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Tang SN, Bonilla AF, Chahine NO, Colbath AC, Easley JT, Grad S, Haglund L, Le Maitre CL, Leung V, McCoy AM, Purmessur D, Tang SY, Zeiter S, Smith LJ. Controversies in spine research: Organ culture versus in vivo models for studies of the intervertebral disc. JOR Spine 2022; 5:e1235. [PMID: 36601369 PMCID: PMC9799089 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is a common cause of low back pain, the leading cause of disability worldwide. Appropriate preclinical models for intervertebral disc research are essential to achieving a better understanding of underlying pathophysiology and for the development, evaluation, and translation of more effective treatments. To this end, in vivo animal and ex vivo organ culture models are both widely used by spine researchers; however, the relative strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches are a source of ongoing controversy. In this article, members from the Spine and Preclinical Models Sections of the Orthopedic Research Society, including experts in both basic and translational spine research, present contrasting arguments in support of in vivo animal models versus ex vivo organ culture models for studies of the disc, supported by a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The objective is to provide a deeper understanding of the respective advantages and limitations of these approaches, and advance the field toward a consensus with respect to appropriate model selection and implementation. We conclude that complementary use of several model types and leveraging the unique advantages of each is likely to result in the highest impact research in most instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley N. Tang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andres F. Bonilla
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Nadeen O. Chahine
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical EngineeringColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Aimee C. Colbath
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Jeremiah T. Easley
- Preclinical Surgical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | | | | | | | - Victor Leung
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyThe University of Hong KongHong KongSARChina
| | - Annette M. McCoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Devina Purmessur
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Simon Y. Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | - Lachlan J. Smith
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research CenterCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Effects of Growth Factor Combinations TGFβ3, GDF5 and GDF6 on the Matrix Synthesis of Nucleus Pulposus and Nasoseptal Chondrocyte Self-Assembled Microtissues. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There has been significant interest in identifying alternative cell sources and growth factor stimulation to improve matrix synthesis for disc repair. Recent work has identified nasoseptal chondrocytes (NC) as a possible alternative cell source with significant matrix-forming abilities. While various growth factors such as members of the TGFβ superfamily have been explored to enhance matrix formation, no consensus exists as to the optimum growth factor needed to induce cells towards a discogenic phenotype. This study assessed both nucleus pulposus (NP) and NC microtissues of different densities (1000, 2500 or 5000 cells/microtissue) stimulated by individual or combinations of the growth factors TGFβ3, GDF5, and GDF6. Lower cell densities result in increased sGAG/DNA and collagen/DNA levels due to higher nutrient availability levels. Our findings suggest that growth factors exert differential effects on matrix synthesis depending on the cell type. NP cells were found to be relatively insensitive to the different growth factor types examined in isolation or in combination. Overall, NCs exhibited a higher propensity to form extracellular matrix compared to NP cells. In addition, stimulating NC-microtissues with GDF5 or TGFβ3 alone induced enhanced matrix formation and may be an appropriate growth factor to stimulate this cell type for disc regeneration.
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Risk Factors of Intervertebral Disc Pathology-A Point of View Formerly and Today-A Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030409. [PMID: 33494410 PMCID: PMC7865549 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc pathology is a common disorder that can be caused by genetic, mechanical, and behavioral factors; however, it is possible to slow its progression. Although environmental and behavioral factors were previously considered to be the sole causes of intervertebral disc pathologies such as disc herniation, recent studies have shown that genetic factors also play an important role. This review compares the perception of major risk factors from the last and present centuries. It also examines individual genetic and non-genetic factors acting as risk factors, as well as some approaches for preventing intervertebral disc pathologies, and compares available statistics regarding disc herniation.
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Zhang Q, Li J, Li Y, Che H, Chen Y, Dong J, Xian CJ, Miao D, Wang L, Ren Y. Bmi deficiency causes oxidative stress and intervertebral disc degeneration which can be alleviated by antioxidant treatment. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8950-8961. [PMID: 32583517 PMCID: PMC7417700 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional repressor Bmi‐1 is involved in cell‐cycle regulation and cell senescence, the deficiency of which has been shown to cause oxidative stress. This study investigated whether Bmi‐1 deficiency plays a role in promoting disc degeneration and the effect of treatment with antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on intervertebral disc degeneration. Bmi‐1−/− mice were treated with the antioxidant NAC, supplied in drinking water (Bmi‐1−/−+NAC). For in vitro experiments, mouse intervertebral discs were cultured under low oxygen tension and serum‐limiting conditions in the presence of tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β in order to mimic degenerative insult. Disc metabolism parameters in these in vitro and in vivo studies were evaluated by histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular methods. Bmi‐1−/− mice showed lower collagen Ⅱ and aggrecan levels and higher collagen Ⅹ levels than wild‐type and Bmi‐1−/−+NAC mice. Bmi‐1−/− mice showed significantly lower superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐1, SOD‐2, glutathione peroxidase (GPX)‐1 and GPX‐3 levels than their wild‐type littermates and Bmi‐1−/−+ NAC mice. Relative to Bmi‐1−/− mice, the control and Bmi‐1−/−+NAC mice showed significantly lower p16, p21, and p53 levels. These results demonstrate that Bmi‐1 plays an important role in attenuating intervertebral disc degeneration in mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Suqian First Hospital, Suqian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Che
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianghui Dong
- Department of Hand Surgery, Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Cory J Xian
- UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Dengshun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Ningbo No. 6 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,UniSA Clinical and Health Sciences and UniSA Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yongxin Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Chen S, Liu S, Ma K, Zhao L, Lin H, Shao Z. TGF-β signaling in intervertebral disc health and disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1109-1117. [PMID: 31132405 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the changing role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in intervertebral disc (IVD) health and disease. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed terms 'TGF-β' and 'IVD'. RESULTS TGF-β signaling is necessary for the development and growth of IVD, and can play a protective role in the restoration of IVD tissues by stimulating matrix synthesis, inhibiting matrix catabolism, inflammatory response and cell loss. However, excessive activation of TGF-β signaling is detrimental to the IVD, and inhibition of the aberrant TGF-β signaling can delay IVD degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Activation of TGF-β signaling has a promising treatment prospect for IVD degeneration, while excessive activation of TGF-β signaling may contribute to the progression of IVD degeneration. Studies aimed at elucidating the changing role of TGF-β signaling in IVD at different pathophysiological stages and its specific molecular mechanisms are needed, and these studies will contribute to safe and effective TGF-β signaling-based treatments for IVD degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - S Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - K Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - L Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - H Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Z Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Huang Y, Mei W, Chen J, Jiang T, Zhou Z, Yin G, Fan J. Gamma-secretase inhibitor suppressed Notch1 intracellular domain combination with p65 and resulted in the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway induced by IL-1β and TNF-α in nucleus pulposus cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:1903-1915. [PMID: 30367520 PMCID: PMC6587483 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this experiment, the cross-talk betweenNotch and the NF-κB signaling pathway was examined to reveal the mechanism of slowing down the type II collagen (ColII) and aggrecan degeneration affected by inflammatory cytokines. The expression levels of ColII and aggrecan in the intervertebral disc were observed through immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin-eosin staining+alcian blue staining, respectively. The expression levels of ColII, aggrecan, Runx2, and NF-κB in the nuclei of human nucleus pulposus cells (hNPCs) in each group, as well as the phosphorylation and acetylation levels of p65, were examined through Western blot analysis. The 293T cells were transfected with a plasmid containing the overexpressed relative domain of Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1), and immunoprecipitation (IP) was performed to observe the combination of NICD1 and p65. HNPCs were transfected with a lentiviral-contained overexpression lacking the ANK region of NICD1, and IP was performed to observe the combination of NICD1 and p65. The expression of ColII and aggrecan in the intervertebral disc culture increased when γ-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-1-alanyl]-Sphenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT) was added to the disc culture medium. Western blot revealed that DAPT inhibited p65 phosphorylation and acetylation, and the p65 and p50 levels in the nucleus decreased. NICD1 was found to be combined with p65 in contrast to the reverse consequences after ANK domain deletion in hNPCs. In nucleus pulposus cells, the combination of p65 and the ANK domain of NICD1 is a critical procedure for the degeneration related to the NF-κB signaling pathway activation induced by IL-1β and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- Department of OrthopaedicsInstitute of Sport Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCMNanjingChina
| | - Wei Mei
- Department of OrthopaedicsInstitute of Traumatology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCMNanjingChina
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of OrthopedicsWuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical UniversityWuxiChina
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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Huang Y, Jiang T, Chen J, Yin GY, Fan J. Effects of kartogenin on the attenuated nucleus pulposus cell degeneration of intervertebral discs induced by interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:749-756. [PMID: 29207013 PMCID: PMC5752177 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are the main cause of intervertebral disc degeneration. Kartogenin (KGN) is found to protect chondrocytes from cytokines. To explore whether KGN can slow down the degeneration on intervertebral discs following exposure to interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF‑α), the expression of type II collagen (Col II) and aggrecan were detected by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and tissue staining. An in vitro model of disc degeneration using human nucleus pulposus cells (hNPCs) and ex vivo culture of mouse intervertebral discs organs under the actions of inflammatory cytokines were used, and the expression of Col II and aggrecan in hNPCs were detected by semi-quantitative western blot analysis, and the mRNA expression of the genes than encode Col II and aggrecan were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results indicated that the expression of Col II and aggrecan was reduced in the degeneration models. However, the protein expressions of Col II and aggrecan were significantly elevated in hNPCs and the mouse intervertebral discs following addition of KGN. RT-qPCR results revealed that the mRNA expression of Col II and aggrecan was increased in hNPCs and mouse intervertebral discs following treatment with KGN. Thus, KGN effectively increased the expression of Col II and aggrecan in hNPCs and slowed the degeneration of intervertebral discs stimulated by IL-1β and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Yong Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
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Fu S, Lei W, Lanlan D, Qi-Ling Y, Liang L, Hanlin Z, Jianguo Z, Yin-Gang Z. Whole Exome Sequencing Identified a Novel IGFBP6 Variant in a Disc Degeneration Pedigree. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:580-585. [PMID: 28829625 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the likely causal mutation that results in disc degeneration in a pedigree with a high incidence of disc degeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS A large pedigree with a high incidence of disc degeneration was recruited for this study. Exome sequencing was completed on four family members with disc degeneration to screen for potential causal gene variants. Detected variants were filtered against the 1000 Genomes Project, the Short Genetic Variations database (dbSNP), and the Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI) in-house database. After removing synonymous variants, Sanger sequencing was used to verify the lack of the candidate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in five healthy subjects of the study family. RESULTS We identified a novel SNP variant, Chr12:g.53494591T>C. c.T430C (p.S144P) in the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP6) gene. This variant was shared by all four affected family members, but not by five unaffected members in the same pedigree. Furthermore, this variant was not detected in 200 unrelated healthy people. CONCLUSIONS The c.T430C (p.S144P) variant of IGFBP6 was identified as the likely causal variant associated with increased risk of familial disc degeneration in the studied pedigree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Fu
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China .,2 Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wang Lei
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | | | - Yuan Qi-Ling
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Liu Liang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | | | | | - Zhang Yin-Gang
- 1 Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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9
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Liu JW, Lin KH, Weber C, Bhalla S, Kelso S, Wang K, Tang SY. An In Vitro Organ Culture Model of the Murine Intervertebral Disc. J Vis Exp 2017:55437. [PMID: 28448052 PMCID: PMC5495460 DOI: 10.3791/55437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is a significant contributor to low back pain. The IVD is a fibrocartilaginous joint that serves to transmit and dampen loads in the spine. The IVD consists of a proteoglycan-rich nucleus pulposus (NP) and a collagen-rich annulus fibrosis (AF) sandwiched by cartilaginous end-plates. Together with the adjacent vertebrae, the vertebrae-IVD structure forms a functional spine unit (FSU). These microstructures contain unique cell types as well as unique extracellular matrices. Whole organ culture of the FSU preserves the native extracellular matrix, cell differentiation phenotypes, and cellular-matrix interactions. Thus, organ culture techniques are particularly useful for investigating the complex biological mechanisms of the IVD. Here, we describe a high-throughput approach for culturing whole lumbar mouse FSUs that provides an ideal platform for studying disease mechanisms and therapies for the IVD. Furthermore, we describe several applications that utilize this organ culture method to conduct further studies including contrast-enhanced microCT imaging and three-dimensional high-resolution finite element modeling of the IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Christian Weber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Sameer Bhalla
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Sean Kelso
- Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Kaixi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Simon Y Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis; Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis;
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Abraham AC, Liu JW, Tang SY. Longitudinal changes in the structure and inflammatory response of the intervertebral disc due to stab injury in a murine organ culture model. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1431-8. [PMID: 27273204 PMCID: PMC5324835 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite the significant public health impact of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and low back pain, it remains challenging to investigate the multifactorial molecular mechanisms that drive the degenerative cascade. Organ culture model systems offer the advantage of allowing cells to live and interact with their native extracellular matrix, while simultaneously reducing the amount of biological variation and complexity present at the organismal level. Murine organ cultures in particular also allow the use of widely available genetically modified animals with molecular level reporters that would reveal insights on the degenerative cascade. Here, we utilize an organ culture system of murine lumbar functional spinal units where we are able to maintain the cellular, metabolic, and structural, and mechanical stability of the whole organ over a 21-day period. Furthermore, we describe a novel approach in organ culture by using tissues from animals with an NF-κB-luc reporter in combination with a mechanical injury model, and are able to show that proinflammatory factors and cytokines such as NF-κB and IL-6 produced by IVD cells can be monitored longitudinally during culture in a stab injury model. Taken together, we utilize a murine organ culture system that maintains the cellular and tissue level behavior of the intervertebral disc and apply it to transgenic animals that allow the monitoring of the inflammatory profile of IVDs. This approach could provide important insights on the molecular and metabolic mediators that regulate the homeostasis of the IVD. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1431-1438, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Abraham
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box 8233, St. Louis 63103, Missouri
| | - Jennifer W. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Whitaker Hall, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis 63130, Missouri
| | - Simon Y. Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid, Campus Box 8233, St. Louis 63103, Missouri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, Whitaker Hall, Campus Box 1097, St. Louis 63130, Missouri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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11
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Yu CC, Hao DJ, Huang DG, Qian LX, Feng H, Li HK, Zhao SC. Biomechanical Analysis of a Novel Prosthesis Based on the Physiological Curvature of Endplate for Cervical Disc Replacement. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158234. [PMID: 27355319 PMCID: PMC4927058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical analysis of a novel prosthesis based on the physiological curvature of endplate was performed. OBJECTIVE To compare the biomechanical differences between a novel prosthesis based on the physiological curvature of the endplate and the Prestige LP prosthesis after cervical disc replacement (CDR). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Artificial disc prostheses have been widely used to preserve the physiological function of treated and adjacent motion segments in CDR, while most of those present a flat surface instead of an arcuate surface which approximately similar to anatomic structures in vivo. We first reported a well-designed artificial disc prosthesis based on the physiological curvature of the endplate. METHODS Three motion segments of 24 ovine cervical spines (C2-5) were evaluated in a robotic spine system with axial compressive loads of 50N. Testing conditions were as follows: 1) intact, 2) C3-4 CDR with artificial disc prosthesis based on the physiological curvature of the endplate, and 3) C3-4 CDR with the Prestige LP prosthesis. The range of motion (ROM) and the pressures on the inferior surface of the two prostheses were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS As compared to the intact state, the ROM of all three segments had no significant difference in the replacement group. Additionally, there was no significant difference in ROM between the two prostheses. The mean pressure on the novel prosthesis was significantly less than the Prestige LP prosthesis. CONCLUSION ROM in 3 groups (intact group, CDR group with novel prosthesis and CDR group with Prestige LP) showed no significant difference. The mean pressure on the inferior surface of the novel prosthesis was significantly lower than the Prestige LP prosthesis. Therefore, the novel artificial disc prosthesis is feasible and effective, and can reduce the implant-bone interface pressure on the endplate, which may be one possible reason of prosthesis subsidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Yu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ding-Jun Hao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Da-Geng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Xiong Qian
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hang Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hou-Kun Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Song-Chuan Zhao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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12
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Abstract
Low back pain (LBP) is a major cause of disability and imposes huge economic burdens on human society worldwide. Among many factors responsible for LBP, intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the most common disorder and is a target for intervention. The etiology of IDD is complex and its mechanism is still not completely understood. Many factors such as aging, spine deformities and diseases, spine injuries, and genetic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of IDD. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances in studies on the most promising and extensively examined genetic factors associated with IDD in humans. A number of genetic defects have been correlated with structural and functional changes within the intervertebral disc (IVD), which may compromise the disc's mechanical properties and metabolic activities. These genetic and proteomic studies have begun to shed light on the molecular basis of IDD, suggesting that genetic factors are important contributors to the onset and progression of IDD. By continuing to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IDD, specific early diagnosis and more effective treatments for this disabling disease will be possible in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Brian Egan
- Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Harrington Laboratory for Molecular Orthopedics, Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Monaco LA, DeWitte-Orr SJ, Gregory DE. A comparison between porcine, ovine, and bovine intervertebral disc anatomy and single lamella annulus fibrosus tensile properties. J Morphol 2015; 277:244-51. [PMID: 26558749 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Monaco
- Department of Biology; Wilfrid Laurier University; 75 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Stephanie J. DeWitte-Orr
- Department of Biology; Wilfrid Laurier University; 75 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario Canada
- Department of Health Sciences; Wilfrid Laurier University; 75 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario Canada
| | - Diane E. Gregory
- Department of Health Sciences; Wilfrid Laurier University; 75 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education; Wilfrid Laurier University; 75 University Ave West Waterloo Ontario Canada
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Yan Z, Yin L, Wang Z, Ye J, Zhang Z, Li R, Denduluri SK, Wang J, Wei Q, Zhao L, Lu S, Wang X, Tang S, Shi LL, Lee MJ, He TC, Deng ZL. A Novel Organ Culture Model of Mouse Intervertebral Disc Tissues. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 201:38-50. [PMID: 26447649 PMCID: PMC4710565 DOI: 10.1159/000439268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a fibrocartilaginous joint between two vertebral bodies. An IVD unit consists of a gelatinous central nucleus pulposus, encased by the annulus fibrosus, which is sandwiched between cartilaginous endplates (EPs). The IVD homeostasis can be disrupted by injuries, ageing and/or genetic predispositions, leading to degenerative disc disorders and subsequent lower back pain. The complex structure and distinct characteristics of IVDs warrant the establishment of robust in vitro IVD organ culture for studying the etiology and treatment of disc degeneration. Here, we isolate mouse lumbar IVDs and culture the minimal IVD units in submersion or suspension medium supplemented with 2% bovine serum or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). We find the minimal IVD units remain healthy for up to 14 days when cultured in submersion culture supplemented with 10% FBS. New bone formation in the EPs of the cultured IVDs can be assessed with calcein labeling. Furthermore, the cultured IVDs can be effectively transduced by recombinant adenovirus, and transgene expression lasts for 2 weeks. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the optimized IVD organ culture system can be used to study IVD biology and screen for biological factors that may prevent, alleviate and/or treat disc degeneration.
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