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Cai Y, Sheng Z, Dong Z, Wang J. EGFR Inhibitor CL-387785 Suppresses the Progression of Lung Adenocarcinoma. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:211-216. [PMID: 35352671 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220329212300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the influence of the irreversible EGFR inhibitor CL-387785 on invasion, metastasis, and radiation sensitization of non-small cell lung cancer cells. METHODS The proliferation inhibitory rate at different time points was detected by MTT assay. The apoptosis of H1975 cells treated with CL-387785 was detected using flow cytometry. The invasion and migration of H1975 cells treated with CL-387785 were determined by Transwell assay and wound healing assay. The survival fraction (SF) of H1975 cells cultured with CL- 387785 under X-ray (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Gy) was detected by cloning formation experiment, and the sensitization ratio (SER) was calculated by clicking the multi-target model to fit the cell survival curve. RESULTS CL-387785 restrained H1975 cell proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. CL-387785 promoted H1975 cell apoptosis and reduced cell migration distance and the number of transmembrane cells. The SF treated by different concentrations of CL-387785 (10, 25, 50, and 100 nM) was all below 0 nM. The radiation SER of CL-387785 (10, 25, 50 and 100 nM) were 1.17, 1.39, 2.88, and 3.64, respectively. CONCLUSION The invasion and metastasis of H1975 cells were restrained by irreversible EGFR inhibitor CL-387785. CL-387785 also exhibited the effect of radiotherapy sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Cai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhaoying Sheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiyi Dong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiying Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Firnau MB, Brieger A. CK2 and the Hallmarks of Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1987. [PMID: 36009534 PMCID: PMC9405757 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Casein kinase 2 (CK2) is commonly dysregulated in cancer, impacting diverse molecular pathways. CK2 is a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, constitutively active and ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotes. With over 500 known substrates and being estimated to be responsible for up to 10% of the human phosphoproteome, it is of significant importance. A broad spectrum of diverse types of cancer cells has been already shown to rely on disturbed CK2 levels for their survival. The hallmarks of cancer provide a rationale for understanding cancer's common traits. They constitute the maintenance of proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling of replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, the activation of invasion and metastasis, as well as avoidance of immune destruction and dysregulation of cellular energetics. In this work, we have compiled evidence from the literature suggesting that CK2 modulates all hallmarks of cancer, thereby promoting oncogenesis and operating as a cancer driver by creating a cellular environment favorable to neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Brieger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Biomedical Research Laboratory, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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3
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Lyu X, Zeng L, Shi J, Ming Z, Li W, Liu B, Chen Y, Yuan B, Sun R, Yuan J, Zhao N, Yang X, Chen G, Yang S. Essential role for STAT3/FOXM1/ATG7 signaling-dependent autophagy in resistance to Icotinib. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:200. [PMID: 35690866 PMCID: PMC9188165 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contribution of autophagy to cancer therapy resistance remains complex, mainly owing to the discrepancy of autophagy mechanisms in different therapy. However, the potential mechanisms of autophagy-mediated resistance to icotinib have yet to be elucidated. METHODS The effect of autophagy in icotinib resistance was examined using a series of in vitro and in vivo assays. The results above were further verified in biopsy specimens of lung cancer patients before and after icotinib or gefitinib treatment. RESULTS Icotinib increased ATG3, ATG5, and ATG7 expression, but without affecting Beclin-1, VPS34 and ATBG14 levels in icotinib-resistant lung cancer cells. Autophagy blockade by 3-MA or silencing Beclin-1 had no effects on resistance to icotinib. CQ effectively restored lung cancer cell sensitivity to icotinib in vitro and in vivo. Notably, aberrantly activated STAT3 and highly expressed FOXM1 were required for autophagy induced by icotinib, without the involvement of AMPK/mTOR pathway in this process. Alterations of STAT3 activity using genetic and/or pharmacological methods effectively affected FOXM1 and ATG7 levels increased by icotinib, with altering autophagy and icotinib-mediated apoptosis in resistant cells. Furthermore, silencing FOXM1 impaired up-regulated ATG7 induced by STAT3-CA and icotinib. STAT3/FOXM1 signalling blockade also reversed resistance to icotinib in vivo. Finally, we found a negative correlation between STAT3/FOXM1/ATG7 signalling activity and epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) treatment efficacy in patients undergoing EGFR-TKIs treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that STAT3/FOXM1/ATG7 signalling-induced autophagy is a novel mechanism of resistance to icotinib, and provide insights into potential clinical values of ATG7-dependent autophagy in icotinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lyu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Zeng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongjuan Ming
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Boxuan Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiying Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Yuan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Nannan Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoan Chen
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong China
| | - Shuanying Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No. 157, Xiwu Road, Xincheng District, Xi’an, 710004 Shaanxi People’s Republic of China
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Role of PARP1-mediated autophagy in EGFR-TKI resistance in non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20924. [PMID: 33262410 PMCID: PMC7708842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77908-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) has become the main clinical challenge of advanced lung cancer. This research aimed to explore the role of PARP1-mediated autophagy in the progression of TKI therapy. PARP1-mediated autophagy was evaluated in vitro by CCK-8 assay, clonogenic assay, immunofluorescence, and western blot in the HCC-827, H1975, and H1299 cells treated with icotinib (Ico), rapamycin, and AZD2281 (olaparib) alone or in combination. Our results and GEO dataset analysis confirmed that PARP1 is expressed at lower levels in TKI-sensitive cells than in TKI-resistant cells. Low PARP1 expression and high p62 expression were associated with good outcomes among patients with NSCLC after TKI therapy. AZD2281 and a lysosomal inhibitor reversed resistance to Ico by decreasing PARP1 and LC3 in cells, but an mTOR inhibitor did not decrease Ico resistance. The combination of AZD2281 and Ico exerted a markedly enhanced antitumor effect by reducing PARP1 expression and autophagy in vivo. Knockdown of PARP1 expression reversed the resistance to TKI by the mTOR/Akt/autophagy pathway in HCC-827IR, H1975, and H1299 cells. PARP1-mediated autophagy is a key pathway for TKI resistance in NSCLC cells that participates in the resistance to TKIs. Olaparib may serve as a novel method to overcome the resistance to TKIs.
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5
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Silva-Pavez E, Tapia JC. Protein Kinase CK2 in Cancer Energetics. Front Oncol 2020; 10:893. [PMID: 32626654 PMCID: PMC7315807 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 (formerly known as casein kinase 2) is abnormally elevated in many cancers. This may increase tumor aggressiveness through CK2-dependent phosphorylation of key proteins in several signaling pathways. In this work, we have compiled evidence from the literature to suggest that CK2 also modulates a metabolic switch characteristic of cancer cells that enhances resistance to death, due to either drugs or to a microenvironment deficient in oxygen or nutrients. Concurrently, CK2 may help to preserve mitochondrial activity in a PTEN-dependent manner. PTEN, widely recognized as a tumor suppressor, is another CK2 substrate in the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway that promotes cancer viability and aerobic glycolysis. Given that CK2 can regulate Akt as well as two of its main effectors, namely mTORC1 and β-catenin, we comprehensively describe how CK2 may modulate cancer energetics by regulating expression of key targets and downstream processes, such as HIF-1 and autophagy, respectively. Thus, the specific inhibition of CK2 may lead to a catastrophic death of cancer cells, which could become a feasible therapeutic strategy to beat this devastating disease. In fact, ATP-competitive inhibitors, synthetic peptides and antisense oligonucleotides have been designed as CK2 inhibitors, some of them used in preclinical models of cancer, of which TBB and silmitasertib are widely known. We will finish by discussing a hypothetical scenario in which cancer cells are "addicted" to CK2; i.e., in which many proteins that regulate signaling pathways and metabolism-linked processes are highly dependent on this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Silva-Pavez
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Julio C Tapia
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Studies of Non-Protective Autophagy Provide Evidence that Recovery from Therapy-Induced Senescence is Independent of Early Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041427. [PMID: 32093197 PMCID: PMC7073138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and senescence, predominant responses that may dictate cell fate after chemotherapy or radiation, often occur in tandem. Cells in states of senescence and/or autophagy are frequently growth arrested. We have previously reported that tumor cells induced into senescence by therapy can re-emerge from the growth-arrested state, a phenomenon termed proliferative recovery. The current work shows that, while tumor cells collaterally induced into senescence and autophagy by etoposide, doxorubicin, or radiation undergo proliferative recovery, neither pharmacological nor genetic inhibition of early autophagy alter the extent of senescence or the ability of cells to recover from senescence. These findings confirm and extend our previous observations, essentially dissociating senescence from autophagy, and further indicate that re-emergence from senescence does not appear to be facilitated by or dependent on autophagy. Our results also provide additional evidence for the promotion of the non-protective form of autophagy by both chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation, which may complicate current efforts to inhibit autophagy for therapeutic benefit.
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7
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Borgo C, Ruzzene M. Role of protein kinase CK2 in antitumor drug resistance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:287. [PMID: 31277672 PMCID: PMC6612148 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1292-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance represents the major reason of pharmacological treatment failure. It is supported by a broad spectrum of mechanisms, whose molecular bases have been frequently correlated to aberrant protein phosphorylation. CK2 is a constitutively active protein kinase which phosphorylates hundreds of substrates; it is expressed in all cells, but its level is commonly found higher in cancer cells, where it plays anti-apoptotic, pro-migration and pro-proliferation functions. Several evidences support a role for CK2 in processes directly responsible of drug resistance, such as drug efflux and DNA repair; moreover, CK2 intervenes in signaling pathways which are crucial to evade drug response (as PI3K/AKT/PTEN, NF-κB, β-catenin, hedgehog signaling, p53), and controls the activity of chaperone machineries fundamental in resistant cells. Interestingly, a panel of specific and effective inhibitors of CK2 is available, and several examples are known of their efficacy in resistant cells, with synergistic effect when used in combination with conventional drugs, also in vivo. Here we analyze and discuss evidences supporting the hypothesis that CK2 targeting represents a valuable strategy to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Borgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ruzzene
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58b, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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8
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Li K, Zhou F, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Li Q, Li Z, Liu L, Wu G, Meng R. Quinalizarin, a specific CK2 inhibitor, can reduce icotinib resistance in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:437-446. [PMID: 31173177 PMCID: PMC6605624 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The abnormal activation of the downstream signaling pathways of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that are independent of EGFR, contribute to the acquisition of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The serine/threonine protein kinase casein kinase II (CK2) phosphorylates and modulates several members of the EGFR downstream signaling pathways. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of the addition of quinalizarin (a specific CK2 inhibitor) to icotinib (an EGFR-TKI) on the proliferation and apoptosis of four NSCLC cell lines and its underlying mechanisms. The human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines HCC827, A549, H1650 and H1975 were employed to represent the EGFR-TKI-sensitive EGFR (EGFR-sensitive) mutation, wild-type EGFR and the EGFR-TKI-resistant EGFR (EGFR-resistant) mutations. The cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytom-etry using the Annexin V-enhanced green fluorescent protein Apoptosis Detection kit. The level of proteins in the EGFR downstream pathway was observed using a western blot assay. The results showed that the cells with the EGFR-sensitive mutation (HCC827, EGFR E716-A750del) were more sensitive to icotinib compared with those possessing the EGFR wild-type (A549) and the EGFR-resistant mutations (H1650, EGFR E716-A750del and PTEN lost; H1975, EGFR L858R+T790M). Quinalizarin inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis in the cells with the EGFR wild-type and resistant mutations, and the addition of quinalizarin to icotinib partially restored their sensitivity to icotinib. Quinalizarin and/or icotinib increased the apoptotic rates in the EGFR-TKI resistant cells, and the combination of these reduced the level of protein downstream of EGFR, including phosphorylated (p-AKT) and p-(ERK). In conclusion, quinalizarin may partially sensitize cells to icotinib by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis mediated by AKT and ERK in EGFR-TKI resistant NSCLC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Pharmacy Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Fangzheng Zhou
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qianwen Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Rui Meng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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9
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Wang X, Li W, Zhang N, Zheng X, Jing Z. Opportunities and challenges of co-targeting epidermal growth factor receptor and autophagy signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:499-506. [PMID: 31289521 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are a standard therapy for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with sensitive mutations. However, acquired resistance emerges following a median of 6-12 months. Several studies demonstrated that EGFR-TKI-induced tumor microenvironment stresses and autophagy are important causes of resistance. The current review summarizes the molecular mechanisms involved in EGFR-mediated regulation of autophagy. The role of autophagy in EGFR-TKI treatment, which may serve a role in protection or cell death, was discussed. Furthermore, co-inhibiting EGFR and autophagy signaling as a rational therapeutic strategy in the treatment of patients with NSCLC was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Wenxin Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zheng
- Cancer Research Institute, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Jing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310002, P.R. China
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Expression of Concern: Autophagosome-Mediated EGFR Down-Regulation Induced by the CK2 Inhibitor Enhances the Efficacy of EGFR-TKI on EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer Cells with Resistance by T790M. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213989. [PMID: 30870499 PMCID: PMC6417781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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11
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Yeon M, Byun J, Kim H, Kim M, Jung HS, Jeon D, Kim Y, Jeoung D. CAGE Binds to Beclin1, Regulates Autophagic Flux and CAGE-Derived Peptide Confers Sensitivity to Anti-cancer Drugs in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2018; 8:599. [PMID: 30619741 PMCID: PMC6296237 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the role of CAGE, a cancer/testis antigen, in resistance of non-small cell lung cancers to anti-cancer drugs. Erlotinib-resistant PC-9 cells (PC-9/ER) with EGFR mutations (ex 19 del + T790M of EGFR), showed higher level of autophagic flux than parental sensitive PC-9 cells. Erlotinib and osimertinib increased autophagic flux and induced the binding of CAGE to Beclin1 in PC-9 cells. The inhibition or induction of autophagy regulated the binding of CAGE to Beclin1 and the responses to anti-cancer drugs. CAGE showed binding to HER2 while HER2 was necessary for binding of CAGE to Beclin1. CAGE was responsible for high level of autophagic flux and resistance to anti-cancer drugs in PC-9/ER cells. A peptide corresponding to the DEAD box domain of CAGE, 266AQTGTGKT273, enhanced the sensitivity of PC-9/ER cells to erlotinib and osimertinib, inhibited the binding of CAGE to Beclin1 and regulated autophagic flux in PC-9/ER cells. Mutant CAGE-derived peptide 266AQTGTGAT273 or 266AQTGTGKA273 did not affect autophagic flux or the binding of CAGE to Beclin1. AQTGTGKT peptide showed binding to CAGE, but not to Beclin1. FITC-AQTGTGKT peptide showed co-localization with CAGE. AQTGTGKT peptide decreased tumorigenic potentials of PC-9/ER and H1975 cells, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells with EGFR mutation (L885R/T790M), by inhibiting autophagic fluxand inhibiting the binding of CAGE to Beclin1. AQTGTGKT peptide also enhanced the sensitivity of H1975 cells to anti-cancer drugs. AQTGTGKT peptide showed tumor homing potential based on ex vivo homing assays of xenograft of H1975 cells. AQTGTGKT peptide restored expression levels of miR-143-3p and miR-373-5p, decreased autophagic flux and conferred sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs. These results present evidence that combination of anti-cancer drug with CAGE-derived peptide could overcome resistance of non-small cell lung cancers to anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjeong Yeon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Jaewhan Byun
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Hyuna Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Misun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | | | - Youngmi Kim
- Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, South Korea
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Liu B, Han D, Zhang T, Cheng G, Lu Y, Wang J, Zhao H, Zhao Z. Hypoxia-induced autophagy promotes EGFR loss in specific cell contexts, which leads to cell death and enhanced radiosensitivity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 111:12-18. [PMID: 30278227 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment failure through radioresistance of tumors is associated with activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Tumor cell proliferation, DNA-repair, hypoxia and metastases-formation are four mechanisms in which EGFR signaling has an important role. However, the effect of hypoxia on EGFR expression is still controversial. In this study, we demonstrated that hypoxia enhanced EGFR expression and sustained cell survival in SiHa, CAL 27 and A549 cells at both low and high cell desnities, while in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HeLa cells, EGFR and cell survival were regulated by hypoxic treatment in a cell-density dependent manner: upregulated at low cell density and downregulated at high cell density. In MCF-7 and HeLa xenografts in nude mice, EGFR expression varied inversely with the pimonidazole level that was used as an indicator of hypoxia, accordant with the effect of hypoxia at high cell density in vitro. Hypoxia induced more remarkable cell autophagy at high cell density than at low cell density. Autophagy inhibitor 3MA, rather than proteasome inhibitor MG132 inhibited hypoxia-mediated EGFR loss and shifted cell death to cell survival in HeLa cells. The MCF7 cells' sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) under hypoxia was also conditional on the cell densities when the hypoxia treatment was introduced, inversely associated with the expression levels of EGFR. Altogether, hypoxia can decrease EGFR expression in some cell lines by enhancing autophagy at high cell density, leading to cell death and hypersensitivity to radiotherapy. This study may help to understand how hypoxia influences EGFR expression and radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baocai Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Guanghui Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China.
| | - Yinliang Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Jinbao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Hongfu Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Zhipeng Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, China
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Zhang Z, Zhang M, Liu H, Yin W. AZD9291 promotes autophagy and inhibits PI3K/Akt pathway in NSCLC cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:756-767. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Zhang
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College Bengbu Anhui China
| | - Mengxiao Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College Bengbu Anhui China
| | - Hao Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College Bengbu Anhui China
| | - Wu Yin
- The State Key Lab of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China
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14
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Lertsuwan J, Lertsuwan K, Sawasdichai A, Tasnawijitwong N, Lee KY, Kitchen P, Afford S, Gaston K, Jayaraman PS, Satayavivad J. CX-4945 Induces Methuosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cell Lines by a CK2-Independent Mechanism. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E283. [PMID: 30142881 PMCID: PMC6162756 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a disease with a poor prognosis and increasing incidence and hence there is a pressing unmet clinical need for new adjuvant treatments. Protein kinase CK2 (previously casein kinase II) is a ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is up-regulated in multiple cancer cell types. The inhibition of CK2 activity using CX-4945 (Silmitasertib) has been proposed as a novel treatment in multiple disease settings including cholangiocarcinoma. Here, we show that CX-4945 inhibited the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines in vitro. Moreover, CX-4945 treatment induced the formation of cytosolic vacuoles in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and other cancer cell lines. The vacuoles contained extracellular fluid and had neutral pH, features characteristic of methuosis. In contrast, simultaneous knockdown of both the α and α' catalytic subunits of protein kinase CK2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) had little or no effect on the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and failed to induce the vacuole formation. Surprisingly, low doses of CX-4945 increased the invasive properties of cholangiocarcinoma cells due to an upregulation of matrix metallopeptidase 7 (MMP-7), while the knockdown of CK2 inhibited cell invasion. Our data suggest that CX-4945 inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell death via CK2-independent pathways. Moreover, the increase in cell invasion brought about by CX-4945 treatment suggests that this drug might increase tumor invasion in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomnarong Lertsuwan
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | - Kornkamon Lertsuwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Center of Calcium and Bone Research (COCAB), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Anyaporn Sawasdichai
- Laboratory of Chemical Carcinogenesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | | | - Ka Ying Lee
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Philip Kitchen
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Simon Afford
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Kevin Gaston
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Padma-Sheela Jayaraman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
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15
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Kim JH, Nam B, Choi YJ, Kim SY, Lee JE, Sung KJ, Kim WS, Choi CM, Chang EJ, Koh JS, Song JS, Yoon S, Lee JC, Rho JK, Son J. Enhanced Glycolysis Supports Cell Survival in EGFR-Mutant Lung Adenocarcinoma by Inhibiting Autophagy-Mediated EGFR Degradation. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4482-4496. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Ray P, Tan YS, Somnay V, Mehta R, Sitto M, Ahsan A, Nyati S, Naughton JP, Bridges A, Zhao L, Rehemtulla A, Lawrence TS, Ray D, Nyati MK. Differential protein stability of EGFR mutants determines responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68597-68613. [PMID: 27612423 PMCID: PMC5356576 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients carrying specific EGFR kinase activating mutations (L858R, delE746-A750) respond well to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, drug resistance develops within a year. In about 50% of such patients, acquired drug resistance is attributed to the enrichment of a constitutively active point mutation within the EGFR kinase domain (T790M). To date, differential drug-binding and altered ATP affinities by EGFR mutants have been shown to be responsible for differential TKI response. As it has been reported that EGFR stability plays a role in the survival of EGFR driven cancers, we hypothesized that differential TKI-induced receptor degradation between the sensitive L858R and delE746-A750 and the resistant T790M may also play a role in drug responsiveness. To explore this, we have utilized an EGFR-null CHO overexpression system as well as NSCLC cell lines expressing various EGFR mutants and determined the effects of erlotinib treatment. We found that erlotinib inhibits EGFR phosphorylation in both TKI sensitive and resistant cells, but the protein half-lives of L858R and delE746-A750 were significantly shorter than L858R/T790M. Third generation EGFR kinase inhibitor (AZD9291) inhibits the growth of L858R/T790M-EGFR driven cells and also induces EGFR degradation. Erlotinib treatment induced polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, primarily in a c-CBL-independent manner, in TKI sensitive L858R and delE746-A750 mutants when compared to the L858R/T790M mutant, which correlated with drug sensitivity. These data suggest an additional mechanism of TKI resistance, and we postulate that agents that degrade L858R/T790M-EGFR protein may overcome TKI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yee Sun Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vishal Somnay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ranjit Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Merna Sitto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aarif Ahsan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Current address: Oncology Research Unit East, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA
| | - Shyam Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John P Naughton
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Current address: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | - Alexander Bridges
- School of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Mukesh K Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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17
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Denisenko TV, Budkevich IN, Zhivotovsky B. Cell death-based treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:117. [PMID: 29371589 PMCID: PMC5833343 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common type of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma (ADC), comprising around 40% of all lung cancer cases. In spite of achievements in understanding the pathogenesis of this disease and the development of new approaches in its treatment, unfortunately, lung ADC is still one of the most aggressive and rapidly fatal tumor types with overall survival less than 5 years. Lung ADC is often diagnosed at advanced stages involving disseminated metastatic tumors. This is particularly important for the successful development of new approaches in cancer therapy. The high resistance of lung ADC to conventional radiotherapies and chemotherapies represents a major challenge for treatment effectiveness. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular pathways driving tumor progression and related targeted therapies in lung ADCs. In addition, the cell death mechanisms induced by different treatment strategies and their contribution to therapy resistance are analyzed. The focus is on approaches to overcoming drug resistance in order to improve future treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Denisenko
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna N Budkevich
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia. .,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden.
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18
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Fraser J, Cabodevilla AG, Simpson J, Gammoh N. Interplay of autophagy, receptor tyrosine kinase signalling and endocytic trafficking. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:597-607. [PMID: 29233871 PMCID: PMC5869858 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking events play key roles in the compartmentalization and proper sorting of cellular components. These events have crucial roles in sensing external signals, regulating protein activities and stimulating cell growth or death decisions. Although mutations in vesicle trafficking players are not direct drivers of cellular transformation, their activities are important in facilitating oncogenic pathways. One such pathway is the sensing of external stimuli and signalling through receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The regulation of RTK activity by the endocytic pathway has been extensively studied. Compelling recent studies have begun to highlight the association between autophagy and RTK signalling. The influence of this interplay on cellular status and its relevance in disease settings will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Fraser
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K
| | - Ainara G Cabodevilla
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K
| | - Joanne Simpson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K
| | - Noor Gammoh
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, U.K.
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19
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Rowse AL, Gibson SA, Meares GP, Rajbhandari R, Nozell SE, Dees KJ, Hjelmeland AB, McFarland BC, Benveniste EN. Protein kinase CK2 is important for the function of glioblastoma brain tumor initiating cells. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:219-229. [PMID: 28181105 PMCID: PMC5492387 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase composed of two catalytic subunits (α) and/or (α') and two regulatory (β) subunits. The expression and kinase activity of CK2 is elevated in many different cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). Brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) are a subset of cells that are highly tumorigenic and promote the resistance of GBM to current therapies. We previously reported that CK2 activity promotes prosurvival signaling in GBM. In this study, the role of CK2 signaling in BTIC function was examined. We found that expression of CK2α was increased in CD133+ BTICs compared to CD133- cells within the same GBM xenolines. Treatment with CX-4945, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of CK2, led to reduced expression of Sox2 and Nestin, transcription factors important for the maintenance of stem cells. Similarly, inhibition of CK2 also reduced the frequency of CD133+ BTICs over the course of 7 days, indicating a role for CK2 in BTIC persistence and survival. Importantly, using an in vitro limiting dilution assay, we found that inhibition of CK2 kinase activity with CX-4945 or siRNA knockdown of the CK2 catalytic subunits reduced neurosphere formation in GBM xenolines of different molecular subtypes. Lastly, we found that inhibition of CK2 led to decreased EGFR levels in some xenolines, and combination treatment with CX-4945 and Gefitinib to inhibit CK2 and EGFR, respectively, provided optimal inhibition of viability of cells. Therefore, due to the integration of CK2 in multiple signaling pathways important for BTIC survival, CK2 is a promising target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L Rowse
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajani Rajbhandari
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Susan E Nozell
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kory J Dees
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Braden C McFarland
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd, MCLM 388, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0004, USA.
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 510, 20th Street South, FOT 1220D, Birmingham, AL, 35294-3412, USA.
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20
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Autophagy Induced by CX-4945, a Casein Kinase 2 Inhibitor, Enhances Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines. Pancreas 2017; 46:575-581. [PMID: 28196025 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic cancer is the most lethal malignancy with only a few effective chemotherapeutic drugs. Because the inhibition of casein kinase 2 (CK2) has been reported as a novel therapeutic strategy for many cancers, we investigated the effects of CK2 inhibitors in pancreatic cancer cell lines. METHODS The BxPC3, 8902, MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell lines, and CX-4945, a novel CK2 inhibitor, were used. Autophagy was analyzed by acridine orange staining, fluorescence microscope detection of punctuate patterns of GFP-tagged LC3 and immunoblotting for LC3. Cell survival, cell cycle, and apoptosis analysis was performed. RESULTS CX-4945 induced significant inhibition of proliferation and triggered autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells. This suppression of proliferation was caused by the direct inhibition of CK2α, which was required for autophagy and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. CX-4945 suppressed cell cycle progression in G2/M and induced apoptosis. The inhibition of CX-4945-induced autophagy was rescued by 3-methyladenine or small interfering RNA against Atg7, which attenuated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS CX-4945, a potent and selective inhibitor of CK2, effectively induces autophagy and apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells, indicating that the induction of autophagy by CX-4945 may have an important role in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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21
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Henson E, Chen Y, Gibson S. EGFR Family Members' Regulation of Autophagy Is at a Crossroads of Cell Survival and Death in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9040027. [PMID: 28338617 PMCID: PMC5406702 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways are altered in many cancers contributing to increased cell survival. These alterations are caused mainly through increased expression or mutation of EGFR family members EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4. These receptors have been successfully targeted for cancer therapy. Specifically, a monoclonal antibody against ErbB2, trastuzumab, and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor against EGFR, gefitinib, have improved the survival of breast and lung cancer patients. Unfortunately, cancer patients frequently become resistant to these inhibitors. This has led to investigating how EGFR can contribute to cell survival and how cancer cells can overcome inhibition of its signaling. Indeed, it is coming into focus that EGFR signaling goes beyond a single signal triggering cell proliferation and survival and is a sensor that regulates the cell’s response to microenvironmental stresses such as hypoxia. It acts as a switch that modulates the ability of cancer cells to survive. Autophagy is a process of self-digestion that is inhibited by EGFR allowing cancer cells to survive under stresses that would normally cause death and become resistant to chemotherapy. Inhibiting EGFR signaling allows autophagy to contribute to cell death. This gives new opportunities to develop novel therapeutic strategies to treat cancers that rely on EGFR signaling networks and autophagy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of EGFR family member regulation of autophagy in cancer cells and how new therapeutic strategies could be developed to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Henson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
| | - Spencer Gibson
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada.
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22
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Xu SW, Law BYK, Mok SWF, Leung ELH, Fan XX, Coghi PS, Zeng W, Leung CH, Ma DL, Liu L, Wong VKW. Autophagic degradation of epidermal growth factor receptor in gefitinib-resistant lung cancer by celastrol. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1576-88. [PMID: 27498688 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is highly correlated to the mutation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Although EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are available clinically, the molecular complexity of NSCLC has made it necessary to search for alternative therapeutic approaches to overcome the drug resistance of NSCLC. In the present study, we identified a triterpene molecule derived from the herbal plant Tripterygium wilfordii, celastrol, as a novel autophagy inducer. We demonstrate that celastrol exhibited selective cytotoxic effect towards EGFR mutant NSCLCs. In addition, celastrol also facilitated the autophagic degradation of Hsp90 client protein including EGFR and Akt on both EGFR wild-type and mutant NSCLCs via calcium-mediated autophagy. Blockage of celastrol-induced autophagic degradation of EGFR by autophagic inhibitor or calcium chelator decreased celastrol-mediated cell death in gefitinib-resistant NSCLCs. Overall, our findings suggest that celastrol may be developed as an effective anticancer agent for treatment of gefitinib-resistant NSCLC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Elaine Lai Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Xing Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Paolo Saul Coghi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P.R. China
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23
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Saleh T, Cuttino L, Gewirtz DA. Autophagy is not uniformly cytoprotective: a personalized medicine approach for autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in non-small cell lung cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2130-6. [PMID: 27316314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In addition to surgical resection, which is considered first-line treatment at early stages of the disease, chemotherapy and radiation are widely used when the disease is advanced. Of multiple responses that may occur in the tumor cells in response to cancer therapy, the functional importance of autophagy remains equivocal; this is likely to restrict current efforts to sensitize this malignancy to chemotherapy and/or radiation by pharmacological interference with the autophagic response. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge based on studies that evaluated the function of autophagy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells in response to radiation and the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS In addition to the expected prosurvival function of autophagy, where autophagy inhibition enhances the response to therapy, autophagy appears also to have a "non-cytoprotective" function, where autophagy blockade does not affect cell viability, clonogenicity or tumor volume in response to therapy. In other cases, autophagy may actually mediate drug action via expression of its cytotoxic function. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These observations emphasize the complexity of autophagy function when examined in different tumor cell lines and in response to different chemotherapeutic agents. A more in-depth understanding of the conditions that promote the unique functions of autophagy is required in order to translate preclinical findings of autophagy inhibition to the clinic for the purpose of improving patient response to chemotherapy and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Laurie Cuttino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Henrico Doctor's Hospital, 1602 Skipwith Rd, Richmond, VA 23229, United States
| | - David A Gewirtz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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24
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Filhol O, Giacosa S, Wallez Y, Cochet C. Protein kinase CK2 in breast cancer: the CK2β regulatory subunit takes center stage in epithelial plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3305-22. [PMID: 25990538 PMCID: PMC11113558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structurally, protein kinase CK2 consists of two catalytic subunits (α and α') and two regulatory subunits (β), which play a critical role in targeting specific CK2 substrates. Compelling evidence shows the complexity of the CK2 cellular signaling network and supports the view that this enzyme is a key component of regulatory protein kinase networks that are involved in several aspects of cancer. CK2 both activates and suppresses the expression of a number of essential oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and its expression and activity are upregulated in blood tumors and virtually all solid tumors. The prognostic significance of CK2α expression in association with various clinicopathological parameters highlighted this kinase as an adverse prognostic marker in breast cancer. In addition, several recent studies reported its implication in the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), an early step in cancer invasion and metastasis. In this review, we briefly overview the contribution of CK2 to several aspects of cancer and discuss how in mammary epithelial cells, the expression of its CK2β regulatory subunit plays a critical role in maintaining an epithelial phenotype through CK2-mediated control of key EMT-related transcription factors. Importantly, decreased CK2β expression in breast tumors is correlated with inefficient phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Snail1 and Foxc2, ultimately leading to EMT induction. This review highlights the pivotal role played by CK2β in the mammary epithelial phenotype and discusses how a modest alteration in its expression may be sufficient to induce dramatic effects facilitating the early steps in tumor cell dissemination through the coordinated regulation of two key transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Filhol
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sofia Giacosa
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yann Wallez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Claude Cochet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1036, Grenoble, France
- Institute of Life Sciences Research and Technologies, Biology of Cancer and Infection, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Grenoble, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1036, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Sugita S, Ito K, Yamashiro Y, Moriya S, Che XF, Yokoyama T, Hiramoto M, Miyazawa K. EGFR-independent autophagy induction with gefitinib and enhancement of its cytotoxic effect by targeting autophagy with clarithromycin in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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