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Gurgul AA, Najjar Y, Chee A, An H, Che CT, Park TJ, Warpeha KM. Phenylpropanoid-enriched broccoli seedling extract can reduce inflammatory markers and pain behavior. J Transl Med 2023; 21:922. [PMID: 38115032 PMCID: PMC10731810 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04777-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a worldwide problem requiring an effective, affordable, non-addictive therapy. Using the edible plant broccoli, a growth protocol was developed to induce a concentrated combinatorial of potential anti-inflammatories in seedlings. METHODS A growth method was utilized to produce a phenylpropanoid-rich broccoli sprout extract, referred to as Original Extract (OE). OE was concentrated and then resuspended for study of the effects on inflammation events. A rabbit disc model of inflammation and degeneration, and, a mouse model of pain behavior were used for in vivo and in vitro tests. To address aspects of mammalian metabolic processing, the OE was treated with the S9 liver microsome fraction derived from mouse, for use in a mouse in vivo study. Analytical chemistry was performed to identify major chemical species. Continuous variables were analyzed with a number of methods including ANOVA, and two-tailed t tests, as appropriate. RESULTS In a rabbit spine (disc) injury model, inflammatory markers were reduced, and levels of regenerative markers were increased as a result of OE treatment, both in vivo and in vitro. In a mouse pain behavioral model, after treatment with S9 liver microsome fraction, the resultant extract significantly reduced early and late pain behavior in response to a pain stimulus. The OE itself reduced pain behavior in the mouse pain model, but did not achieve the level of significance observed for S9-treated extract. Analytical chemistry undertaken on the extract constituents revealed identities of the chemical species in OE, and how S9 liver microsome fraction treatment altered species identities and proportions. CONCLUSIONS In vitro and in vivo results indicate that the OE, and S9-treated OE broccoli extracts are worthwhile materials to develop a non-opiate inflammation and pain-reducing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra A Gurgul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yahya Najjar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave, M/C 567, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Ana Chee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Howard An
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave, M/C 567, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Katherine M Warpeha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, 900 S Ashland Ave, M/C 567, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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Kumari A, Kumar V, Ovadia R, Oren-Shamir M. Phenylalanine in motion: A tale of an essential molecule with many faces. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108246. [PMID: 37652145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanine has a unique role in plants as a source of a wide range of specialized metabolites, named phenylpropanoids that contribute to the adjustment of plants to changing developmental and environmental conditions. The profile of these metabolites differs between plants and plant organs. Some of the prominent phenylpropanoids include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenes, lignins, glucosinolates and benzenoid phenylpropanoid volatiles. Phenylalanine biosynthesis, leading to increased phenylpropanoid levels, is induced under stress. However, high availability of phenylalanine in plants under non-stressed conditions can be achieved either by genetically engineering plants to overproduce phenylalanine, or by external treatment of whole plants or detached plant organs with phenylalanine solutions. The objective of this review is to portray the many effects that increased phenylalanine availability has in plants under non-stressed conditions, focusing mainly on external applications. These applications include spraying and drenching whole plants with phenylalanine solutions, postharvest treatments by dipping fruit and cut flower stems, and addition of phenylalanine to cell suspensions. The results of these treatments include increased fragrance in flowers, increased aroma and pigmentation in fruit, increased production of health promoting metabolites in plant cell cultures, and increased resistance of plants, pre- and post-harvest, to a wide variety of pathogens. These effects suggest that plants can very efficiently uptake phenylalanine from their roots, leaves, flowers and fruits, translocate it from one organ to the other and between cell compartments, and metabolize it into phenylpropanoids. The mechanisms by which Phe treatment increases plant resistance to pathogens reveal new roles of phenylpropanoids in induction of genes related to the plant immune system. The simplicity of treatments with phenylalanine open many possibilities for industrial use. Many of the phenylalanine-treatment effects on increased resistance to plant pathogens have also been successful in commercial field trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kumari
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Varun Kumar
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Rinat Ovadia
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
| | - Michal Oren-Shamir
- Department of Ornamental Plants and Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, P.O.B 15159, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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3
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Yu B, Pan Y, Liu Y, Chen Q, Guo X, Tang Z. A comprehensive analysis of transcriptome and phenolic compound profiles suggests the role of flavonoids in cotyledon greening in Catharanthus roseus seedling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:185-197. [PMID: 34365289 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During seedling photo-morphogenesis, cotyledon greening is a vital developmental process and a moment of responding to light stress. An increasing number of reports suggest the function of natural antioxidant protection of phenolic compounds in plant growth and development processes. Due to the antioxidant functions, flavonoids allow plants to respond to abiotic or biotic stresses. As one of the plants rich in secondary metabolites, Catharanthus roseus has drawn great academic interest due to its richness of diverse secondary metabolites with medicinal values. To assess the distribution and function of phenolic compounds during cotyledon greening, combined phenolic profiling and transcriptome were applied in C. roseus seedling through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and high throughput RNA sequencing, respectively. Results herein showed that light-exposed greening cotyledon accumulated large amounts of C6C3C6-type flavonoids, suggesting the function in repressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to improve light adaptation and seedling survival. Moreover, synergistic up-regulation of relevant genes involved in flavonoids pathway, including PAL, C4H, CHS, FLS, and F3'H, was monitored in response to light. Several crucial candidate transcription factors including bHLH, MYB, and B-box families were likely to function, and thereinto, CrHY5 (CRO_T122304) and CRO_T137938 revealed a prompt response to light, supposing to induce flavonoids accumulation by targeting CHS and FLS. Therefore, this study provided new insight into the potential regulation and underlying roles of flavonoids to improve light acclimation during cotyledon greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofan Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yajie Pan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Department of Biology, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Zhonghua Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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Hixson KK, Marques JV, Wendler JP, McDermott JE, Weitz KK, Clauss TR, Monroe ME, Moore RJ, Brown J, Lipton MS, Bell CJ, Paša-Tolić L, Davin LB, Lewis NG. New Insights Into Lignification via Network and Multi-Omics Analyses of Arogenate Dehydratase Knock-Out Mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664250. [PMID: 34113365 PMCID: PMC8185232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Arabidopsis arogenate dehydratase (ADT) knock-out (KO) mutants, with phenotypes having variable lignin levels (up to circa 70% reduction), were studied to investigate how differential reductions in ADTs perturb its overall plant systems biology. Integrated "omics" analyses (metabolome, transcriptome, and proteome) of wild type (WT), single and multiple ADT KO lines were conducted. Transcriptome and proteome data were collapsed into gene ortholog (GO) data, with this allowing for enzymatic reaction and metabolome cross-comparisons to uncover dominant or likely metabolic biosynthesis reactions affected. Network analysis of enzymes-highly correlated to stem lignin levels-deduced the involvement of novel putative lignin related proteins or processes. These included those associated with ribosomes, the spliceosome, mRNA transport, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, and phosphorylation. While prior work helped explain lignin biosynthesis regulation at the transcriptional level, our data here provide support for a new hypothesis that there are additional post-transcriptional and translational level processes that need to be considered. These findings are anticipated to lead to development of more accurate depictions of lignin/phenylpropanoid biosynthesis models in situ, with new protein targets identified for further biochemical analysis and/or plant bioengineering. Additionally, using KEGG defined functional categorization of proteomics and transcriptomics analyses, we detected significant changes to glucosinolate, α-linolenic acid, nitrogen, carotenoid, aromatic amino acid, phenylpropanoid, and photosynthesis-related metabolic pathways in ADT KO mutants. Metabolomics results also revealed that putative carotenoid and galactolipid levels were generally increased in amount, whereas many glucosinolates and phenylpropanoids (including flavonoids and lignans) were decreased in the KO mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim K. Hixson
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Joaquim V. Marques
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Jason P. Wendler
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Jason E. McDermott
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Karl K. Weitz
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Therese R. Clauss
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Matthew E. Monroe
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Ronald J. Moore
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Joseph Brown
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Mary S. Lipton
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Callum J. Bell
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM, United States
| | - Ljiljana Paša-Tolić
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Laurence B. Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Norman G. Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Kim SY, Warpeha KM, Huber SC. The brassinosteroid receptor kinase, BRI1, plays a role in seed germination and the release of dormancy by cold stratification. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 241:153031. [PMID: 31476676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Seed dormancy is a critical mechanism that delays germination until environmental conditions are favorable for growth. Plant hormones gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) have long been recognized as key players in regulating dormancy and germination. Recent data have increased interest in brassinosteroid (BR) hormones that promote germination by activating GA downstream genes and inactivating ABA signaling. Exposure of imbibed seeds to low temperature (cold stratification) is widely used to release seed dormancy and to improve germination frequency. However, the mechanism by which cold stratification overcomes the inhibitory role of ABA is not completely understood. In the present study, we show delayed germination of seeds of the BR insensitive mutant, bri1-5, that was largely reversed by treatment with fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis. In addition, the bri1-5 seeds were markedly less sensitive to the cold stratification release of dormancy. These results suggest that BR locates upstream of ABA signaling and downstream of cold stratification signaling in dormancy and germination pathways. Consistent with this notion, BR biosynthetic genes, DWF4 and DET2, were upregulated by cold stratification. The transcripts of the GA biosynthesis gene, GA3ox1, and cold responsive genes, CBF1 and CBF2, increased in response to cold stratification in wild type seeds but not in bri1-5 seeds. Conversely, transgenic seeds overexpressing BRI1 germinated more rapidly than wild type in the absence of cold stratification. Thus, we propose that BR signaling plays a previously unrecognized role in the cold stratification pathway for seed dormancy and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeol Kim
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Katherine M Warpeha
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Steven C Huber
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
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Yang J, Li B, Shi W, Gong Z, Chen L, Hou Z. Transcriptional Activation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Developing Fruit of Blueberries ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) by Preharvest and Postharvest UV Irradiation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10931-10942. [PMID: 30269498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect and mechanism of preharvest and postharvest ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on anthocyanin biosynthesis during blueberry development were investigated. The results showed that preharvest UV-B,C and postharvest UV-A,B,C irradiation significantly promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis and the transcripts of late biosynthetic genes (LBG) VcDFR, VcANS, VcUFGT, and VcMYB transcription factor as well as DFR and UFGT activities in anthocyanin pathway in a UV wavelength- and developmental stage-dependent manner. VcMYB expression was positively correlated with that of VcANS and VcUFGT and coincided with anthocyanin biosynthesis responding to the UV radiation. Sugar decreased during postharvest but increased during preharvest UV radiation in mature fruit. Our results indicate that UV-responsive production of anthocyanins is mainly caused by the activation of anthocyanin downstream pathway genes, which could be upregulated by VcMYB. Furthermore, different potential response mechanisms may exist between preharvest and postharvest UV radiation in blueberries, involving a systemic response in living plants and a nonsystemic response in postharvest fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Research & Development Center of Blueberry , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden , Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100093 , China
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Binbin Li
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Research & Development Center of Blueberry , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Wenjun Shi
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Research & Development Center of Blueberry , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Zhongzhi Gong
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Research & Development Center of Blueberry , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Research & Development Center of Blueberry , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Zhixia Hou
- Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Research & Development Center of Blueberry , Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083 , China
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Pan X, Fang Y, Yang X, Zheng D, Chen L, Wang L, Xiao J, Wang XE, Wang K, Cheng Z, Yu H, Zhang W. Chromatin states responsible for the regulation of differentially expressed genes under 60Co~γ ray radiation in rice. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:778. [PMID: 29025389 PMCID: PMC5639768 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4172-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of histone modifications in the DNA damage response has been extensively studied in non-plant systems, including mammals and yeast. However, there is a lack of detailed evidence showing how chromatin dynamics, either an individual mark or combined chromatin states, participate in regulating differentially expressed genes in the plant DNA damage response. Results In this study, we used RNA-seq and ChIP-seq to show that differentially expressed genes (DEGs), in response to ionizing radiation (IR), might be involved in different pathways responsible for the DNA damage response. Moreover, chromatin structures associated with promoters, exons and intergenic regions are significantly affected by IR. Most importantly, either an individual mark or a certain chromatin state was found to be highly correlated with the expression of up-regulated genes. In contrast, only the chromatin states, as opposed to any individual marks tested, are related to the expression of the down-regulated genes. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that IR-related DEGs are modulated by distinct epigenetic mechanisms. Either chromatin states or distinct histone dynamics may act sequentially or in combination in regulating up-regulated genes, but the complex chromatin structure is mainly responsible for the expression of down-regulated genes. Thus, this study provides new insights into how up- and down-regulated genes are epigenetically regulated at the chromatin levels, thereby helping us to understand distinct epigenetic mechanisms that function in the plant DNA damage response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4172-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiucai Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xueming Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Dongyang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xiu-E Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology (HIST), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35002, China
| | - Zhukuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hengxiu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China. .,JiangSu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production (JCIC-MCP), Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China.
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Cadmium permeates through calcium channels and activates transcriptomic complexity in wheat roots in response to cadmium stress. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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