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Abstract
Viral infection is an indisputable causal factor for nearly 17% of all human cancers. However, the diversity and complexity of oncogenic mechanisms raises new questions as to the mechanistic role of viruses in cancer. Classical viral oncogenes have been identified for all tumor-associated viruses. These oncogenes can have multiple oncogenic activities that may or may not be utilized in a particular tumor cell. In addition, stochastic events, like viral mutation and integration, as well as heritable host susceptibilities and immune deficiencies are also implicated in tumorigenesis. A more contemporary view of tumor biology highlights the importance of evolutionary forces that select for phenotypes better adapted to a complex and changing environment. Given the challenges of prioritizing singular mechanistic causes, it may be necessary to integrate concepts from evolutionary theory and systems biology to better understand viral cancer-driving forces. Here, we propose that viral infection provides a biological “entropy” that increases genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity, accelerating the main driving forces of cancer cell evolution. Viruses can also influence the evolutionary selection criteria by altering the tumor microenvironment and immune signaling. Utilizing concepts from cancer cell evolution, population genetics, thermodynamics, and systems biology may provide new perspectives on viral oncogenesis and identify novel therapeutic strategies for treating viruses and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Tempera
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul M Lieberman
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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2
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Iyer K, Chand K, Mitra A, Trivedi J, Mitra D. Diversity in heat shock protein families: functional implications in virus infection with a comprehensive insight of their role in the HIV-1 life cycle. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:743-768. [PMID: 34318439 PMCID: PMC8315497 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a group of cellular proteins that are induced during stress conditions such as heat stress, cold shock, UV irradiation and even pathogenic insult. They are classified into families based on molecular size like HSP27, 40, 70 and 90 etc, and many of them act as cellular chaperones that regulate protein folding and determine the fate of mis-folded or unfolded proteins. Studies have also shown multiple other functions of these proteins such as in cell signalling, transcription and immune response. Deregulation of these proteins leads to devastating consequences, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other life threatening diseases suggesting their potential importance in life processes. HSPs exist in multiple isoforms, and their biochemical and functional characterization still remains a subject of active investigation. In case of viral infections, several HSP isoforms have been documented to play important roles with few showing pro-viral activity whereas others seem to have an anti-viral role. Earlier studies have demonstrated that HSP40 plays a pro-viral role whereas HSP70 inhibits HIV-1 replication; however, clear isoform-specific functional roles remain to be established. A detailed functional characterization of all the HSP isoforms will uncover their role in cellular homeostasis and also may highlight some of them as potential targets for therapeutic strategies against various viral infections. In this review, we have tried to comprehend the details about cellular HSPs and their isoforms, their role in cellular physiology and their isoform-specific functions in case of virus infection with a specific focus on HIV-1 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruthika Iyer
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Kailash Chand
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Alapani Mitra
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Jay Trivedi
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Debashis Mitra
- Laboratory for HIV Research, National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India.
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3
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Regulation of Molecular Chaperone GRP78 by Hepatitis B Virus: Control of Viral Replication and Cell Survival. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00475-19. [PMID: 31712392 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00475-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains a global health problem, carrying a high risk for progression into cirrhosis and liver failure. Molecular chaperones are involved in diverse pathophysiological processes including viral infection. However, the role of molecular chaperones in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we identified GRP78 as one of the molecular chaperones most strongly induced by HBV in human hepatocytes. Gain- and loss-of-function analyses demonstrated that GRP78 exerted an inhibitory effect on HBV transcription and replication. Further study showed that GRP78 was involved in the activation of AKT/mTOR signaling in hepatocytes, which contributed to GRP78-mediated inhibition of HBV. Of note, HBV-upregulated GRP78 was found to play a crucial role in maintaining the survival of hepatocytes via facilitating a mild endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Together, our findings suggest that HBV may sacrifice part of its replication for establishing a persistent infection through induction of GRP78, a master ER stress regulator. Targeting GRP78 may help develop to design novel therapeutic strategies against chronic HBV infection and the associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
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4
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Molecular Mechanisms of Hepatocarcinogenesis Following Sustained Virological Response in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100531. [PMID: 30274202 PMCID: PMC6212901 DOI: 10.3390/v10100531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents in treating chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the number of cases of HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is expected to increase over the next five years. HCC develops over the span of decades and is closely associated with fibrosis stage. HCV both directly and indirectly establishes a pro-inflammatory environment favorable for viral replication. Repeated cycles of cell death and regeneration lead to genomic instability and loss of cell cycle control. DAA therapy offers >90% sustained virological response (SVR) rates with fewer side effects and restrictions than interferon. While elimination of HCV helps to restore liver function and reverse mild fibrosis, post-SVR patients remain at elevated risk of HCC. A series of studies reporting higher than expected rates of HCC development among DAA-treated patients ignited debate over whether use of DAAs elevates HCC risk compared to interferon. However, recent prospective and retrospective studies based on larger patient cohorts have found no significant difference in risk between DAA and interferon therapy once other factors are taken into account. Although many mechanisms and pathways involved in hepatocarcinogenesis have been elucidated, our understanding of drivers specific to post-SVR hepatocarcinogenesis is still limited, and lack of suitable in vivo and in vitro experimental systems has hampered efforts to examine etiology-specific mechanisms that might serve to answer this question more thoroughly. Further research is needed to identify risk factors and biomarkers for post-SVR HCC and to develop targeted therapies based on more complete understanding of the molecules and pathways implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Win NN, Kanda T, Nakamoto S, Moriyama M, Jiang X, Suganami A, Tamura Y, Okamoto H, Shirasawa H. Inhibitory effect of Japanese rice-koji miso extracts on hepatitis A virus replication in association with the elevation of glucose-regulated protein 78 expression. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:1153-1159. [PMID: 30123052 PMCID: PMC6097272 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.27489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the major causes of acute hepatitis and acute liver failure in developing and developed countries. Although effective vaccines for HAV infection are available, outbreaks of HAV infection still cause deaths, even in developed countries. One approach to control HAV infection is prevention through diet, which can inhibit HAV propagation and replication. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a member of the heat shock protein 70 family of molecular chaperone required for endoplasmic reticulum stress and stress-induced autophagy. We previously showed that the elevation of GRP78 expression inhibits HAV replication. It has been reported that Japanese miso extracts, which was made from rice-koji, enhance GRP78 expression. In the present study, we used human hepatoma Huh7 cells and human hepatocyte PXB cells to examine the efficacy of Japanese miso extracts as antiviral agents against HAV. Japanese miso extracts enhanced GRP78 expression and inhibited HAV replication in human hepatocytes. Together, these results demonstrate that Japanese miso extracts may partly modulate GRP78 expression and additively or synergistically work as antivirals against HAV infection. Japanese miso extracts can be used as effective dietary supplements for severe hepatitis A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Nwe Win
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Akiko Suganami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shirasawa
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Braga ACS, Carneiro BM, Batista MN, Akinaga MM, Bittar C, Rahal P. Heat shock proteins HSPB8 and DNAJC5B have HCV antiviral activity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188467. [PMID: 29182667 PMCID: PMC5705118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and an estimated 3% of the world population is infected with the virus. During replication, HCV interacts with several cellular proteins. Studies have shown that several heat shock proteins (HSPs) have an altered expression profile in the presence of the virus, and some HSPs interact directly with HCV proteins. In the present study, we evaluated the expression levels of heat shock proteins in vitro in the presence and absence of HCV. The differential expression of 84 HSPs and chaperones was observed using a qPCR array, comparing HCV uninfected and infected Huh7.5 cells. To validate qPCR array, the differentially expressed genes were tested by real-time PCR in three different HCV models: subgenomic HCV replicon cells (SGR-JFH-1), JFH-1 infected cells (both genotype 2a) and subgenomic S52 cells (genotype 3). The HSPB8 gene showed increased expression in all three viral models. We silenced HSPB8 expression and observed an increase in viral replication. In contrast, when we increased the expression of HSPB8, a decrease in the HCV replication rate was observed. The same procedure was adopted for DNAJC5B, and HCV showed a similar replication pattern as that observed for HSPB8. These results suggest that HSPB8 may act as an intracellular factor against hepatitis C virus replication and that DNAJC5B has the same function, with more relevant results for genotype 3. We also evaluated the direct interactions between HCV and HSP proteins, and the IP experiments showed that the HCV NS4B protein interacts with HSPB8. These results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Silva Braga
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, UNESP/IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruno Moreira Carneiro
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, UNESP/IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, UFMT/CUR, Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Mônica Mayumi Akinaga
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, UNESP/IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Bittar
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, UNESP/IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, UNESP/IBILCE, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Masalova OV, Lesnova EI, Solyev PN, Zakirova NF, Prassolov VS, Kochetkov SN, Ivanov AV, Kushch AA. Modulation of Cell Death Pathways by Hepatitis C Virus Proteins in Huh7.5 Hepatoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2346. [PMID: 29113144 PMCID: PMC5713315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic liver disease leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV infection triggers various types of cell death which contribute to hepatitis C pathogenesis. However, much is still unknown about the impact of viral proteins on them. Here we present the results of simultaneous immunocytochemical analysis of markers of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis in Huh7.5 cells expressing individual HCV proteins or their combinations, or harboring the virus replicon. Stable replication of the full-length HCV genome or transient expression of its core, Е1/Е2, NS3 and NS5B led to the death of 20-47% cells, 72 h posttransfection, whereas the expression of the NS4A/B, NS5A or NS3-NS5B polyprotein did not affect cell viability. HCV proteins caused different impacts on the activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 and on DNA fragmentation. The structural core and E1/E2 proteins promoted apoptosis, whereas non-structural NS4A/B, NS5A, NS5B suppressed apoptosis by blocking various members of the caspase cascade. The majority of HCV proteins also enhanced autophagy, while NS5A also induced necrosis. As a result, the death of Huh7.5 cells expressing the HCV core was induced via apoptosis, the cells expressing NS3 and NS5B via autophagy-associated death, and the cells expressing E1/E2 glycoproteins or harboring HCV the replicon via both apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Masalova
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina I Lesnova
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia.
| | - Pavel N Solyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Natalia F Zakirova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Vladimir S Prassolov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Alla A Kushch
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia.
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Li J, He J, Fu Y, Hu X, Sun LQ, Huang Y, Fan X. Hepatitis B virus X protein inhibits apoptosis by modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Oncotarget 2017; 8:96027-96034. [PMID: 29221184 PMCID: PMC5707078 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is encoded by one of the four open reading frames of HBV, and is well known as an important coactivator for HBV replication and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinogenesis. However, its role in keeping cells from apoptosis to promote HCC proliferation remains controversial. Here, we used HBx expressing HCC cells as a model, to investigate the mechanism of HBx-mediated cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We found that HBx protein was localized in ER lumen and interacted with GRP78 directly. This interaction resulted in suppression of eIF2α phosphorylation, inhibited expression of ATF4/CHOP/Bcl-2, and reduced cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and level of γH2AX, thus preventing HCC cells from cell death and negatively regulating DNA repair. This study reveals a novel mechanism of the HBx-mediated oncogenesis and provides a basis for potential HBx-targeted therapeutic intervention of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Department of Emergency, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jiang He
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yongming Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xingwang Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Molecular mechanisms of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:853-861. [PMID: 27476823 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis is a multistep process resulting from a combination of pathway alterations that are either caused directly by viral factors or immune mediated as a consequence of a chronic state of inflammation. Host genetic variation is now emerging as an additional element that contribute to increase the risk of developing HCC. The advent of direct-acting antiviral agents foresees a rapid decline of HCC rate in HCV patients. However, a full understanding of the HCV-mediated tumourigenic process is required to elucidate if pro-oncogenic signatures may persist after virus clearance, and to identify novel tools for HCC prevention and therapy. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms responsible for HCV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Wang X, Lin P, Li Y, Xiang C, Yin Y, Chen Z, Du Y, Zhou D, Jin Y, Wang A. Brucella suis Vaccine Strain 2 Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress that Affects Intracellular Replication in Goat Trophoblast Cells In vitro. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:19. [PMID: 26904517 PMCID: PMC4746994 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella has been reported to impair placental trophoblasts, a cellular target where Brucella efficiently replicates in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and ultimately trigger abortion in pregnant animals. However, the precise effects of Brucella on trophoblast cells remain unclear. Here, we describe the infection and replication of Brucella suis vaccine strain 2 (B.suis.S2) in goat trophoblast cells (GTCs) and the cellular and molecular responses induced in vitro. Our studies demonstrated that B.suis.S2 was able to infect and proliferate to high titers, hamper the proliferation of GTCs and induce apoptosis due to ER stress. Tunicamycin (Tm), a pharmacological chaperone that strongly mounts ER stress-induced apoptosis, inhibited B.suis.S2 replication in GTCs. In addition, 4 phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA), a pharmacological chaperone that alleviates ER stress-induced apoptosis, significantly enhanced B.suis.S2 replication in GTCs. The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) chaperone molecule GRP78 also promoted B.suis.S2 proliferation in GTCs by inhibiting ER stress-induced apoptosis. We also discovered that the IRE1 pathway, but not the PERK or ATF6 pathway, was activated in the process. However, decreasing the expression of phosphoIRE1α and IRE1α proteins with Irestatin 9389 (IRE1 antagonist) in GTCs did not affect the proliferation of B.suis.S2. Although GTC implantation was not affected upon B.suis.S2 infection, progesterone secretion was suppressed, and prolactin and estrogen secretion increased; these effects were accompanied by changes in the expression of genes encoding key steroidogenic enzymes. This study systematically explored the mechanisms of abortion in Brucella infection from the viewpoint of pathogen invasion, ER stress and reproductive endocrinology. Our findings may provide new insight for understanding the mechanisms involved in goat abortions caused by Brucella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Caixia Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yanlong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yue Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University Yangling, China
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11
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Khachatoorian R, French SW. Chaperones in hepatitis C virus infection. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:9-35. [PMID: 26783419 PMCID: PMC4705456 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 3% of the world population or more than 185 million people worldwide. Each year, an estimated 350000-500000 deaths occur worldwide due to HCV-associated diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV is the most common indication for liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus classified in the genus Hepacivirus in the Flaviviridae family. The HCV viral life cycle in a cell can be divided into six phases: (1) binding and internalization; (2) cytoplasmic release and uncoating; (3) viral polyprotein translation and processing; (4) RNA genome replication; (5) encapsidation (packaging) and assembly; and (6) virus morphogenesis (maturation) and secretion. Many host factors are involved in the HCV life cycle. Chaperones are an important group of host cytoprotective molecules that coordinate numerous cellular processes including protein folding, multimeric protein assembly, protein trafficking, and protein degradation. All phases of the viral life cycle require chaperone activity and the interaction of viral proteins with chaperones. This review will present our current knowledge and understanding of the role of chaperones in the HCV life cycle. Analysis of chaperones in HCV infection will provide further insights into viral/host interactions and potential therapeutic targets for both HCV and other viruses.
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12
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Zhang Q, Wei L, Yang H, Yang W, Yang Q, Zhang Z, Wu K, Wu J. Bromodomain containing protein represses the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway to attenuate human hepatoma cell proliferation during HCV infection. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:107-16. [PMID: 26620707 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection facilitates the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is found in more than 30% human cancers. Here, we revealed a novel mechanism underlying the regulation of hepatoma cell proliferation mediated by HCV. On one hand, hepatoma cell proliferation is facilitated by HCV infection through a positive feedback regulatory cycle. HCV promotes hepatoma cell proliferation by activating the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, which in turn facilitates HCV replication to further enhance hepatoma cell proliferation. On the other hand, hepatoma cell proliferation is attenuated by the bromodomain containing 7 (BRD7), a tumor suppressor, through a negative feedback regulatory mechanism. After activation, the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway stimulates BRD7 production, which in turn represses the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, leading to the attenuation of hepatoma cell proliferation. However, HCV persistent infection attenuates BRD7 gene expression and facilitates the protein degradation to release the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling, which results in the facilitation of hepatoma cell proliferation. Therefore, we proposed that the balance between BRD7 function and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK activity is important for determining the outcomes of HCV infection and HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hongchuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wanqi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhuofan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Jiang X, Kanda T, Wu S, Nakamoto S, Nakamura M, Sasaki R, Haga Y, Wakita T, Shirasawa H, Yokosuka O. Hepatitis C Virus Nonstructural Protein 5A Inhibits MG132-Induced Apoptosis of Hepatocytes in Line with NF-κB-Nuclear Translocation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131973. [PMID: 26133378 PMCID: PMC4489642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the major causes of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A) is an attractive antiviral target and plays an important role in HCV replication as well as hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of HCV NS5A protein in the abrogation of apoptotic cell death induced by the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Methods Apoptotic responses to MG132 and the expression of molecules involved in NF-κB signaling pathways in human hepatocytes were investigated with or without the expression of HCV NS5A. Results HCV NS5A protected HepG2 cells against MG132-induced apoptosis, in line with NF-κB-nuclear translocation. A similar NF-κB-nuclear translocation was observed in Huh7 cells infected with HCV JFH1. In agreement with this, after treatment with MG132, HCV NS5A could elevate the transcription of several NF-κB target genes such as BCL2 and BCLXL to inhibit MG132-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. HCV HCV NS5A also enhanced phosphorylation of IκBα. Consistent with a conferred prosurvival advantage, HCV NS5A reduced MG132-induced poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Conclusions HCV NS5A expression enhances phosphorylation of IκBα, liberates NF-κB for nuclear translocation and downregulates MG132-induced apoptotic pathways in human hepatocytes. It is possible that the disruption of proteasome-associated apoptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shuang Wu
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Departments of Molecular Virology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Haga
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shirasawa
- Departments of Molecular Virology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Departments of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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