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Lyons PJ. Inactive metallopeptidase homologs: the secret lives of pseudopeptidases. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1436917. [PMID: 39050735 PMCID: PMC11266112 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1436917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Inactive enzyme homologs, or pseudoenzymes, are proteins, found within most enzyme families, that are incapable of performing catalysis. Rather than catalysis, they are involved in protein-protein interactions, sometimes regulating the activity of their active enzyme cousins, or scaffolding protein complexes. Pseudoenzymes found within metallopeptidase families likewise perform these functions. Pseudoenzymes within the M14 carboxypeptidase family interact with collagens within the extracellular space, while pseudopeptidase members of the M12 "a disintegrin and metalloprotease" (ADAM) family either discard their pseudopeptidase domains as unnecessary for their roles in sperm maturation or utilize surface loops to enable assembly of key complexes at neuronal synapses. Other metallopeptidase families contain pseudopeptidases involved in protein synthesis at the ribosome and protein import into organelles, sometimes using their pseudo-active sites for these interactions. Although the functions of these pseudopeptidases have been challenging to study, ongoing work is teasing out the secret lives of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Lyons
- Department of Biology, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI, United States
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Dong Z, Pang L, Liu Z, Sheng Y, Li X, Thibault X, Reilein A, Kalderon D, Huang J. Single-cell expression profile of Drosophila ovarian follicle stem cells illuminates spatial differentiation in the germarium. BMC Biol 2023; 21:143. [PMID: 37340484 PMCID: PMC10283321 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND How stem cell populations are organized and regulated within adult tissues is important for understanding cancer origins and for developing cell replacement strategies. Paradigms such as mammalian gut stem cells and Drosophila ovarian follicle stem cells (FSC) are characterized by population asymmetry, in which stem cell division and differentiation are separately regulated processes. These stem cells behave stochastically regarding their contributions to derivative cells and also exhibit dynamic spatial heterogeneity. Drosophila FSCs provide an excellent model for understanding how a community of active stem cells maintained by population asymmetry is regulated. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to profile the gene expression patterns of FSCs and their immediate derivatives to investigate heterogeneity within the stem cell population and changes associated with differentiation. RESULTS We describe single-cell RNA sequencing studies of a pre-sorted population of cells that include FSCs and the neighboring cell types, escort cells (ECs) and follicle cells (FCs), which they support. Cell-type assignment relies on anterior-posterior (AP) location within the germarium. We clarify the previously determined location of FSCs and use spatially targeted lineage studies as further confirmation. The scRNA profiles among four clusters are consistent with an AP progression from anterior ECs through posterior ECs and then FSCs, to early FCs. The relative proportion of EC and FSC clusters are in good agreement with the prevalence of those cell types in a germarium. Several genes with graded profiles from ECs to FCs are highlighted as candidate effectors of the inverse gradients of the two principal signaling pathways, Wnt and JAK-STAT, that guide FSC differentiation and division. CONCLUSIONS Our data establishes an important resource of scRNA-seq profiles for FSCs and their immediate derivatives that is based on precise spatial location and functionally established stem cell identity, and facilitates future genetic investigation of regulatory interactions guiding FSC behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dong
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yifeng Sheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital, Organ Transplantation Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xavier Thibault
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Reilein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Kalderon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Meyer H, Buhr A, Callaerts P, Schiemann R, Wolfner MF, Marygold SJ. Identification and bioinformatic analysis of neprilysin and neprilysin-like metalloendopeptidases in Drosophila melanogaster. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2021; 2021:10.17912/micropub.biology.000410. [PMID: 34189422 PMCID: PMC8223033 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neprilysin (M13) family of metalloendopeptidases comprises highly conserved ectoenzymes that cleave and thereby inactivate many physiologically relevant peptides in the extracellular space. Impaired neprilysin activity is associated with numerous human diseases. Here, we present a comprehensive list and classification of M13 family members in Drosophila melanogaster. Seven Neprilysin (Nep) genes encode active peptidases, while 21 Neprilysin-like (Nepl) genes encode proteins predicted to be catalytically inactive. RNAseq data demonstrate that all 28 genes are expressed during development, often in a tissue-specific pattern. Most Nep proteins possess a transmembrane domain, whereas almost all Nepl proteins are predicted to be secreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Meyer
- Department of Zoology & Developmental Biology, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany,
Correspondence to: Heiko Meyer (); Steven J. Marygold ()
| | - Annika Buhr
- Department of Zoology & Developmental Biology, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KULeuven, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronja Schiemann
- Department of Zoology & Developmental Biology, Osnabrück University, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Mariana F. Wolfner
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Steven J. Marygold
- FlyBase, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, U.K.,
Correspondence to: Heiko Meyer (); Steven J. Marygold ()
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Tseng CY, Su YH, Yang SM, Lin KY, Lai CM, Rastegari E, Amartuvshin O, Cho Y, Cai Y, Hsu HJ. Smad-Independent BMP Signaling in Somatic Cells Limits the Size of the Germline Stem Cell Pool. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:811-827. [PMID: 30122445 PMCID: PMC6135924 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing organisms, proper tuning of the number of stem cells within a niche is critical for the maintenance of adult tissues; however, the involved mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Thickveins (Tkv), a type I bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor, acts in the Drosophila developing ovarian soma through a Smad-independent pathway to shape the distribution of BMP signal within the niche, impacting germline stem cell (GSC) recruitment and maintenance. Somatic Tkv promotes Egfr signaling to silence transcription of Dally, which localizes BMP signals on the cell surface. In parallel, Tkv promotes Hh signaling, which promotes escort cell cellular protrusions and upregulates expression of the Drosophila BMP homolog, Dpp, forming a positive feedback loop that enhances Tkv signaling and strengthens the niche boundary. Our results reveal a role for non-canonical BMP signaling in the soma during GSC establishment and generally illustrate how complex, cell-specific BMP signaling mediates niche-stem cell interactions. Tkv, a BMP receptor, in the developing ovarian soma controls fertility Knockdown Tkv in the developing soma causes ectopic germline stem cell (GSC) accumulation Tkv in the soma controls GSC number by limiting BMPs within the GSC niche BMP-Tkv signaling in the soma limits GSC number via Egfr and Hh signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Tseng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Han Su
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Min Yang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yang Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Lai
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Elham Rastegari
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Oyundari Amartuvshin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Cho
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hwei-Jan Hsu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung-Hsing University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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Yang H, Li M, Hu X, Xin T, Zhang S, Zhao G, Xuan T, Li M. MicroRNA-dependent roles of Drosha and Pasha in the Drosophila larval ovary morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2016; 416:312-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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