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Abramo G, D’Angelo CA. The scientific standing of nations and its relationship with economic competitiveness. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304299. [PMID: 38900832 PMCID: PMC11189224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current knowledge-based economy, the abilities of the national research system are a key driver of the country's competitiveness and socio-economic development. This paper compares the scientific standing of the OECD countries and eight other relevant economies. We use a bibliometric indicator of research performance, applied first at the individual level. This approach avoids the distortions of the aggregate-level analyses extant in literature and practice, which overlook the different publication intensities across research fields. We find a strong correlation between research performance and the economic competitiveness of nations and a moderate but significant correlation between research performance and the propensity to spend on research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Abramo
- School of Technological Sciences and Innovation, Universitas Mercatorum, Rome, Italy
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2
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Aufiero S, De Marzo G, Sbardella A, Zaccaria A. Mapping job fitness and skill coherence into wages: an economic complexity analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11752. [PMID: 38783004 PMCID: PMC11116373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leveraging the discrete skill and knowledge worker requirements of each occupation provided by O*NET, our empirical approach employs network-based tools from the Economic Complexity framework to characterize the US occupational network. This approach provides insights into the interplay between wages and the complexity or relatedness of the skill sets within each occupation, complementing conventional human capital frameworks. Our empirical strategy is threefold. First, we construct the Job and Skill Progression Networks, where nodes represent jobs (skills) and a link between two jobs (skills) indicates statistically significant co-occurrence of skills required to carry out those two jobs, that can be useful tools to identify job-switching paths and skill complementarities Second, by harnessing the Fitness and Complexity algorithm, we define a data-driven skill-based complexity measure of jobs that positively maps, but with interesting deviations, into wages and in the bottom-up and broad abstract/manual and routine/non-routine job characterisations, however providing a continuous and endogenous metric to assess the degree of complexity of each occupational skill-set. Third, building on relatedness and corporate coherence metrics, we introduce a measure of each job's skill coherence, that negatively maps into wages. Our findings may inform policymakers and employers on designing more effective labour market policies and training schemes, that, rather than fostering hyper-specialization, should favor the acquisition of complex and "uncoherent" skill sets, enabling workers to more easily move throughout the job and skill progression networks and make informed career choices decisions while unlocking higher wage opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Aufiero
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università "Sapienza", P.le A. Moro, 2, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, 66-72 Gower St, London, WC1E 6EA, UK
| | - Giordano De Marzo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università "Sapienza", P.le A. Moro, 2, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Piazza del Viminale, 1, 00184, Rome, Italy
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstaedter Strasse 39, 1080, Vienna, Austria
- Sapienza School for Advanced Studies, "Sapienza", P.le A. Moro, 2, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelica Sbardella
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Piazza del Viminale, 1, 00184, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Zaccaria
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Piazza del Viminale, 1, 00184, Rome, Italy
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC) - CNR, UoS Sapienza, P.le A. Moro, 2, 00185, Rome, Italy
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3
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Patelli A, Napolitano L, Cimini G, Pugliese E, Gabrielli A. Capability accumulation patterns across economic, innovation, and knowledge-production activities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12988. [PMID: 37563177 PMCID: PMC10415385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of economic and innovation systems at the national scale is shaped by a complex dynamics related to the multi-layer network connecting countries to the activities in which they are proficient. Each layer represents a different domain, related to the production of knowledge and goods: scientific research, technology innovation, industrial production and trade. Nestedness, a footprint of a complex dynamics, emerges as a persistent feature across these multiple kinds of activities (i.e. network layers). We observe that, in the layers of innovation and trade, the competitiveness of countries correlates unambiguously with their diversification, while the science layer shows some peculiar features. The evolution of the scientific domain leads to an increasingly modular structure, in which the most developed countries become relatively less active in the less advanced scientific fields, where emerging countries acquire prominence. This observation is in line with a capability-based view of the evolution of economic systems, but with a slight twist. Indeed, while the accumulation of specific know-how and skills is a fundamental step towards development, resource constraints force countries to acquire competitiveness in the more complex research fields at the expense of more basic, albeit less visible (or more crowded) ones. This tendency towards a relatively specialized basket of capabilities leads to a trade-off between the need to diversify in order to evolve and the need to allocate resources efficiently. Collaborative patterns among developed countries reduce the necessity to be competitive in the less sophisticated research fields, freeing resources for the more complex ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Napolitano
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC-Seville), Seville, Spain.
| | - Giulio Cimini
- Enrico Fermi Research Center, Rome, Italy
- Physics Department and INFN, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pugliese
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC-Seville), Seville, Spain
| | - Andrea Gabrielli
- Enrico Fermi Research Center, Rome, Italy
- Department of Civil, Computer Science and Aeronautical Technologies Engineering, Università degli Studi "Roma Tre", Rome, Italy
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Abramo G, D'Angelo CA, Di Costa F. USA vs Russia in the scientific arena. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288152. [PMID: 37410762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This work contrasts the scientific standing of the USA and Russia in 146 scientific disciplines. We consider four dimensions of competitive positioning: the contribution to global scientific advancement, the researchers' productivity, the scientific specialization indexes, and the efficiency in resource allocation across disciplines. Differently from previous literature, we use discipline-normalized output to input indicators, thus avoiding distortions due to different intensities of publication across disciplines. Results show that the USA outperforms Russia in contribution to world scholarly impact in all but four disciplines, and is more productive in all but two disciplines. The USA is less efficient in allocating resources to the disciplines where it performs better, probably due to its higher research diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Abramo
- Laboratory for Studies in Research Evaluation, Institute for System Analysis and Computer Science (IASI-CNR), National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavia Di Costa
- Department of Engineering and Management, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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5
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De Marzo G, Servedio VDP. Quantifying the complexity and similarity of chess openings using online chess community data. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5327. [PMID: 37005474 PMCID: PMC10067813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31658-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chess is a centuries-old game that continues to be widely played worldwide. Opening Theory is one of the pillars of chess and requires years of study to be mastered. In this paper, we use the games played in an online chess platform to exploit the "wisdom of the crowd" and answer questions traditionally tackled only by chess experts. We first define a relatedness network of chess openings that quantifies how similar two openings are to play. Using this network, we identify communities of nodes corresponding to the most common opening choices and their mutual relationships. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the relatedness network can be used to forecast future openings players will start to play, with back-tested predictions outperforming a random predictor. We then apply the Economic Fitness and Complexity algorithm to measure the difficulty of openings and players' skill levels. Our study not only provides a new perspective on chess analysis but also opens the possibility of suggesting personalized opening recommendations using complex network theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano De Marzo
- Centro Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Piazza del Viminale, 1, 00184, Rome, Italy.
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro, 2, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Sapienza School for Advanced Studies, "Sapienza", P.le A. Moro, 2, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädter Straße 39, Vienna, 1080, Austria.
| | - Vito D P Servedio
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstädter Straße 39, Vienna, 1080, Austria
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6
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Asatani K, Oki S, Momma T, Sakata I. Quantifying progress in research topics across nations. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4759. [PMID: 36959309 PMCID: PMC10036561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A scientist's choice of research topic affects the impact of their work and future career. While the disparity between nations in scientific information, funding, and facilities has decreased, scientists on the cutting edge of their fields are not evenly distributed across nations. Here, we quantify relative progress in research topics of a nation from the time-series comparison of reference lists from papers, using 71 million published papers from Scopus. We discover a steady leading-following relationship in research topics between Western nations or Asian city-states and others. Furthermore, we find that a nation's share of information-rich scientists in co-authorship networks correlates highly with that nation's progress in research topics. These results indicate that scientists' relationships continue to dominate scientific evolution in the age of open access to information and explain the failure or success of nations' investments in science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sumihiro Oki
- Amsterdam School of Historical Studies, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Takuya Momma
- School of Humanities, Kwansei Gakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Department of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Patelli A, Napolitano L, Cimini G, Gabrielli A. Geography of science: Competitiveness and inequality. J Informetr 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joi.2022.101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Di Clemente R, Lengyel B, Andersson LF, Eriksson R. Understanding European integration with bipartite networks of comparative advantage. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac262. [PMID: 36712367 PMCID: PMC9802098 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Core objectives of European common market integration are convergence and economic growth, but these are hampered by redundancy, and value chain asymmetries. The challenge is how to harmonize labor division to reach global competitiveness, meanwhile bridging productivity differences across the EU. We develop a bipartite network approach to trace pairwise co-specialization by applying the revealed comparative advantage method within and between the EU15 and Central and Eastern European (CEE). This approach assesses redundancies and the division of labor in the EU at the level of industries and countries. We find significant co-specialization among CEE countries but a diverging specialization between EU15 and CEE. Productivity increases in those CEE industries that have co-specialized with other CEE countries after EU accession, while co-specialization across CEE and EU15 countries is less related to productivity growth. These results show that a division of sectoral specialization can lead to productivity convergence between EU15 and CEE countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Balázs Lengyel
- Agglomeration and Social Networks Lendület Research Group, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest 1097, Hungary,Laboratory for Networks, Technology and Innovation, Corvinus Institute for Advanced Studies, Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest 1093, Hungary
| | - Lars F Andersson
- Department of Economic history, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Rikard Eriksson
- Department of Geography, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
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9
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Abstract
The rise of China as a scientific research superpower has been frequently discussed in media and literature. However, past analyses are usually based on the geographical database and they ignore how the millions of emigrated Chinese students, who are now being considered the major research workforce in many countries, affect their academic outputs. Here we quantitatively analyze the contribution of Chinese scholars in physical science around the globe by their publications in a country's papers from 2010 to 2021 as well as their citations. Contrary to common perception, we find that increasing the number of Chinese scholars does not correlate with the net publication growth or decline in their host countries before the Chinese population exceeds a critical value. On the other hand, increasing Chinese authors in a paper improves its citations. The phenomena, though anomalous, are observed in many subfields of physics across the globe. Our analysis suggests that although Chinese scholars do not change the perceived publication capabilities of many countries but may have reshaped their research culture as well as workforce distributions. The results would be valuable for R&D, higher education, and immigration policymakers.
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Barbieri N, Consoli D, Napolitano L, Perruchas F, Pugliese E, Sbardella A. Regional technological capabilities and green opportunities in Europe. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10961-022-09952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe goal of the paper is to elaborate an empirical overview of green technological development in European regions. This is a timely pursuit considering the ambitious commitments stipulated in the recent European Green Deal to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Our analysis is organised in three steps. First, we map the geographical distribution of innovative activities in Europe and profile regions in terms of technological capabilities. Second, we elaborate a metric to identify regions’ green innovation potential. Third, we check whether possessing a comparative advantage in specific, green and non-green, technological domains is associated with a region’s capacity to develop green technologies.
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Miao L, Murray D, Jung WS, Larivière V, Sugimoto CR, Ahn YY. The latent structure of global scientific development. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:1206-1217. [PMID: 35654964 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Science is essential to innovation and economic prosperity. Although studies have shown that national scientific development is affected by geographic, historic and economic factors, it remains unclear whether there are universal structures and trajectories of national scientific development that can inform forecasting and policy-making. Here, by examining the scientific 'exports'-publications that are indexed in international databases-of countries, we reveal a three-cluster structure in the relatedness network of disciplines that underpin national scientific development and the organization of global science. Tracing the evolution of national research portfolios reveals that while nations are proceeding to more diverse research profiles individually, scientific production is increasingly specialized in global science over the past decades. By uncovering the underlying structure of scientific development and connecting it with economic development, our results may offer a new perspective on the evolution of global science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Miao
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Dakota Murray
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Woo-Sung Jung
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Vincent Larivière
- École de bibliothéconomie et des sciences de l'information, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Observatoire des sciences et des technologies, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Scientometrics and Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Cassidy R Sugimoto
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yong-Yeol Ahn
- Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. .,Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. .,Connection Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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Rodríguez-Navarro A, Brito R. The link between countries’ economic and scientific wealth has a complex dependence on technological activity and research policy. Scientometrics 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-022-04313-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWe studied the research performance of 69 countries by considering two different types of new knowledge: incremental (normal) and fundamental (radical). In principle, these two types of new knowledge should be assessed at two very different levels of citations, but we demonstrate that a simpler assessment can be performed based on the total number of papers (P) and the ratio of the number of papers in the global top 10% of most cited papers divided to the total number of papers (Ptop 10%/P). P represents the quantity, whereas the Ptop 10%/P ratio represents the efficiency. In ideal countries, P and the Ptop 10%/P ratio are linked to the gross domestic product (GDP) and GDP the per capita, respectively. Only countries with high Ptop 10%/P ratios participate actively in the creation of fundamental new knowledge and have Noble laureates. In real countries, the link between economic and scientific wealth can be modified by the technological activity and the research policy. We discuss how technological activity may decrease the Ptop 10%/P ratio while only slightly affecting the capacity to create fundamental new knowledge; in such countries, many papers may report incremental innovations that do not drive the advancement of knowledge. Japan is the clearest example of this, although there are many less extreme examples. Independently of technological activity, research policy has a strong influence on the Ptop 10%/P ratio, which may be higher or lower than expected from the GDP per capita depending on the success of the research policy.
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The interplay of the size of the research system, ways of collaboration, level, and method of funding in determining bibliometric outputs. Scientometrics 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-021-04232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Allik J, Lauk K, Realo A. The Scientific Impact Derived From the Disciplinary Profiles. Front Res Metr Anal 2021; 5:569268. [PMID: 33870047 PMCID: PMC8028405 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2020.569268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The disciplinary profiles of the mean citation rates across 22 research areas were analyzed for 107 countries/territories that published at least 3,000 papers that exceeded the entrance thresholds for the Essential Science Indicators (ESI; Clarivate Analytics) during the period from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2019. The matrix of pairwise differences between any two profiles was analyzed with a non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm, which recovered a two-dimensional geometric space describing these differences. These two dimensions, Dim1 and Dim2, described 5,671 pairwise differences between countries' disciplinary profiles with a sufficient accuracy (stress = 0.098). A significant correlation (r = 0.81, N = 107, p < 0.0001) was found between Dim1 and the Indicator of a Nation's Scientific Impact (INSI), which was computed as a composite of the average and the top citation rates. The scientific impact ranking of countries derived from the pairwise differences between disciplinary profiles seems to be more accurate and realistic compared with more traditional citation indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kalmer Lauk
- Grant Office, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Realo
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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16
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Chakraborty M, Byshkin M, Crestani F. Patent citation network analysis: A perspective from descriptive statistics and ERGMs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241797. [PMID: 33270657 PMCID: PMC7714239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patent Citation Analysis has been gaining considerable traction over the past few decades. In this paper, we collect extensive information on patents and citations and provide a perspective of citation network analysis of patents from a statistical viewpoint. We identify and analyze the most cited patents, the most innovative and the highly cited companies along with the structural properties of the network by providing in-depth descriptive analysis. Furthermore, we employ Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) to analyze the citation networks. ERGMs enables understanding the social perspectives of a patent citation network which has not been studied earlier. We demonstrate that social properties such as homophily (the inclination to cite patents from the same country or in the same language) and transitivity (the inclination to cite references' references) together with the technicalities of the patents (e.g., language, categories), has a significant effect on citations. We also provide an in-depth analysis of citations for sectors in patents and how it is affected by the size of the same. Overall, our paper delves into European patents with the aim of providing new insights and serves as an account for fitting ERGMs on large networks and analyzing them. ERGMs help us model network mechanisms directly, instead of acting as a proxy for unspecified dependence and relationships among the observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manajit Chakraborty
- Faculty of Informatics, Universitá della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Maksym Byshkin
- Faculty of Informatics, Universitá della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Crestani
- Faculty of Informatics, Universitá della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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17
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Janavi E, Mansourzadeh MJ, Samandar Ali Eshtehardi M. A methodology for developing scientific diversification strategy of countries. Scientometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Nowak BM, Kamiński M. The Productivity of Medical Publication on COVID-19 in the First Half of 2020: A Retrospective Analysis of Articles Available in PubMed. Cureus 2020; 12:e11814. [PMID: 33409059 PMCID: PMC7781502 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic depends on the profound investigation of the virus biology and its consequences. We aimed to analyze the COVID-19 research productivity of authors representing different countries and associations between the number of articles and COVID-19 spread. Methods We retrieved all articles on COVID-19 indexed in PubMed between 31 December 2019 and 30 June 2020. We identified the countries of individual authors’ affiliations. We performed the R Spearman rank correlation test between the number of articles with at least one author from a country per one million citizens and Human Development Index (HDI), a number of COVID-19 cases and deaths per one million citizens before 1 July 2020. Results Overall, we identified 27,815 articles, including 18,225 original contributions, 2,449 reviews, and 69 meta-analyses on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The highest productivity characterized the authors coming from China (n = 11,519 articles with at least one author), followed by the United States of America (n = 9,666) and Italy (n = 7,261). The number of articles on COVID-19 associated with HDI (Rs = 0.79), the numbers of cases (Rs = 0.47), and deaths (Rs = 0.46) (all p < 0.001). Conclusions Early COVID-19 researches were most often authored by researchers from highly developed countries and those affected by the rapid initial spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz M Nowak
- Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, POL
| | - Mikołaj Kamiński
- Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Independent Public Clinical Hospital I, Szczecin, POL
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Payrató‐Borràs C, Hernández L, Moreno Y. Measuring nestedness: A comparative study of the performance of different metrics. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11906-11921. [PMID: 33209259 PMCID: PMC7663079 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestedness is a property of interaction networks widely observed in natural mutualistic communities, among other systems. A perfectly nested network is characterized by the peculiarity that the interactions of any node form a subset of the interactions of all nodes with higher degree. Despite a widespread interest on this pattern, no general consensus exists on how to measure it. Instead, several nestedness metrics, based on different but not necessarily independent properties of the networks, coexist in the literature, blurring the comparison between ecosystems. In this work, we present a detailed critical study of the behavior of six nestedness metrics and the variants of two of them. In order to evaluate their performance, we compare the obtained values of the nestedness of a large set of real networks among them and against a maximum-entropy and maximum-likelihood null model. We also analyze the dependencies of each metrics on different network parameters, as size, fill, and eccentricity. Our results point out, first, that the metrics do not rank networks universally in terms of their degree of nestedness. Furthermore, several metrics show significant dependencies on the network properties considered. The study of these dependencies allows us to understand some of the observed systematic shifts against the null model. Altogether, this paper intends to provide readers with a critical guide on how to measure nestedness patterns, by explaining the functioning of several metrics and disclosing their qualities and flaws. Besides, we also aim to extend the application of null models based on maximum entropy to the scarcely explored area of ecological networks. Finally, we provide a fully documented repository that allows constructing the null model and calculating the studied nestedness indexes. In addition, it provides the probability matrices to build the null model for a large dataset of more than 200 bipartite networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Payrató‐Borràs
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et ModélisationUMR08089CNRS‐CY Cergy‐Paris UniversityCergy‐Pontoise CedexFrance
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)University of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Laura Hernández
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et ModélisationUMR08089CNRS‐CY Cergy‐Paris UniversityCergy‐Pontoise CedexFrance
| | - Yamir Moreno
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)University of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- ISI FoundationTurinItaly
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Turki H, Hadj Taieb MA, Ben Aouicha M, Abraham A. Nature or Science: what Google Trends says. Scientometrics 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-020-03511-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Predicting innovation is a peculiar problem in data science. Following its definition, an innovation is always a never-seen-before event, leaving no room for traditional supervised learning approaches. Here we propose a strategy to address the problem in the context of innovative patents, by defining innovations as never-seen-before associations of technologies and exploiting self-supervised learning techniques. We think of technological codes present in patents as a vocabulary and the whole technological corpus as written in a specific, evolving language. We leverage such structure with techniques borrowed from Natural Language Processing by embedding technologies in a high dimensional euclidean space where relative positions are representative of learned semantics. Proximity in this space is an effective predictor of specific innovation events, that outperforms a wide range of standard link-prediction metrics. The success of patented innovations follows a complex dynamics characterized by different patterns which we analyze in details with specific examples. The methods proposed in this paper provide a completely new way of understanding and forecasting innovation, by tackling it from a revealing perspective and opening interesting scenarios for a number of applications and further analytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tacchella
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Seville, Spain
- Institute for Complex Systems, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Napoletano
- Institute for Complex Systems, CNR, Rome, Italy
- Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Pietronero
- Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi, Compendio del Viminale, Rome, Italy
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Pugliese E, Cimini G, Patelli A, Zaccaria A, Pietronero L, Gabrielli A. Unfolding the innovation system for the development of countries: coevolution of Science, Technology and Production. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16440. [PMID: 31712700 PMCID: PMC6848202 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the space in which scientific, technological and economic activities interplay with each other can be mathematically shaped using techniques from statistical physics of networks. We build a holistic view of the innovation system as the tri-layered network of interactions among these many activities (scientific publication, patenting, and industrial production in different sectors), also taking into account the possible time delays. Within this construction we can identify which capabilities and prerequisites are needed to be competitive in a given activity, and even measure how much time is needed to transform, for instance, the technological know-how into economic wealth and scientific innovation, being able to make predictions with a very long time horizon. We find empirical evidence that, at the aggregate scale, technology is the best predictor for industrial and scientific production over the upcoming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pugliese
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC)-CNR, 00185, Rome, Italy
- International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group, 20433, Washington, USA
- University of Bath, Bath, BA27AY, United Kingdom
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Giulio Cimini
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC)-CNR, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- IMT School for Advanced Studies, 55100, Lucca, Italy.
| | - Aurelio Patelli
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC)-CNR, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, CEA-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andrea Zaccaria
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC)-CNR, 00185, Rome, Italy
- International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group, 20433, Washington, USA
| | - Luciano Pietronero
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC)-CNR, 00185, Rome, Italy
- International Finance Corporation, World Bank Group, 20433, Washington, USA
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gabrielli
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC)-CNR, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università Roma 3, 00146, Rome, Italy
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Exploring the role of interdisciplinarity in physics: Success, talent and luck. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218793. [PMID: 31242227 PMCID: PMC6594681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although interdisciplinarity is often touted as a necessity for modern research, the evidence on the relative impact of sectorial versus to interdisciplinary science is qualitative at best. In this paper we leverage the bibliographic data set of the American Physical Society to quantify the role of interdisciplinarity in physics, and that of talent and luck in achieving success in scientific careers. We analyze a period of 30 years (1980-2009) tagging papers and their authors by means of the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS), to show that some degree of interdisciplinarity is quite helpful to reach success, measured as a proxy of either the number of articles or the citations score. We also propose an agent-based model of the publication-reputation-citation dynamics which reproduces the trends observed in the APS data set. On the one hand, the results highlight the crucial role of randomness and serendipity in real scientific research; on the other, they shed light on a counterintuitive effect indicating that the most talented authors are not necessarily the most successful ones.
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25
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Examining national citation impact by comparing developments in a fixed and a dynamic journal set. Scientometrics 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-019-03082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Navascués M, Budroni C. Theoretical research without projects. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214026. [PMID: 30921374 PMCID: PMC6438531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a funding scheme for theoretical research that does not rely on project proposals, but on recent past scientific productivity. Given a quantitative figure of merit on the latter and the total research budget, we introduce a number of policies to decide the allocation of funds in each grant call. Under some assumptions on scientific productivity, some of such policies are shown to converge, in the limit of many grant calls, to a funding configuration that is close to the maximum total productivity of the whole scientific community. We present numerical simulations showing evidence that these schemes would also perform well in the presence of statistical noise in the scientific productivity and/or its evaluation. Finally, we prove that one of our policies cannot be cheated by individual research units. Our work must be understood as a first step towards a mathematical theory of the research activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Navascués
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Costantino Budroni
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) Vienna, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Boltzmanngasse 3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Formichini M, Cimini G, Pugliese E, Gabrielli A. Influence of Technological Innovations on Industrial Production: A Motif Analysis on the Multilayer Network. ENTROPY 2019; 21:e21020126. [PMID: 33266842 PMCID: PMC7514614 DOI: 10.3390/e21020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work we aim at identifying combinations of technological advancements that reveal the presence of local capabilities for a given industrial production. To this end, we generated a multilayer network using country-level patent and trade data, and performed motif-based analysis on this network using a statistical-validation approach derived from maximum-entropy arguments. We show that in many cases the signal far exceeds the noise, providing robust evidence of synergies between different technologies that can lead to a competitive advantage in specific markets. Our results can be highly useful for policymakers to inform industrial and innovation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Formichini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Cimini
- IMT School for Advanced Studies, Piazza S. Ponziano 6, 55100 Lucca, Italy
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pugliese
- Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission (EC), Edificio Expo, Calle Inca Garcilaso 3, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Andrea Gabrielli
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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The Middle-Income Trap and the Coping Strategies From Network-Based Perspectives. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20100803. [PMID: 33265890 PMCID: PMC7512367 DOI: 10.3390/e20100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When a developing country reaches a relatively average income level, it often stops growing further and its income does not improve. This is known as the middle-income trap. How to overcome this trap is a longstanding problem for developing countries, and has been studied in various research fields. In this work, we use the Fitness-Complexity method (FCM) to analyze the common characteristics of the countries that successfully get through the middle-income trap, and show the origin of the middle-income trap based on the international trade network. In the analysis, a novel method is proposed to characterize the interdependency between products. The results show that some middle-complexity products depend much on each other, which indicates that developing countries should focus on them simultaneously, implying high difficulty to escape the middle-income trap. To tackle the middle-income trap, developing countries should learn experiences from developed countries that share similar development history. we then design an effective method to evaluate the similarity between countries and recommend developed countries to a certain developing country. The effectiveness of our method is validated in the international trade network.
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Servedio VDP, Buttà P, Mazzilli D, Tacchella A, Pietronero L. A New and Stable Estimation Method of Country Economic Fitness and Product Complexity. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20100783. [PMID: 33265871 PMCID: PMC7512345 DOI: 10.3390/e20100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We present a new metric estimating fitness of countries and complexity of products by exploiting a non-linear non-homogeneous map applied to the publicly available information on the goods exported by a country. The non homogeneous terms guarantee both convergence and stability. After a suitable rescaling of the relevant quantities, the non homogeneous terms are eventually set to zero so that this new metric is parameter free. This new map almost reproduces the results of the original homogeneous metrics already defined in literature and allows for an approximate analytic solution in case of actual binarized matrices based on the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) indicator. This solution is connected with a new quantity describing the neighborhood of nodes in bipartite graphs, representing in this work the relations between countries and exported products. Moreover, we define the new indicator of country net-efficiency quantifying how a country efficiently invests in capabilities able to generate innovative complex high quality products. Eventually, we demonstrate analytically the local convergence of the algorithm involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito D. P. Servedio
- Complexity Science Hub Vienna, Josefstätter-Strasse 39, A-1080 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Buttà
- Department of Mathematics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Dario Mazzilli
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Tacchella
- Institute for Complex Systems, CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Pietronero
- Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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30
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Lin JH, Tessone CJ, Mariani MS. Nestedness Maximization in Complex Networks through the Fitness-Complexity Algorithm. ENTROPY 2018; 20:e20100768. [PMID: 33265856 PMCID: PMC7512329 DOI: 10.3390/e20100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nestedness refers to the structural property of complex networks that the neighborhood of a given node is a subset of the neighborhoods of better-connected nodes. Following the seminal work by Patterson and Atmar (1986), ecologists have been long interested in revealing the configuration of maximal nestedness of spatial and interaction matrices of ecological communities. In ecology, the BINMATNEST genetic algorithm can be considered as the state-of-the-art approach for this task. On the other hand, the fitness-complexity ranking algorithm has been recently introduced in the economic complexity literature with the original goal to rank countries and products in World Trade export networks. Here, by bringing together quantitative methods from ecology and economic complexity, we show that the fitness-complexity algorithm is highly effective in the nestedness maximization task. More specifically, it generates matrices that are more nested than the optimal ones by BINMATNEST for 61.27% of the analyzed mutualistic networks. Our findings on ecological and World Trade data suggest that beyond its applications in economic complexity, the fitness-complexity algorithm has the potential to become a standard tool in nestedness analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hong Lin
- URPP Social Networks, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Manuel Sebastian Mariani
- URPP Social Networks, University of Zurich, CH-8050 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Correspondence:
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Solé-Ribalta A, Tessone CJ, Mariani MS, Borge-Holthoefer J. Revealing in-block nestedness: Detection and benchmarking. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:062302. [PMID: 30011537 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.062302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As new instances of nested organization-beyond ecological networks-are discovered, scholars are debating the coexistence of two apparently incompatible macroscale architectures: nestedness and modularity. The discussion is far from being solved, mainly for two reasons. First, nestedness and modularity appear to emerge from two contradictory dynamics, cooperation and competition. Second, existing methods to assess the presence of nestedness and modularity are flawed when it comes to the evaluation of concurrently nested and modular structures. In this work, we tackle the latter problem, presenting the concept of in-block nestedness, a structural property determining to what extent a network is composed of blocks whose internal connectivity exhibits nestedness. We then put forward a set of optimization methods that allow us to identify such organization successfully, in synthetic and in a large number of real networks. These findings challenge our understanding of the topology of ecological and social systems, calling for new models to explain how such patterns emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Solé-Ribalta
- Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3), Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08860 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Manuel S Mariani
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 610051 Chengdu, People's Republic of China; URPP Social Networks, Universität Zürich, CH-8050 Switzerland; and Physics Department, Université de Fribourg, CH-1700 Switzerland
| | - Javier Borge-Holthoefer
- Internet Interdisciplinary Institute (IN3), Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08860 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain and Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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33
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Azizi A, Dewar J, Wu T, Hyman JM. Generating Bipartite Networks with a Prescribed Joint Degree Distribution. JOURNAL OF COMPLEX NETWORKS 2017; 5:839-857. [PMID: 29854407 PMCID: PMC5972839 DOI: 10.1093/comnet/cnx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a class of new algorithms to construct bipartite networks that preserves a prescribed degree and joint-degree (degree-degree) distribution of the nodes. Bipartite networks are graphs that can represent real-world interactions between two disjoint sets, such as actor-movie networks, author-article networks, co-occurrence networks, and heterosexual partnership networks. Often there is a strong correlation between the degree of a node and the degrees of the neighbors of that node that must be preserved when generating a network that reflects the structure of the underling system. Our bipartite 2K (B2K) algorithms generate an ensemble of networks that preserve prescribed degree sequences for the two disjoint set of nodes in the bipartite network, and the joint-degree distribution that is the distribution of the degrees of all neighbors of nodes with the same degree. We illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithms on a romance network using the NetworkX software environment to compare other properties of a target network that are not directly enforced by the B2K algorithms. We observe that when average degree of nodes is low, as is the case for romance and heterosexual partnership networks, then the B2K networks tend to preserve additional properties, such as the cluster coefficients, than algorithms that do not preserve the joint-degree distribution of the original network.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Dewar
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - James M. Hyman
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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34
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Thelwall M, Levitt JM. National scientific performance evolution patterns: Retrenchment, successful expansion, or overextension. J Assoc Inf Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/asi.23969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Thelwall
- Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, School of Mathematics and Computer Science; University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street; Wolverhampton WV1 1LY UK
| | - Jonathan M. Levitt
- Statistical Cybermetrics Research Group, School of Mathematics and Computer Science; University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street; Wolverhampton WV1 1LY UK
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Morrison G, Buldyrev SV, Imbruno M, Doria Arrieta OA, Rungi A, Riccaboni M, Pammolli F. On Economic Complexity and the Fitness of Nations. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15332. [PMID: 29127304 PMCID: PMC5681668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex economic systems can often be described by a network, with nodes representing economic entities and edges their interdependencies, while network centrality is often a good indicator of importance. Recent publications have implemented a nonlinear iterative Fitness-Complexity (FC) algorithm to measure centrality in a bipartite trade network, which aims to represent the ‘Fitness’ of national economies as well as the ‘Complexity’ of the products being traded. In this paper, we discuss this methodological approach and conclude that further work is needed to identify stable and reliable measures of fitness and complexity. We provide theoretical and numerical evidence for the intrinsic instability in the nonlinear definition of the FC algorithm. We perform an in-depth evaluation of the algorithm’s rankings in two real world networks at the country level: the global trade network, and the patent network in different technological domains. In both networks, we find evidence of the instabilities predicted theoretically, and show that ‘complex’ products or patents tend often to be those that countries rarely produce, rather than those that are intrinsically more difficult to produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Morrison
- University of Houston, Department of Physics, Houston, TX, 77478, USA. .,IMT Lucca School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, 55100, Italy.
| | - Sergey V Buldyrev
- IMT Lucca School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, 55100, Italy.,Yeshiva University, Department of Physics, New York, NY, 10033, USA
| | - Michele Imbruno
- IMT Lucca School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, 55100, Italy.,CERDI, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France
| | | | - Armando Rungi
- IMT Lucca School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, 55100, Italy
| | - Massimo Riccaboni
- IMT Lucca School for Advanced Studies, Lucca, 55100, Italy.,KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Fabio Pammolli
- DIG, Politecnico di Milano, and CADS, Center for Analysis, Decisions, and Society, Milano, 20156, Italy
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Patelli A, Cimini G, Pugliese E, Gabrielli A. The scientific influence of nations on global scientific and technological development. J Informetr 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joi.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Grimm A, Tessone CJ. Analysing the sensitivity of nestedness detection methods. APPLIED NETWORK SCIENCE 2017; 2:37. [PMID: 30443590 PMCID: PMC6214258 DOI: 10.1007/s41109-017-0057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many bipartite and unipartite real-world networks display a nested structure. Examples pervade different disciplines: biological ecosystems (e.g. mutualistic networks), economic networks (e.g. manufactures and contractors networks) to financial networks (e.g. bank lending networks), etc. A nested network has a topology such that a vertex's neighbourhood contains the neighbourhood of vertices of lower degree; thus -upon vertex reordering- the adjacency matrix is step-wise. Despite its strict mathematical definition and the interest triggered by their common occurrence, it is not easy to measure the extent of nested graphs unequivocally. Among others, there exist three methods for detection and quantification of nestedness that are widely used: BINMATNEST, NODF, and fitness-complexity metric (FCM). However, these methods fail in assessing the existence of nestedness for graphs of low (NODF) and high (NODF, BINMATNEST) network density. Another common shortcoming of these approaches is the underlying assumption that all vertices belong to a nested component. However, many real-world networks have solely a sub-component (i.e. a subset of its vertices) that is nested. Thus, unveiling which vertices pertain to the nested component is an important research question, unaddressed by the methods available so far. In this contribution, we study in detail the algorithm Nestedness detection based on Local Neighbourhood (NESTLON). This algorithm resorts solely on local information and detects nestedness on a broad range of nested graphs independently of their nature and density. Further, we introduce a benchmark model that allows us to tune the degree of nestedness in a controlled manner and study the performance of different algorithms. Our results show that NESTLON outperforms both BINMATNEST and NODF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Grimm
- University Research Priority Program Social Networks, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Business Administration, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio J. Tessone
- University Research Priority Program Social Networks, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Business Administration, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, Zurich, Switzerland
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Pulido-Medina C, Hamon-Rugeles D, López-Ramírez E, Quimbayo-Cifuentes AF, Mejía CR. Publicación científica entre los directivos de la Asociación Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de Colombia: características y factores asociados. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2017. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v65n4.60489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. La publicación científica se debe incentivar desde el pregrado, sobre todo en carreras de ciencias de la salud.Objetivo. Determinar las características y los factores asociados a la publicación científica entre los miembros de la Asociación Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de Colombia (ASCEMCOL).Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico que se basó en una encuesta presencial aplicada a los miembros de la ASCEMCOL. Se definió como publicación la realizada en una revista científica indexada; la información recolectada se cruzó con variables para obtener estadísticos de asociación.Resultados. Al realizar el análisis multivariado, se asoció a mayor participación en investigaciones científicas el encontrarse en un semestre académico superior (RPa: 1.25; IC95%: 1.01-1.56; p=0.043) y tener más cantidad de investigaciones extracurriculares (RPa: 1.26; IC95%: 1.15-1.38; p<0.001); así mismo, la menor frecuencia de publicación se asoció a la percepción de pobre apoyo por parte de la universidad (RPa: 0.28; IC95%: 0.22-0.34; p<0.001), ajustado por la cantidad de trabajos presentados a congresos y la universidad de procedencia.Conclusión. La frecuencia de publicación fue baja en esta población. Se encontraron factores de gran importancia, como estar en un mayor semestre y tener mayor número de investigaciones realizadas y publicaciones.
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Jurajda Š, Kozubek S, Münich D, Škoda S. Scientific publication performance in post-communist countries: still lagging far behind. Scientometrics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-017-2389-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Klavans R, Boyack KW. The Research Focus of Nations: Economic vs. Altruistic Motivations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169383. [PMID: 28056043 PMCID: PMC5215941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
What motivates the research strategies of nations and institutions? We suggest that research primarily serves two masters-altruism and economic growth. Some nations focus more research in altruistic (or non-economic) fields while others focus more research in fields associated with economic growth. What causes this difference? Are there characteristics that would suggest why a nation is more aligned with altruism or economic growth? To answer this question, we have identified nine major fields of research by analyzing the publication activity of 4429 institutions using Scopus data. Two fields of research are clearly altruistic (there is relatively little involvement by industry) and two fields are clearly aligned with economic growth. The altruistic vs. economic nature of nations based on their publication profiles across these fields is correlated with national indicators on wealth, education, capitalism, individualism, power, religion, and language. While previous research has suggested that national research strategy is aligned with national wealth, our analysis shows that national wealth is not highly correlated with the tradeoff between altruistic and economic motives. Instead, the tradeoff is largely captured by a culture of individualism. Accordingly, implications for national research strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Klavans
- SciTech Strategies, Inc., Wayne, PA, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Boyack
- SciTech Strategies, Inc., Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Siddiqi A, Stoppani J, Anadon LD, Narayanamurti V. Scientific Wealth in Middle East and North Africa: Productivity, Indigeneity, and Specialty in 1981-2013. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164500. [PMID: 27820831 PMCID: PMC5098740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several developing countries seek to build knowledge-based economies by attempting to expand scientific research capabilities. Characterizing the state and direction of progress in this arena is challenging but important. Here, we employ three metrics: a classical metric of productivity (publications per person), an adapted metric which we denote as Revealed Scientific Advantage (developed from work used to compare publications in scientific fields among countries) to characterize disciplinary specialty, and a new metric, scientific indigeneity (defined as the ratio of publications with domestic corresponding authors) to characterize the locus of scientific activity that also serves as a partial proxy for local absorptive capacity. These metrics-using population and publications data that are available for most countries-allow the characterization of some key features of national scientific enterprise. The trends in productivity and indigeneity when compared across other countries and regions can serve as indicators of strength or fragility in the national research ecosystems, and the trends in specialty can allow regional policy makers to assess the extent to which the areas of focus of research align (or not align) with regional priorities. We apply the metrics to study the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)-a region where science and technology capacity will play a key role in national economic diversification. We analyze 9.8 million publication records between 1981-2013 in 17 countries of MENA from Morocco to Iraq and compare it to selected countries throughout the world. The results show that international collaborators increasingly drove the scientific activity in MENA. The median indigeneity reached 52% in 2013 (indicating that almost half of the corresponding authors were located in foreign countries). Additionally, the regional disciplinary focus in chemical and petroleum engineering is waning with modest growth in the life sciences. We find repeated patterns of stagnation and contraction of scientific activity for several MENA countries contributing to a widening productivity gap on an international comparative yardstick. The results prompt questions about the strength of the developing scientific enterprise and highlight the need for consistent long-term policy for effectively addressing regional challenges with domestic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afreen Siddiqi
- Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jonathan Stoppani
- Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Boulevard de Perolles 80, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laura Diaz Anadon
- Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Venkatesh Narayanamurti
- Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Mariani MS, Medo M, Zhang YC. Identification of milestone papers through time-balanced network centrality. J Informetr 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joi.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The research space: using career paths to predict the evolution of the research output of individuals, institutions, and nations. Scientometrics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11192-016-2125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Murray DL, Morris D, Lavoie C, Leavitt PR, MacIsaac H, Masson MEJ, Villard MA. Bias in Research Grant Evaluation Has Dire Consequences for Small Universities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155876. [PMID: 27258385 PMCID: PMC4892638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Federal funding for basic scientific research is the cornerstone of societal progress, economy, health and well-being. There is a direct relationship between financial investment in science and a nation's scientific discoveries, making it a priority for governments to distribute public funding appropriately in support of the best science. However, research grant proposal success rate and funding level can be skewed toward certain groups of applicants, and such skew may be driven by systemic bias arising during grant proposal evaluation and scoring. Policies to best redress this problem are not well established. Here, we show that funding success and grant amounts for applications to Canada's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Discovery Grant program (2011-2014) are consistently lower for applicants from small institutions. This pattern persists across applicant experience levels, is consistent among three criteria used to score grant proposals, and therefore is interpreted as representing systemic bias targeting applicants from small institutions. When current funding success rates are projected forward, forecasts reveal that future science funding at small schools in Canada will decline precipitously in the next decade, if skews are left uncorrected. We show that a recently-adopted pilot program to bolster success by lowering standards for select applicants from small institutions will not erase funding skew, nor will several other post-evaluation corrective measures. Rather, to support objective and robust review of grant applications, it is necessary for research councils to address evaluation skew directly, by adopting procedures such as blind review of research proposals and bibliometric assessment of performance. Such measures will be important in restoring confidence in the objectivity and fairness of science funding decisions. Likewise, small institutions can improve their research success by more strongly supporting productive researchers and developing competitive graduate programming opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L. Murray
- Institute of Integrative Conservation Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Douglas Morris
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Claude Lavoie
- École supérieure d’aménagement du territoire et de développement régional, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0 A6, Canada
| | - Peter R. Leavitt
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Hugh MacIsaac
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | | | - Marc-Andre Villard
- Département de biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada
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Golob T, Makarovič M, Suklan J. National Development Generates National Identities. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146584. [PMID: 26841050 PMCID: PMC4740447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to test the relationship between national identities and modernisation. We test the hypotheses that not all forms of identity are equally compatible with modernisation as measured by Human Development Index. The less developed societies are characterised by strong ascribed national identities based on birth, territory and religion, but also by strong voluntarist identities based on civic features selected and/or achieved by an individual. While the former decreases with further modernisation, the latter may either decrease or remain at high levels and coexist with instrumental supranational identifications, typical for the most developed countries. The results, which are also confirmed by multilevel regression models, thus demonstrate that increasing modernisation in terms of development contributes to the shifts from classical, especially ascribed, identities towards instrumental identifications. These findings are particularly relevant in the turbulent times increasingly dominated by the hardly predictable effects of the recent mass migrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Golob
- School of Advanced Social Studies in Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Matej Makarovič
- School of Advanced Social Studies in Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Jana Suklan
- School of Advanced Social Studies in Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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Investigating the interplay between fundamentals of national research systems: Performance, investments and international collaborations. J Informetr 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joi.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Agliari E, Barra A, Galluzzi A, Javarone MA, Pizzoferrato A, Tantari D. Emerging Heterogeneities in Italian Customs and Comparison with Nearby Countries. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144643. [PMID: 26713615 PMCID: PMC4699219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we apply techniques and modus operandi typical of Statistical Mechanics to a large dataset about key social quantifiers and compare the resulting behaviors of five European nations, namely France, Germany, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. The social quantifiers considered are i. the evolution of the number of autochthonous marriages (i.e., between two natives) within a given territorial district and ii. the evolution of the number of mixed marriages (i.e., between a native and an immigrant) within a given territorial district. Our investigations are twofold. From a theoretical perspective, we develop novel techniques, complementary to classical methods (e.g., historical series and logistic regression), in order to detect possible collective features underlying the empirical behaviors; from an experimental perspective, we evidence a clear outline for the evolution of the social quantifiers considered. The comparison between experimental results and theoretical predictions is excellent and allows speculating that France, Italy and Spain display a certain degree of internal heterogeneity, that is not found in Germany and Switzerland; such heterogeneity, quite mild in France and in Spain, is not negligible in Italy and highlights quantitative differences in the habits of Northern and Southern regions. These findings may suggest the persistence of two culturally distinct communities, long-term lasting heritages of different and well-established customs. Also, we find qualitative differences between the evolution of autochthonous and of mixed marriages: for the former imitation in decisional mechanisms seems to play a key role (and this results in a square root relation between the number of autochthonous marriages versus the percentage of possible couples inside that country), while for the latter the emerging behavior can be recovered (in most cases) with elementary models with no interactions, suggesting weak imitation patterns between natives and migrants (and this translates in a linear growth for the number of mixed marriages versus the percentage of possible mixed couples in the country). However, the case of mixed marriages displays a more complex phenomenology, where further details (e.g., the provenance and the status of migrants, linguistic barriers, etc.) should also be accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Agliari
- Dipartimento di Matematica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Adriano Barra
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Galluzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Alberto Javarone
- Dipartimento di Matematica ed Informatica, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche e Sociali, Università di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Daniele Tantari
- Centro Ennio De Giorgi, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Seeking research funding is an essential part of academic life. Funded projects are primarily collaborative in nature through internal and external partnerships, but what role does funding play in the formulation of these partnerships? Here, by examining over 43,000 scientific projects funded over the past three decades by one of the major government research agencies in the world, we characterize how the funding landscape has changed and its impacts on the underlying collaboration networks across different scales. We observed rising inequality in the distribution of funding and that its effect was most noticeable at the institutional level--the leading universities diversified their collaborations and increasingly became the knowledge brokers in the collaboration network. Furthermore, it emerged that these leading universities formed a rich club (i.e., a cohesive core through their close ties) and this reliance among them seemed to be a determining factor for their research success, with the elites in the core overattracting resources but also rewarding in terms of both research breadth and depth. Our results reveal how collaboration networks organize in response to external driving forces, which can have major ramifications on future research strategy and government policy.
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