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Kitamura K, Shimizu H. Outbreaks of Circulating Vaccine-derived Poliovirus in the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region, 2000-2021. Jpn J Infect Dis 2022; 75:431-444. [PMID: 36047174 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization Western Pacific Region (WPR) has maintained the polio-free status for more than two decades. At the global level, there were only 6 confirmed polio cases due to wild type 1 poliovirus in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Malawi in 2021, therefore, the risk of the importation of wild poliovirus from the endemic countries to the WPR is considerably lower than ever before. On the other hand, the risk of polio outbreaks associated with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) still cannot be ignored even in the WPR. Since late 2010s, cVDPV outbreaks in the WPR have appeared to be more extensive in frequency and magnitude. Moreover, the emergence of concomitant polio outbreaks of type 1 and type 2 cVDPVs in the Philippines and Malaysia during 2019-2020 has highlighted the remaining risk of cVDPV outbreaks in high-risk areas and/or communities in the WPR. The previous cVDPV outbreaks in the WPR have been rapidly and effectively controlled, however, the future risk of polio outbreaks associated with cVDPVs needs to be reconsidered and polio immunization and surveillance strategies should be updated accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Kitamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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Al-Qassimi MA, Al Amad M, Anam L, Almoayed K, Al-Dar A, Ezzadeen F. Circulating vaccine derived polio virus type 1 outbreak, Saadah governorate, Yemen, 2020. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:414. [PMID: 35488227 PMCID: PMC9052627 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yemen has faced one of the worst humanitarian crises in the world since the start of the war in 2015. In 2020; 30 Vaccine Derived Polio Virus type 1 (VDPV1) isolates were detected in Saadah governorate. The aims are to characterize the outbreak and address the gaps predisposing the emergence and circulation of VDPV1 in Saadah governorate, Yemen. Method A retrospective descriptive study of confirmed cases of VDPV1 between January and December 2020 was performed. Surveillance staff collected data from patient cases, contacts, as well as stool specimens that shipped to WHO accredited polio labs. Data of population immunity was also reviewed. The difference in days between the date of sample collection, shipment, and receiving lab result was used to calculate the average of delayed days for lab confirmation. Results From January to December 2020, a total of 114 cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) were reported from 87% (13/15) districts, and cVDPV1 was confirmed among 26% (30) AFP cases. 75% (21) were < 5 years, 73% (20) had zero doses of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV). The first confirmed case (3%) was from Saadah city, with paralysis onset at the end of January 2020 followed by 5 cases (17%) in March from another four districts, 8 cases (27%) in April, and 13 (43%) up to December 2020 were from the same five districts in addition to 3 (10%) form three new districts. The lab confirmation was received after an average of 126 days (71–196) from sample collection. The isolates differ from the Sabin 1 type by 17- 30 VP1 nucleotides (nt) and were linked to VDPV1 with 13 (nt) divergence that isolated in July 2020 from stool specimens collected before one year from contacts of an inadequate AFP case reported from Sahar district. Conclusion The new emerging VDPV1 was retrospectively confirmed after one year of sample collection from Sahar district. Delayed lab confirmation, as well as the response and low immunization profile of children against polio, were the main predisposing factors for cVDPV1 outbreak. This outbreak highlights the need to maintain regular biweekly shipments to referral polio labs in the short-term, and the exploration of other options in the longer-term to enable the Yemen National Lab to fully process national samples itself. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07397-0.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Al Amad
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Yemen Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Labiba Anam
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Yemen Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Khaled Almoayed
- General Directorate for Diseases Control and Surveillance, Yemen Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Ahmed Al-Dar
- National Polio Surveillance, Yemen Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Faten Ezzadeen
- National Polio Surveillance, Yemen Ministry of Public Health and Population, Sana'a, Yemen
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Wei Y, Kumar P, Wahome N, Mantis NJ, Middaugh CR. Biomedical Applications of Lumazine Synthase. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2283-2296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Bal J, Luong NN, Park J, Song KD, Jang YS, Kim DH. Comparative immunogenicity of preparations of yeast-derived dengue oral vaccine candidate. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:24. [PMID: 29452594 PMCID: PMC5815244 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0876-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue is listed as a neglected tropical disease by the Center for Disease Control and Preservation, as there are insufficient integrated surveillance strategies, no effective treatment, and limited licensed vaccines. Consisting of four genetically distinct serotypes, dengue virus (DENV) causes serious life-threatening infections due to its complexity. Antibody-dependent enhancement by pre-existing cross-reactive as well as homotypic antibodies further worsens the clinical symptoms of dengue. Thus, a vaccine conferring simultaneous and durable immunity to each of the four DENV serotypes is essential to restrict its escalation. In deeply affected resource-limited countries, oral vaccination using food-grade organisms is considered to be a beneficial approach in terms of costs, patient comfort, and simple logistics for mass immunization. The current study used a mouse model to explore the immunogenicity of an oral dengue vaccine candidate prepared using whole recombinant yeast cells (WC) and cell-free extracts (CFE) from cells expressing recombinant Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin protein B-subunit (LTB) fused to the consensus dengue envelope domain III (scEDIII). Mice were treated orally with recombinant WC and CFE vaccines in 2-week intervals for 4 weeks and changes in systemic and mucosal immune responses were monitored. RESULTS Both WC and CFE dosage applications of LTB-scEDIII stimulated a systemic humoral immune response in the form of dengue-specific serum IgG as well as mucosal immune response in the form of secretory sIgA. Antigen-specific B cell responses in isolated lymphoid cells from the spleen and Peyer's patches further indicated an elevated mucosal immune response. Cellular immune response estimated through lymphocyte proliferation assay indicated higher levels in CFE than WC dosage. Furthermore, sera obtained after both oral administrations successfully neutralized DENV-1, whereas CFE formulation only neutralized DENV-2 serotype, two representative serotypes which cause severe dengue infection. Sera from mice that were fed CFE preparations demonstrated markedly higher neutralizing titers compared to those from WC-fed mice. However, WC feeding elicited strong immune responses, which were similar to the levels induced by CFE feeding after intraperitoneal booster with purified scEDIII antigen. CONCLUSIONS CFE preparations of LTB-scEDIII produced strong immunogenicity with low processing requirements, signifying that this fusion protein shows promise as a potent oral vaccine candidate against dengue viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotiranjan Bal
- Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Luong
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam
| | - Jisang Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Wang HB, Luo HM, Li L, Fan CX, Hao LX, Ma C, Su QR, Yang H, Reilly KH, Wang HQ, Wen N. Vaccine-derived poliovirus surveillance in China during 2001-2013: the potential challenge for maintaining polio free status. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:742. [PMID: 29197328 PMCID: PMC5712118 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The goal of polio eradication is to complete elimination and containment of all wild, vaccine-related and Sabin polioviruses. Vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) surveillance in China from 2001–2013 is summarized in this report, which has important implications for the global polio eradication initiative. Methods Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases and their contacts with VDPVs isolated from fecal specimens were identified in our AFP surveillance system or by field investigation. Epidemiological and laboratory information for these children were analyzed and the reasons for the VDPV outbreak was explored. Results VDPVs were isolated from a total of 49 children in more than two-thirds of Chinese provinces from 2001–2013, including 15 VDPV cases, 15 non-polio AFP cases and 19 contacts of AFP cases or healthy subjects. A total of 3 circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) outbreaks were reported in China, resulting in 6 cVDPVs cases who had not been vaccinated with oral attenuated poliomyelitis vaccine. Among the 4 immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs) cases, the longest duration of virus excretion was about 20 months. In addition, one imported VDPV case from Myanmar was detected in Yunnan Province. Conclusions Until all wild, vaccine-related and Sabin polioviruses are eradicated in the world, high quality routine immunization and sensitive AFP surveillance should be maintained, focusing efforts on underserved populations in high risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.,Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Xueyuan Rd 38#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ming Luo
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Xiang Fan
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Xin Hao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Ru Su
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Hua-Qing Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wen
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 27 Nanwei Road, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Li Y, Li RC, Ye Q, Li C, Liu YP, Ma X, Li Y, Zhao H, Chen X, Assudani D, Karkada N, Han HH, Van Der Meeren O, Mesaros N. Safety, immunogenicity and persistence of immune response to the combined diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, poliovirus and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (DTPa-IPV/Hib) administered in Chinese infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 13:588-598. [PMID: 27768515 PMCID: PMC5360111 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1239670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted 3 phase III, randomized, open-label, clinical trials assessing the safety, reactogenicity (all studies), immunogenicity (Primary vaccination study) and persistence of immune responses (Booster study) to the combined diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (DTPa-IPV/Hib) in Chinese infants and toddlers. In the Pilot study (NCT00964028), 50 infants (randomized 1:1) received 3 doses of DTPa-IPV/Hib at 2–3–4 (Group A) or 3–4–5 months of age (Group B). In the Primary study (NCT01086423), 984 healthy infants (randomized 1:1:1) received 3 doses of DTPa-IPV/Hib at 2–3–4 (Group A) or 3–4–5 (Group B) months of age, or concomitant DTPa/Hib and poliomyelitis (IPV) vaccination at 2–3–4 months of age (Control group); 825 infants received a booster dose of DTPa/Hib and IPV at 18–24 months of age (Booster study; NCT01449812). In the Pilot study, unsolicited symptoms were more frequent in Group A (16 versus 1 infant; mostly upper respiratory tract infection and pyrexia); this observation was attributed to an epidemic outbreak of viral infections. Non-inferiority of 3-dose primary vaccination with DTPa-IPV/Hib over separately administered DTPa/Hib and IPV was demonstrated for Group A (primary objective). Similar antibody concentrations were observed in all groups, except for anti-polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate and anti-poliovirus types 1–3 which were higher in DTPa-IPV/Hib recipients. Protective antibody levels against all vaccine antigens remained high until booster vaccination. Three-dose vaccination with DTPa-IPV/Hib had a clinically acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- a Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanning City , Guangxi , China
| | - Rong Cheng Li
- a Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nanning City , Guangxi , China
| | - Qiang Ye
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Changgui Li
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - You Ping Liu
- c Wuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Wuzhou City , Guangxi , China
| | - Xiao Ma
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Yanan Li
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Hong Zhao
- c Wuzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Wuzhou City , Guangxi , China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- d Mengshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Disease Prevention, Development District , Wuzhou City , Guangxi , China
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Liu J, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Xia L, Guo C, Yang H, Luo N, He Z, Ma S. Characterization of four vaccine-related polioviruses including two intertypic type 3/type 2 recombinants associated with aseptic encephalitis. Virol J 2016; 13:162. [PMID: 27677968 PMCID: PMC5039789 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0615-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Four vaccine-related polioviruses (VRPV) were isolated from aseptic encephalitis cases in Yunnan, China in 2010. The genomic sequences of these VRPVs were investigated to gain a better understanding of their molecular characteristics. Methods Molecular typing was performed by amplification and sequencing of the VP1 region. The genomic sequences of the four VRPV3 strains were compared to vaccine strain and wild strain sequences to study genetic drift and recombination. Results All four isolates could be entirely neutralized by polyclonal poliovirus 3 (PV3) antisera but not by PV1 and PV2 antisera and displayed a temperature-sensitive phenotype. The genomic sequences of all four isolates contained two Sabin 3-specific attenuating mutations at nucleotides 472(C → T) and 2034(C → T), but a third Sabin 3-specific attenuating mutation at position 2493 (T → C) had reverted back to a T. Recombination analyses showed RF108/YN/CHN/2010 and RF134/YN/CHN/2010 strain recombined with Sabin 2 at the 3′-end of the 2C to 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) and at the 5′-end of the 3D to 3′-UTR, respectively. Conclusion Four VRPV3 strains including two type 3/type 2 intertypic recombinants were identified. The recombination of Sabin vaccine strains with other Sabin serotypes or human enterovirus C species could be a critical factor in the potential of emerging viruses and related disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is essential to be persistent in the surveillance of EVs (including PV). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0615-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Haihao Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Longhui Xia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Huai Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Luo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), 935 Jiao Ling Road, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650118, People's Republic of China. .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, People's Republic of China.
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Li R, Li CG, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhao H, Chen X, Kuriyakose S, Van Der Meeren O, Hardt K, Hezareh M, Roy-Ghanta S. Primary and booster vaccination with an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is immunogenic and well-tolerated in infants and toddlers in China. Vaccine 2016; 34:1436-43. [PMID: 26873055 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Replacing live-attenuated oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) with inactivated poliovirus vaccines (IPV) is part of the global strategy to eradicate poliomyelitis. China was declared polio-free in 2000 but continues to record cases of vaccine-associated-poliomyelitis and vaccine-derived-poliovirus outbreaks. Two pilot safety studies and two larger immunogenicity trials evaluated the non-inferiority of IPV (Poliorix™, GSK Vaccines, Belgium) versus OPV in infants and booster vaccination in toddlers primed with either IPV or OPV in China. METHODS In pilot safety studies, 25 infants received 3-dose IPV primary vaccination (Study A, www.clinicaltrial.gov NCT00937404) and 25 received an IPV booster after priming with three OPV doses (Study B, NCT01021293). In the randomised, controlled immunogenicity and safety trial (Study C, NCT00920439), infants received 3-dose primary vaccination with IPV (N=541) or OPV (N=535) at 2,3,4 months of age, and a booster IPV dose at 18-24 months (N=470, Study D, NCT01323647: extension of study C). Blood samples were collected before and one month post-dose-3 and booster. Reactogenicity was assessed using diary cards. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were captured throughout each study. RESULTS Study A and B showed that IPV priming and IPV boosting (after OPV) was safe. Study C: One month post-dose-3, all IPV and ≥ 98.3% OPV recipients had seroprotective antibody titres towards each poliovirus type. The immune response elicited by IPV was non-inferior to Chinese OPV. Seroprotective antibody titres persisted in ≥ 94.7% IPV and ≥ 96.1% OPV recipients at 18-24 months (Study D). IPV had a clinically acceptable safety profile in all studies. Grade 3 local and systemic reactions were uncommon. No SAEs were related to IPV administration. CONCLUSION Trivalent IPV is non-inferior to OPV in terms of seroprotection (in the Chinese vaccination schedule) in infant and toddlers, with a clinically acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongcheng Li
- The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 18# Jinzhou Road, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Chang Gui Li
- China Academy of Medicine Food Verification, 2# Tiantan Xili, Beijing, China
| | - Yanping Li
- The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 18# Jinzhou Road, Nanning City, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Youping Liu
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3# Chunhu Road, Changzhou District, Wuzhou City 101#, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3# Chunhu Road, Changzhou District, Wuzhou City 101#, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Mengshan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Mengshan Town, Mengshan County, Wuzhou City, Guangxi Province, China
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The application of virus-like particles as vaccines and biological vehicles. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10415-32. [PMID: 26454868 PMCID: PMC7080154 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) can be spontaneously self-assembled by viral structural proteins under appropriate conditions in vitro while excluding the genetic material and potential replication probability. In addition, VLPs possess several features including can be rapidly produced in large quantities through existing expression systems, highly resembling native viruses in terms of conformation and appearance, and displaying repeated cluster of epitopes. Their capsids can be modified via genetic insertion or chemical conjugation which facilitating the multivalent display of a homologous or heterogeneous epitope antigen. Therefore, VLPs are considered as a safe and effective candidate of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. VLPs, with a diameter of approximately 20 to 150 nm, also have the characteristics of nanometer materials, such as large surface area, surface-accessible amino acids with reactive moieties (e.g., lysine and glutamic acid residues), inerratic spatial structure, and good biocompatibility. Therefore, assembled VLPs have great potential as a delivery system for specifically carrying a variety of materials. This review summarized recent researches on VLP development as vaccines and biological vehicles, which demonstrated the advantages and potential of VLPs in disease control and prevention and diagnosis. Then, the prospect of VLP biology application in the future is discussed as well.
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Chan HT, Daniell H. Plant-made oral vaccines against human infectious diseases-Are we there yet? PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1056-70. [PMID: 26387509 PMCID: PMC4769796 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the plant-made vaccine field started three decades ago with the promise of developing low-cost vaccines to prevent infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics around the globe, this goal has not yet been achieved. Plants offer several major advantages in vaccine generation, including low-cost production by eliminating expensive fermentation and purification systems, sterile delivery and cold storage/transportation. Most importantly, oral vaccination using plant-made antigens confers both mucosal (IgA) and systemic (IgG) immunity. Studies in the past 5 years have made significant progress in expressing vaccine antigens in edible leaves (especially lettuce), processing leaves or seeds through lyophilization and achieving antigen stability and efficacy after prolonged storage at ambient temperatures. Bioencapsulation of antigens in plant cells protects them from the digestive system; the fusion of antigens to transmucosal carriers enhances efficiency of their delivery to the immune system and facilitates successful development of plant vaccines as oral boosters. However, the lack of oral priming approaches diminishes these advantages because purified antigens, cold storage/transportation and limited shelf life are still major challenges for priming with adjuvants and for antigen delivery by injection. Yet another challenge is the risk of inducing tolerance without priming the host immune system. Therefore, mechanistic aspects of these two opposing processes (antibody production or suppression) are discussed in this review. In addition, we summarize recent progress made in oral delivery of vaccine antigens expressed in plant cells via the chloroplast or nuclear genomes and potential challenges in achieving immunity against infectious diseases using cold-chain-free vaccine delivery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Daniell
- Correspondence (Tel 215 746 2563; fax 215 898 3695; )
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Ma S, Du Z, Feng M, Che Y, Li Q. A severe case of co-infection with Enterovirus 71 and vaccine-derived Poliovirus type II. J Clin Virol 2015; 72:25-9. [PMID: 26361010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is often identified as the primary pathogen that directly leads to severe cases of HFMD, whereas the association between other enteroviruses and EV71 infection remains largely unclear. Here we report a rare case of a 5-year-old boy co-infected with EV71 and vaccine-derived Poliovirus (VDPV) type II, which were identified based on PCR and sequence analysis results and clinical symptoms and were characterized on CT. We determined that the EV71 strain belongs to the C4 subtype, and the VDPV II strain was closely genetically related to the reference Sabin type II strain. This report may improved our understanding of the clinical significance of the associations between clinical signs and the infectious properties of the involved pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Zengqing Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases of Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming 650,034, China
| | - Min Feng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yanchun Che
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China.
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