendeloo
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination (CEV), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Health Economics Research & Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Hematology (LEH), Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Adrem Data Lab, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Biomedical Informatics Research Network Antwerp (biomina), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Geert Mortier
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp/Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; AUDACIS, Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Williams A, Wang ECY, Thurner L, Liu CJ. Review: Novel Insights Into Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor, Death Receptor 3, and Progranulin Pathways in Arthritis and Bone Remodeling. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 68:2845-2856. [PMID: 27428882 PMCID: PMC5599977 DOI: 10.1002/art.39816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lorenz Thurner
- Saarland University Medical School, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Chen Y, Sud N, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Molecular regulations and therapeutic targets of Gaucher disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:65-74. [PMID: 29699937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of beta-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) resulting in lysosomal accumulation of its glycolipid substrate glucosylceramide. The activity of GCase depends on many factors such as proper folding and lysosomal localization, which are influenced by mutations in GCase encoding gene, and regulated by various GCase-binding partners including Saposin C, progranulin and heat shock proteins. In addition, proinflammatory molecules also contribute to pathogenicity of GD. In this review, we summarize the molecules that are known to be important for the pathogenesis of GD, particularly those modulating GCase lysosomal appearance and activity. In addition, small molecules that inhibit inflammatory mediators, calcium ion channels and other factors associated with GD are also described. Discovery and characterization of novel molecules that impact GD are not only important for deciphering the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease, but they also provide new targets for drug development to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Neetu Sud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Progranulin ameliorates coxsackievirus-B3-induced viral myocarditis by downregulating Th1 and Th17 cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 367:241-250. [PMID: 29625085 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral myocarditis, which is caused by Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection, is a leading reason of sudden cardiac death in young adults. Progranulin (PGRN), a pleiotropic growth factor, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory function in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, the expression and function of PGRN in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that PGRN levels in plasma and cardiac tissues were significantly upregulated post CVB3 infection, and negative correlated with disease severity. PGRN deficiency significantly exacerbated, whereas recombinant PGRN treatment attenuated CVB3-induced myocarditis in mice. PGRN downregulated Th1 and Th17 cell responses and cytokine production in vitro and in vivo, whereas its effect on viral myocarditis was Treg cell independent. Furthermore, PGRN regulated Th1 and Th17 cells differentiation through inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway. Therefore, our findings reveal a critical role for PGRN in reducing CVB3-induced myocarditis and suggest that PGRN maybe a novel therapeutic treatment for viral myocarditis.
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Zou H, Li R, Hu H, Hu Y, Chen X. Modulation of Regulatory T Cell Activity by TNF Receptor Type II-Targeting Pharmacological Agents. Front Immunol 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29632537 PMCID: PMC5879105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now compelling evidence that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-TNF receptor type II (TNFR2) interaction plays a decisive role in the activation, expansion, and phenotypical stability of suppressive CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In an effort to translate this basic research finding into a therapeutic benefit, a number of agonistic or antagonistic TNFR2-targeting biological agents with the capacity to activate or inhibit Treg activity have been developed and studied. Recent studies also show that thalidomide analogs, cyclophosphamide, and other small molecules are able to act on TNFR2, resulting in the elimination of TNFR2-expressing Tregs. In contrast, pharmacological agents, such as vitamin D3 and adalimumab, were reported to induce the expansion of Tregs by promoting the interaction of transmembrane TNF (tmTNF) with TNFR2. These studies clearly show that TNFR2-targeting pharmacological agents represent an effective approach to modulating the function of Tregs and thus may be useful in the treatment of major human diseases such as autoimmune disorders, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and cancer. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the latest progress in the study of TNFR2-targeting pharmacological agents and their therapeutic potential based on upregulation or downregulation of Treg activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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Yu Y, Shi Y, Zuo X, Feng Q, Hou Y, Tang W, Lu Y, Yi F, Hou M, Yu Y, Peng J. Progranulin facilitates the increase of platelet count in immune thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 2018; 164:24-31. [PMID: 29475178 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progranulin (PGRN) is emerging as a critical immune mediator involved in a variety of autoimmune disorders. However, its role in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for determining the plasma levels of PGRN in ITP patients vs. healthy controls. In addition, the role of PGRN in ITP was investigated in two kinds of ITP murine models. Further, we explored whether PGRN functioned by affecting the number of T regulatory cells (Tregs) using flow cytometry. RESULTS We first observed that plasma levels of PGRN were significantly elevated in ITP patients (n = 52) compared to healthy controls (n = 40), and the levels of PGRN declined in patients after receiving treatment. Additionally, we found a negative correlation between plasma PGRN levels and platelet count of ITP patients, suggesting that PGRN is involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. PGRN deficiency further decreased platelet count in a passive-transfer ITP murine model. By contrast, administration of recombinant PGRN increased platelet count in SCID mice with chronic ITP. Meanwhile, PGRN deficiency impaired proliferation of Tregs in the passive transfer ITP murine model. These data suggest that PGRN may exert a protective role in ITP by promoting Treg proliferation. CONCLUSION Our study revealed a new regulator involved in the pathogenesis of ITP and provided a potential strategy for management of ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyi Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Xinyi Zuo
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Feng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, China
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Hou
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Immunohematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Jian J, Chen Y, Liberti R, Fu W, Hu W, Saunders-Pullman R, Pastores GM, Chen Y, Sun Y, Grabowski GA, Liu CJ. Chitinase-3-like Protein 1: A Progranulin Downstream Molecule and Potential Biomarker for Gaucher Disease. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:251-260. [PMID: 29396296 PMCID: PMC5835567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that progranulin (PGRN) is a novel regulator of glucocerebrosidase and its deficiency associates with Gaucher Diseases (GD) (Jian et al., 2016a; Jian et al., 2018). To isolate the relevant downstream molecules, we performed a whole genome microarray and mass spectrometry analysis, which led to the isolation of Chitinase-3-like-1 (CHI3L1) as one of the up-regulated genes in PGRN null mice. Elevated levels of CHI3L1 were confirmed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In contrast, treatment with recombinant Pcgin, a derivative of PGRN, as well as imigluerase, significantly reduced the expressions of CHI3L1 in both PGRN null GD model and the fibroblasts from GD patients. Serum levels of CHIT1, a clinical biomarker for GD, were significantly higher in GD patients than healthy controls (51.16±2.824ng/ml vs 35.07±2.099ng/ml, p<0.001). Similar to CHIT1, serum CHI3L1 was also significantly increased in GD patients compared with healthy controls (1736±152.1pg/ml vs 684.7±68.20pg/ml, p<0.001). Whereas the PGRN level is significantly reduced in GD patients as compared to the healthy control (91.56±3.986ng/ml vs 150.6±4.501, p<0.001). Collectively, these results indicate that CHI3L1 may be a previously unrecognized biomarker for diagnosing GD and for evaluating the therapeutic effects of new GD drug(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Rossella Liberti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | | | - Gregory M Pastores
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Depression Evaluation Service, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Wei JL, Liu CJ. Establishment of a Modified Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mouse Model to Investigate the Anti-inflammatory Activity of Progranulin in Inflammatory Arthritis. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1806:305-313. [PMID: 29956284 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8559-3_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) was found to play an anti-inflammatory and protective role in both inflammatory and degenerative arthritis (Tang et al., Science 332:478-484, 2011; Zhao et al., Ann Rheum Dis 74:2244-2253, 2015). We recently published a visualized protocol to demonstrate a surgically-induced mouse model for examining the protective role of PGRN in degenerative osteoarthritis (Zhao et al., J Vis Exp:e50924, 2014). Herein we describe a modified collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of PGRN in inflammatory arthritis. CIA model is the most commonly used autoimmune model of inflammatory arthritis which shares both immunological and pathological features with human rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmune inflammatory arthritis is induced by immunization with an emulsion of complete Freund's adjuvant and chicken type II collagen (CII) using a modified procedure in PGRN deficient mice and control littermates. Using the protocol described here, the investigator should be able to reproducibly induce a high incidence of CIA in PGRN deficient mice and also learn how to critically evaluate the severity and incidence of this disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Progranulin Inhibits Human T Lymphocyte Proliferation by Inducing the Formation of Regulatory T Lymphocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:7682083. [PMID: 28194047 PMCID: PMC5282443 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7682083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the effect of progranulin (PGRN) on human T cell proliferation and its underlying mechanism. We show that PGRN inhibits the PHA-induced multiplication of T lymphocytes. It increases the number of iTregs when T lymphocytes are activated by PHA but does not do so in the absence of PHA. PGRN-mediated inhibition of T lymphocyte proliferation, as well as the induction of iTregs, was completely reversed by a TGF-β inhibitor or a Treg inhibitor. PGRN induced TGF-β secretion in the presence of PHA whereas it did not in the absence of PHA. Our findings indicate that PGRN suppresses T lymphocyte proliferation by enhancing the formation of iTregs from activated T lymphocytes in response to TGF-β.
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Fu W, Hu W, Shi L, Mundra JJ, Xiao G, Dustin ML, Liu CJ. Foxo4- and Stat3-dependent IL-10 production by progranulin in regulatory T cells restrains inflammatory arthritis. FASEB J 2016; 31:1354-1367. [PMID: 28011648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601134r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) restrains inflammation and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis; however, the underlying immunological mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was a critical mediator for PGRN-mediated anti-inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis by using PGRN and IL-10 genetically modified mouse models. IL-10 green fluorescent protein reporter mice revealed that regulatory T (Treg) cells were the predominant source of IL-10 in response to PGRN. In addition, PGRN-mediated expansion and activation of Treg cells, as well as IL-10 production, depends on JNK signaling, but not on known PGRN-activated ERK and PI3K pathways. Furthermore, microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing screens led to the discovery of forkhead box protein O4 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 as the transcription factors required for PGRN induction of IL-10 in Treg cells. These findings define a previously unrecognized signaling pathway that underlies IL-10 production by PGRN in Treg cells and present new insights into the mechanisms by which PGRN resolves inflammation in inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases, particularly inflammatory arthritis.-Fu, W., Hu, W., Shi, L., Mundra, J. J. Xiao, G., Dustin, M. L., Liu, C. Foxo4- and Stat3-dependent IL-10 production by progranulin in regulatory T cells restrains inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Memorial Hospital Research Laboratories, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jyoti Joshi Mundra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - GuoZhi Xiao
- Department of Biology and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Jian J, Li G, Hettinghouse A, Liu C. Progranulin: A key player in autoimmune diseases. Cytokine 2016; 101:48-55. [PMID: 27527809 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune disease encompasses an array of conditions with a variety of presentations and the involvement of multiple organs. Though the etiologies of many autoimmune conditions are unclear, uncontrolled inflammatory immune response is believed to be a major cause of disease development and progression. Progranulin (PGRN), an anti-inflammatory molecule with therapeutic effect in inflammatory arthritis, was identified as an endogenous antagonist of TNFα by competitively binding to TNFR. PGRN exerts its anti-inflammatory activity through multiple pathways, including induction of Treg differentiation and IL-10 expression and inhibition of chemokine release from macrophages. In addition, the protective role of PGRN has also been demonstrated in osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis. Intriguingly, PGRN was reported to contribute to development of insulin resistance in high-fat diet induced diabetes. Emerging evidences indicate that PGRN may also be associated with various autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematous, systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and Sjogren's syndrome. This review summarizes recent studies of PGRN as a novel target molecule in the field of autoimmune disease, and provides updated information to inspire future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Guangfei Li
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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Wei J, Hettinghouse A, Liu C. The role of progranulin in arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1383:5-20. [PMID: 27505256 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor with a unique beads-on-a-string structure that is involved in multiple pathophysiological processes, including anti-inflammation, tissue repair, wound healing, neurodegenerative diseases, and tumorigenesis. This review presents up-to-date information concerning recent studies on the role of PGRN in inflammatory arthritis and osteoarthritis, with a special focus on the involvement of the interactions and interplay between PGRN and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family members in regulating such musculoskeletal diseases. In addition, this paper highlights the applications of atsttrin, an engineered protein comprising three TNFR-binding fragments of PGRN, as a promising intervention in treating arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Özcan E, Işıl Saygun N, Serdar MA, Umut Bengi V, Kantarcı A. Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy Reduces Saliva Adipokine and Matrix Metalloproteinase Levels in Periodontitis. J Periodontol 2016; 87:934-43. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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44
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Emerging Role and Therapeutic Implication of Wnt Signaling Pathways in Autoimmune Diseases. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:9392132. [PMID: 27110577 PMCID: PMC4826689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9392132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays a key role in many biological aspects, such as cellular proliferation, tissue regeneration, embryonic development, and other systemic effects. Under a physiological condition, it is tightly controlled at different layers and arrays, and a dysregulated activation of this signaling has been implicated into the pathogenesis of various human disorders, including autoimmune diseases. Despite the fact that therapeutic interventions are available for ameliorating disease manifestations, there is no curative therapy currently available for autoimmune disorders. Increasing lines of evidence have suggested a crucial role of Wnt signaling during the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases; in addition, some of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, noncoding RNA molecules capable of transcriptionally regulating gene expression, have also recently been demonstrated to possess both physiological and pathological roles in autoimmune diseases by regulating the Wnt signaling pathway. This review summarizes currently our understanding of the pathogenic roles of Wnt signaling in several major autoimmune disorders and miRNAs, those targeting Wnt signaling in autoimmune diseases, with a focus on the implication of the Wnt signaling as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in immune diseases, as well as miRNA-mediated regulation of Wnt signaling activation in the development of autoimmune diseases.
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Mundra JJ, Jian J, Bhagat P, Liu CJ. Progranulin inhibits expression and release of chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 in a TNFR1 dependent manner. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21115. [PMID: 26892362 PMCID: PMC4759551 DOI: 10.1038/srep21115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a pleiotrophic growth factor, is known to play an important role in the maintenance and regulation of the homeostatic dynamics of normal tissue development, proliferation, regeneration, and host-defense. PGRN also has potent anti-inflammatory functionality, and deregulated PGRN is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. We have previously reported that PGRN directly binds to TNFR and significantly enhances Treg population and stimulates IL-10 production. To further investigate PGRN's function in the immune system we performed a gene array analysis on CD4+ T cells from wild type B6 mice and PGRN -/- mice. We identified many chemokines and their receptors, among which CXCL9 and CXCL10 were most prominent, that were significantly induced in PGRN null mice. Administration of recombinant PGRN protein strongly inhibited TNF and IFN-γ-induced CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression. In addition, CXCL9 expression is strongly upregulated in PGRN KO mice and its level is correlated with severity of inflammation in a dermatitis model. Further, we have demonstrated that PGRN-mediated inhibition of chemokine expression largely depends on TNFR1. Taken together, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying PGRN mediated regulation of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Joshi Mundra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10003, USA
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10003, USA
| | - Priyal Bhagat
- Touro College of Medicine New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY10003, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Carcinogenic Parasite Secretes Growth Factor That Accelerates Wound Healing and Potentially Promotes Neoplasia. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005209. [PMID: 26485648 PMCID: PMC4618121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini induces cancer of the bile ducts, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Injury from feeding activities of this parasite within the human biliary tree causes extensive lesions, wounds that undergo protracted cycles of healing, and re-injury over years of chronic infection. We show that O. viverrini secreted proteins accelerated wound resolution in human cholangiocytes, an outcome that was compromised following silencing of expression of the fluke-derived gene encoding the granulin-like growth factor, Ov-GRN-1. Recombinant Ov-GRN-1 induced angiogenesis and accelerated mouse wound healing. Ov-GRN-1 was internalized by human cholangiocytes and induced gene and protein expression changes associated with wound healing and cancer pathways. Given the notable but seemingly paradoxical properties of liver fluke granulin in promoting not only wound healing but also a carcinogenic microenvironment, Ov-GRN-1 likely holds marked potential as a therapeutic wound-healing agent and as a vaccine against an infection-induced cancer of major public health significance in the developing world.
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New discovery rarely runs smooth: an update on progranulin/TNFR interactions. Protein Cell 2015; 6:792-803. [PMID: 26408020 PMCID: PMC4624682 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0213-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a growth factor implicated in various pathophysiological processes, including wound healing, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and neurodegeneration. It was previously reported that PGRN binds to tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR) and has therapeutic effects in inflammatory arthritis (Tang et. al, in Science 332:478-484, 2011); however, Chen et al. reported their inability to demonstrate the PGRN-TNFR interactions under their own conditions (Chen et. al, in J Neurosci 33:9202-9213, 2013). A letter-to-editor was then published by the original group in response to the Chen et al. paper that discussed the reasons for the latter's inability to recapitulate the interactions. In addition, the group published follow-up studies that further reinforced and dissected the interactions of PGRN-TNFR. Recently, the dispute about the legitimacy of PGRN-TNFR interactions appears to be finally settled with independent confirmations of these interactions in various conditions by numerous laboratories. This review presents a chronological update on the story of PGRN-TNFR interactions, highlighting the independent confirmations of these interactions in various diseases and conditions.
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Verhagen J, Wegner A, Wraith DC. Extra-thymically induced T regulatory cell subsets: the optimal target for antigen-specific immunotherapy. Immunology 2015; 145:171-81. [PMID: 25716063 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy aims to selectively restore tolerance to innocuous antigens in cases of autoimmune or allergic disease, without the need for general immune suppression. Although the principle of antigen-specific immunotherapy was discovered more than a century ago, its clinical application to date is limited, particularly in the control of autoimmunity. This has resulted mainly from a lack of in-depth understanding of the underlying mechanism. More recently, the differentiation of extra-thymically induced T regulatory (Treg) cell subsets has been shown to be instrumental in peripheral tolerance induction. Two main types of inducible Treg cells, interleukin-10-secreting or Foxp3(+) , have now been described, each with distinct characteristics and methods of therapeutic induction. It is crucial, therefore, to identify the suitability of either subset in the control of specific immune disorders. This review explores their natural function, the known mechanisms of therapeutic differentiation of either subset as well as their in vivo functionality and discusses new developments that may aid their use in antigen-specific immunotherapy, with a focus on autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Verhagen
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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