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Korcsok B, Korondi P. How do you do the things that you do? Ethological approach to the description of robot behaviour. Biol Futur 2023; 74:253-279. [PMID: 37812380 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The detailed description of behaviour of the interacting parties is becoming more and more important in human-robot interaction (HRI), especially in social robotics (SR). With the rise in the number of publications, there is a substantial need for the objective and comprehensive description of implemented robot behaviours to ensure comparability and reproducibility of the studies. Ethograms and the meticulous analysis of behaviour was introduced long ago in animal behaviour research (cf. ethology). The adoption of this method in SR and HRI can ensure the desired clarity over robot behaviours, while also providing added benefits during robot development, behaviour modelling and analysis of HRI experiments. We provide an overview of the possible uses and advantages of ethograms in HRI, and propose a general framework for describing behaviour which can be adapted to the requirements of specific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Korcsok
- ELKH-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Mechanical Engineering Informatics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Péter Korondi
- Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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2
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Leonardis EJ, Breston L, Lucero-Moore R, Sena L, Kohli R, Schuster L, Barton-Gluzman L, Quinn LK, Wiles J, Chiba AA. Interactive neurorobotics: Behavioral and neural dynamics of agent interactions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:897603. [PMID: 36059768 PMCID: PMC9431369 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.897603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactive neurorobotics is a subfield which characterizes brain responses evoked during interaction with a robot, and their relationship with the behavioral responses. Gathering rich neural and behavioral data from humans or animals responding to agents can act as a scaffold for the design process of future social robots. This research seeks to study how organisms respond to artificial agents in contrast to biological or inanimate ones. This experiment uses the novel affordances of the robotic platforms to investigate complex dynamics during minimally structured interactions that would be difficult to capture with classical experimental setups. We then propose a general framework for such experiments that emphasizes naturalistic interactions combined with multimodal observations and complementary analysis pipelines that are necessary to render a holistic picture of the data for the purpose of informing robotic design principles. Finally, we demonstrate this approach with an exemplar rat-robot social interaction task which included simultaneous multi-agent tracking and neural recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Leonardis
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Leo Breston
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Rhiannon Lucero-Moore
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Leigh Sena
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Raunit Kohli
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Luisa Schuster
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lacha Barton-Gluzman
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Laleh K. Quinn
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Janet Wiles
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrea A. Chiba
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Program in Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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3
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Emotional State Analysis Model of Humanoid Robot in Human-Computer Interaction Process. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8951671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The traditional humanoid robot dialogue system is generally based on template construction, which can make a good response in the set dialogue domain but cannot generate a good response to the content outside the domain. The rules of the dialogue system rely on manual design and lack of emotion detection of the interactive objects. In view of the shortcomings of traditional methods, this study designed an emotion analysis model based on deep neural network to detect the emotion of interactive objects and built an open-domain dialogue system of humanoid robot. In affective state analysis language processing, language coding, feature analysis, and Word2vec research are carried out. Then, an emotional state analysis model is constructed to train the emotional state of a humanoid robot, and the training results are summarized.
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Thellman S, de Graaf M, Ziemke T. Mental State Attribution to Robots: A Systematic Review of Conceptions, Methods, and Findings. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION 2022. [DOI: 10.1145/3526112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The topic of mental state attribution to robots has been approached by researchers from a variety of disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, computer science, and philosophy. As a consequence, the empirical studies that have been conducted so far exhibit considerable diversity in terms of how the phenomenon is described and how it is approached from a theoretical and methodological standpoint. This literature review addresses the need for a shared scientific understanding of mental state attribution to robots by systematically and comprehensively collating conceptions, methods, and findings from 155 empirical studies across multiple disciplines. The findings of the review include that: (1) the terminology used to describe mental state attribution to robots is diverse but largely homogenous in usage; (2) the tendency to attribute mental states to robots is determined by factors such as the age and motivation of the human as well as the behavior, appearance, and identity of the robot; (3) there is a
computer < robot < human
pattern in the tendency to attribute mental states that appears to be moderated by the presence of socially interactive behavior; (4) there are conflicting findings in the empirical literature that stem from different sources of evidence, including self-report and non-verbal behavioral or neurological data. The review contributes toward more cumulative research on the topic and opens up for a transdisciplinary discussion about the nature of the phenomenon and what types of research methods are appropriate for investigation.
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Human, Animal and Automata Attributions: an Investigation of the Multidimensionality of the Ontologization Process. HUMAN ARENAS 2022. [PMCID: PMC8970648 DOI: 10.1007/s42087-022-00277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The ontologization process involves the use of social representation relating to the human–animal binary to classify ingroup and outgroup members. To date, no study has investigated the multidimensional nature (i.e. human, animal and automata) of the ontologizing process via structural equation modelling (SEM). Four hundred and twenty-one Italian participants were asked to attribute 24 positive/negative, human/animal/automata associates to each of three target groups: typical Roma/Chinese/Italian. Results showed that the proposed six-factor model (i.e. positive/negative, human/animal/automata essence) was statistically robust for each of the three groups. The Roma group was animalized by attributing more animal negative associates than any other target group, whereas the Chinese group was mainly given a robot positive essence.
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Ghafurian M, Lakatos G, Dautenhahn K. The Zoomorphic Miro Robot's Affective Expression Design and Perceived Appearance. Int J Soc Robot 2022; 14:945-962. [PMID: 35003385 PMCID: PMC8723815 DOI: 10.1007/s12369-021-00832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This article proposes design guidelines for 11 affective expressions for the Miro robot, and evaluates the expressions through an online video study with 116 participants. All expressions were recognized significantly above the chance level. For six of the expressions, the correct response was selected significantly more than the others, while more than one emotion was associated to some other expressions. Design decisions and the robot’s limitations that led to selecting other expressions, along with the correct expression, are discussed. We also investigated how participants’ abilities to recognize human and animal emotions, their tendency to anthropomorphize, and their familiarity with and attitudes towards animals and pets might have influenced the recognition of the robot’s affective expressions. Results show significant impact of human emotion recognition, difficulty in understanding animal emotions, and anthropomorphism tendency on recognition of Robot’s expressions. We did not find such effects regarding familiarity with/attitudes towards animals/pets in terms of how they influenced participants’ recognition of the designed affective expressions. We further studied how the robot is perceived in general and showed that it is mostly perceived to be gender neutral, and, while it is often associated with a dog or a rabbit, it can also be perceived as a variety of other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moojan Ghafurian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada
| | - Gabriella Lakatos
- Adaptive Systems Research Group, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Kerstin Dautenhahn
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada
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Spatola N, Wudarczyk OA. Ascribing emotions to robots: Explicit and implicit attribution of emotions and perceived robot anthropomorphism. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Funakoshi K, Lee S, Iwai R, Kumada T. Personality Synthesis on Information-Seeking Mobile Agents in a 2D Space. Int J Soc Robot 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12369-021-00801-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Krueger F, Mitchell KC, Deshpande G, Katz JS. Human-dog relationships as a working framework for exploring human-robot attachment: a multidisciplinary review. Anim Cogn 2021; 24:371-385. [PMID: 33486634 PMCID: PMC7826496 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-021-01472-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Robotic agents will be life-long companions of humans in the foreseeable future. To achieve such successful relationships, people will likely attribute emotions and personality, assign social competencies, and develop a long-lasting attachment to robots. However, without a clear theoretical framework-building on biological, psychological, and technological knowledge-current societal demands for establishing successful human-robot attachment (HRA) as a new form of inter-species interactions might fail. The study of evolutionarily adaptive animal behavior (i.e., ethology) suggests that human-animal behaviors can be considered as a plausible solution in designing and building models of ethorobots-including modeling the inter-species bond between domesticated animals and humans. Evidence shows that people assign emotional feelings and personality characteristics to animal species leading to cooperation and communication-crucial for designing social robots such as companion robots. Because dogs have excellent social skills with humans, current research applies human-dog relationships as a template to understand HRA. Our goal of this article is twofold. First, we overview the research on how human-dog interactions are implemented as prototypes of non-human social companions in HRA. Second, we review research about attitudes that humans have for interacting with robotic dogs based on their appearance and behavior, the implications for forming attachments, and human-animal interactions in the rising sphere of robot-assisted therapy. The rationale for this review is to provide a new perspective to facilitate future research among biologists, psychologists, and engineers-contributing to the creation of innovative research practices for studying social behaviors and its implications for society addressing HRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Krueger
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
- Institute for Biohealth Innovation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
- Center for Adaptive Systems of Brain-Body Interactions, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - Kelsey C Mitchell
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Gopikrishna Deshpande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AU MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Alabama Advanced Imaging Consortium, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Key Laboratory for Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Jeffrey S Katz
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, AU MRI Research Center, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- Alabama Advanced Imaging Consortium, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Konok V, Korcsok B, Miklósi Á, Gácsi M. Should we love robots? – The most liked qualities of companion dogs and how they can be implemented in social robots. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Lakatos G. Dogs as Behavior Models for Companion Robots: How Can Human–Dog Interactions Assist Social Robotics? IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2017. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2016.2552244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Here we aim to lay the theoretical foundations of human-robot relationship drawing upon insights from disciplines that govern relevant human behaviors: ecology and ethology. We show how the paradox of the so called “uncanny valley hypothesis” can be solved by applying the “niche” concept to social robots, and relying on the natural behavior of humans. Instead of striving to build human-like social robots, engineers should construct robots that are able to maximize their performance in their niche (being optimal for some specific functions), and if they are endowed with appropriate form of social competence then humans will eventually interact with them independent of their embodiment. This new discipline, which we call ethorobotics, could change social robotics, giving a boost to new technical approaches and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary.,Magyar Tudományos Akadémia - Eötvös Loránd University Comparative Ethology Research GroupBudapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Korondi
- Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Information Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and EconomicsBudapest, Hungary
| | - Vicente Matellán
- Departamento Ingeniería Mecánica, Informática y Aeroespacial, Universidad de LeónLeón, Spain
| | - Márta Gácsi
- Magyar Tudományos Akadémia - Eötvös Loránd University Comparative Ethology Research GroupBudapest, Hungary
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Gácsi M, Kis A, Faragó T, Janiak M, Muszyński R, Miklósi Á. Humans attribute emotions to a robot that shows simple behavioural patterns borrowed from dog behaviour. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Correction: Emotion attribution to a non-humanoid robot in different social situations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121929. [PMID: 25807189 PMCID: PMC4373895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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