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Sangande F, Agustini K, Budipramana K. Antihyperlipidemic mechanisms of a formula containing Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Sechium edule, and Syzigium polyanthum: In silico and in vitro studies. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 105:107907. [PMID: 37392529 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are multi-component and can exhibit synergistic effects in the treatment of diseases. Sechium edule, Syzigium polyanthum, and Curcuma xanthorrhiza have been used in traditional medicine to reduce serum lipid levels. However, the molecular mechanism was not described clearly, especially as a mixture. Thus, we performed a network pharmacology study combined with molecular docking to find a rational explanation regarding the molecular mechanisms of this antihyperlipidemic formula. According to the network pharmacology study, we predicted that this extract mixture would act as an antihyperlipidemic agent by modulating several pathways including insulin resistance, endocrine resistance, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Based on the topology parameters, we identified 6 significant targets that play an important role in reducing lipid serum levels: HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA), RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). Meanwhile, 8 compounds: β-sitosterol, bisdesmethoxycurcumin, cucurbitacin D, cucurbitacin E, myricetin, phloretin, quercitrin, and rutin were the compounds with a high degree, indicating that these compounds have a multitarget effect. Our consensus docking study revealed that HMGCR was the only protein targeted by all potential compounds, and rutin was the compound with the best consensus docking score for almost all targets. The in vitro study revealed that the extract combination could inhibit HMGCR with an IC50 value of 74.26 µg/mL, indicating that HMGCR inhibition is one of its antihyperlipidemic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frangky Sangande
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16915, Indonesia.
| | - Kurnia Agustini
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong Science Center, Bogor 16915, Indonesia
| | - Krisyanti Budipramana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia
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2
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Shaker ME, Gomaa HAM, Abdelgawad MA, El-Mesery M, Shaaban AA, Hazem SH. Emerging roles of tyrosine kinases in hepatic inflammatory diseases and therapeutic opportunities. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110373. [PMID: 37257270 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation has been convicted of causing and worsening many liver diseases like acute liver failure, fibrosis, cirrhosis, fatty liver and liver cancer. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like TLRs 4 and 9 localized on resident or recruited immune cells are well known cellular detectors of pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPs). Stimulation of these receptors generates the sterile and non-sterile inflammatory responses in the liver. When these responses are repeated, there will be a sustained liver injury that may progress to fibrosis and its outcomes. Crosstalk between inflammatory/fibrogenic-dependent streams and certain tyrosine kinases (TKs) has recently evolved in the context of hepatic diseases. Because of TKs increasing importance, their role should be elucidated to highlight effective approaches to manage the diverse liver disorders. This review will give a brief overview of types and functions of some TKs like BTK, JAKs, Syk, PI3K, Src and c-Abl, as well as receptors for TAM, PDGF, EGF, VEGF and HGF. It will then move to discuss the roles of these TKs in the regulation of the proinflammatory, fibrogenic and tumorigenic responses in the liver. Lastly, the therapeutic opportunities for targeting TKs in hepatic inflammatory disorders will be addressed. Overall, this review sheds light on the diverse TKs that have substantial roles in hepatic disorders and potential therapeutics modulating their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Shaker
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hesham A M Gomaa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Mesery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmacology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Sara H Hazem
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Zhang S, Jiang Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Gu P, Gong Z, Jiang W, Zhang Y, Zhu Y. The effect of Xuezhikang capsule on gene expression profile in brown adipose tissue of obese spontaneously hypertensive rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115700. [PMID: 36126782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Obesity is a critical threat to global health, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential target for the treatment of obesity and comorbidities. Xuezhikang Capsule (XZK), an extract of red yeast rice, has remarkable clinical efficacy and is widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease. However, its modulatory effect on BAT remains unknown. AIM OF THIS STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the protective mechanism of XZK in the obese spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model by evaluating the regulatory effect of XZK on the BAT gene profile through transcriptome sequencing. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SHRs were randomly divided into four groups: the standard chow diet (STD) group, the STD supplemented with 126 mg/kg of XZK group, the high-fat diet (HFD) group, and the HFD supplemented with 126 mg/kg of XZK group. All SHRs were fed for 18 weeks. The metabolic phenotypes, including body weight, fat mass, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and serum glucose and lipid levels, was evaluated, and hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) staining was performed to evaluate the adipose tissue histopathological phenotype. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to determine the mechanism by which XZK improves the metabolic phenotype and the expression of key differential expression genes was verified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS XZK inhibited HFD-induced weight gain and adipose tissue remodeling in SHRs and prevented hypertrophy of epididymal adipocytes and maintained the brown fat phenotype. XZK intervention also improved glucose and lipid metabolism in SHRs, as suggested by a reduction in serum triglyceride (TG), low-density cholesterol (LDL-C), and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels as well as increasing in serum high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Transcriptome sequencing analysis confirmed the regulatory effect of XZK on the gene expression profile of BAT, and the expression patterns of 45 genes were reversed by the XZK intervention. Additionally, the results of the transcriptome analysis of 10 genes that are important for brown fat function were in line with the results of qRT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS XZK protected SHRs from HFD-induced obesity, inhibited fat accumulation and improved glucolipid metabolism. Additionally, the protective effect of XZK on the overall metabolism of obese SHRs might partly be related to its regulatory effect on the BAT gene expression profile. These findings might provide novel therapeutic strategies for obesity-related metabolic diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuning Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiuming Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ping Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhijun Gong
- Departmentt of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210017, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210022, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Biobank of Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210022, Jiang, PR China.
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210004, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Lee JC, Joung KH, Kim JM, Kang SM, Kim HJ, Ku BJ. Effect of cholesterol-lowering agents on soluble epidermal growth factor receptor level in type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30287. [PMID: 36042588 PMCID: PMC9410686 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble epidermal growth factor receptor (sEGFR) levels are elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and positively correlate with blood glucose and cholesterol levels. However, how cholesterol-lowering treatment in patients with T2DM affects the sEGFR level is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the change of serum sEGFR after cholesterol-lowering treatment in type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia. This study is a non-randomized, prospective observational study. A total of 115 patients were treated in either the rosuvastatin monotherapy group (R group, 5 mg/day, n = 59) or the rosuvastatin/ezetimibe combination therapy group (RE group, 5 mg/10 mg/day, n = 56) for 12 weeks. We measured serum levels of lipids and sEGFR using an ELISA kit before and after 12 weeks of treatment in each group. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level was significantly reduced (from 130.27 ± 27.09 to 76.24 ± 26.82 mg/dL; P < .001) after 12 weeks of treatment and more so in the RE group than in the R group (from 131.68 ± 28.72 to 87.13 ± 27.04 mg/dL, P < .001 in the R group; from 128.78 ± 25.58 to 64.75 ± 21.52 mg/dL, P < .001 in the RE group; R vs RE group, P < .001). The sEGFR level was significantly decreased after 12 weeks of treatment (from 50.34 ± 13.31 to 45.75 ± 11.54 ng/mL; P = .007). The RE group only showed a significant reduction in the sEGFR level after treatment (from 50.94 ± 12.10 to 44.80 ± 11.36 ng/mL; P = .007). Moreover, the sEGFR level was significantly reduced only when the LDL-C level was significantly reduced (from 50.46 ± 10.66 to 46.24 ± 11.86 ng/mL; P = .043). The serum sEGFR level was significantly reduced by cholesterol-lowering treatment with rosuvastatin alone or rosuvastatin/ezetimibe. We suggested that sEGFR may play a significant role in insulin resistance (IR) and inflammation, which are central pathophysiological mechanisms. We confirmed the possibility of using sEGFR as a biomarker to predict a good response to lipid-lowering treatment in type 2 diabetes patients with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Choul Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Hye Joung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Endocrinology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Endocrinology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Mee Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Bon Jeong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Bon Jeong Ku, Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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Ye W, Wu Z, Gao P, Kang J, Xu Y, Wei C, Zhang M, Zhu X. Identified Gefitinib Metabolism-Related lncRNAs can be Applied to Predict Prognosis, Tumor Microenvironment, and Drug Sensitivity in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:939021. [PMID: 35978819 PMCID: PMC9376789 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.939021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib has shown promising efficacy in the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Molecular biomarkers for gefitinib metabolism-related lncRNAs have not yet been elucidated. Here, we downloaded relevant genes and matched them to relevant lncRNAs. We then used univariate, LASSO, and multivariate regression to screen for significant genes to construct prognostic models. We investigated TME and drug sensitivity by risk score data. All lncRNAs with differential expression were selected for GO/KEGG analysis. Imvigor210 cohort was used to validate the value of the prognostic model. Finally, we performed a stemness indices difference analysis. lncRNA-constructed prognostic models were significant in the high-risk and low-risk subgroups. Immune pathways were identified in both groups at low risk. The higher the risk score the greater the value of exclusion, MDSC, and CAF. PRRophetic algorithm screened a total of 58 compounds. In conclusion, the prognostic model we constructed can accurately predict OS in NSCLC patients. Two groups of low-risk immune pathways are beneficial to patients. Gefitinib metabolism was again validated to be related to cytochrome P450 and lipid metabolism. Finally, drugs that might be used to treat NSCLC patients were screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Ye
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhengguo Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantian District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pengbo Gao
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jianhao Kang
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chuzhong Wei
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Zhang, ; Xiao Zhu,
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Biological Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Computational Oncology Laboratory, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Zhang, ; Xiao Zhu,
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Lee JC, Kim JM, Joung KH, Kang SM, Kim HJ, Ku BJ. Serum MIG6 concentration is increased by cholesterol-lowering treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221085079. [PMID: 35301888 PMCID: PMC8943322 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221085079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The protein encoded by mitogen-inducible gene 6 (MIG6) plays an essential role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and bile acid synthesis in mice. However, the physiological functions of MIG6 remain poorly understood in humans. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between the serum MIG6 concentration and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in patients undergoing cholesterol-lowering treatment. Methods We performed a non-randomized, prospective controlled trial. In total, 63 patients with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia were treated using either rosuvastatin monotherapy or rosuvastatin/ezetimibe combination therapy for 12 weeks. We then compared their serum lipid and MIG6 concentrations before and after treatment. Results The serum LDL-cholesterol concentration of the participants significantly decreased and the concentration of MIG6 significantly increased during treatment. In addition, higher pre-treatment serum concentrations of MIG6 were associated with larger reductions in LDL-cholesterol, regardless of the therapeutic agent used. Conclusions Serum MIG6 concentration significantly increases alongside the reduction in LDL-cholesterol achieved using cholesterol-lowering therapies in patients with diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. This is the first study to provide evidence that MIG6 may be involved in human cholesterol metabolism. CRIS registration number: KCT0003477. https://cris.nih.go.kr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Choul Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Endocrinology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Hye Joung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.,Department of Endocrinology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong 30099, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Mee Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon Jeong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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Awan Z, Al-Rayes N, Khan Z, Al Mansouri M, Ibrahim H. Bima A, Almukadi H, Ibrahim Kutbi H, Jayasheela Shetty P, Ahmad Shaik N, Banaganapalli B. Identifying Significant Genes and Functionally Enriched Pathways in Familial Hypercholesterolemia Using Integrated Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3287-3299. [PMID: 35844366 PMCID: PMC9280244 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a monogenic lipid disorder which promotes atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Owing to the lack of sufficient published information, this study aims to identify the potential genetic biomarkers for FH by studying the global gene expression profile of blood cells. The microarray expression data of FH patients and controls was analyzed by different computational biology methods like differential expression analysis, protein network mapping, hub gene identification, functional enrichment of biological pathways, and immune cell restriction analysis. Our results showed the dysregulated expression of 115 genes connected to lipid homeostasis, immune responses, cell adhesion molecules, canonical Wnt signaling, mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis pathways in FH patients. The findings from expanded protein interaction network construction with known FH genes and subsequent Gene Ontology (GO) annotations have also supported the above findings, in addition to identifying the involvement of dysregulated thyroid hormone and ErbB signaling pathways in FH patients. The genes like CSNK1A1, JAK3, PLCG2, RALA, and ZEB2 were found to be enriched under all GO annotation categories. The subsequent phenotype ontology results have revealed JAK3I, PLCG2, and ZEB2 as key hub genes contributing to the inflammation underlying cardiovascular and immune response related phenotypes. Immune cell restriction findings show that above three genes are highly expressed by T-follicular helper CD4+ T cells, naïve B cells, and monocytes, respectively. These findings not only provide a theoretical basis to understand the role of immune dysregulations underlying the atherosclerosis among FH patients but may also pave the way to develop genomic medicine for cardiovascular diseases.
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Mig-6 is essential for glucose homeostasis and thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 572:92-97. [PMID: 34358969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an anti-obese and anti-diabetic tissue that stimulates energy expenditure in the form of adaptive thermogenesis through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Mitogen-inducible gene-6 (Mig-6) is a negative regulator of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that interacts with many cellular partners and has multiple cellular functions. We have recently reported that Mig-6 is associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. However, its function in BAT is unknown. We generated a brown adipocyte-specific Mig-6 knock-in mouse (BKI) to examine the role of Mig-6 in BAT. Mig-6 BKI mice had improved glucose tolerance on a normal chow diet. Mig-6 BKI mice also revealed activated thermogenesis and the size of the BAT lipid droplets was reduced. Additionally, Mig-6 regulated cAMP-PKA signaling-induced UCP1 expression in brown adipocytes. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Mig-6 affects glucose tolerance and thermogenesis in BAT.
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Gene 33/Mig6/ERRFI1, an Adapter Protein with Complex Functions in Cell Biology and Human Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071574. [PMID: 34206547 PMCID: PMC8306081 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene 33 (also named Mig6, RALT, and ERRFI1) is an adapter/scaffold protein with a calculated molecular weight of about 50 kD. It contains multiple domains known to mediate protein–protein interaction, suggesting that it has the potential to interact with many cellular partners and have multiple cellular functions. The research over the last two decades has confirmed that it indeed regulates multiple cell signaling pathways and is involved in many pathophysiological processes. Gene 33 has long been viewed as an exclusively cytosolic protein. However, recent evidence suggests that it also has nuclear and chromatin-associated functions. These new findings highlight a significantly broader functional spectrum of this protein. In this review, we will discuss the function and regulation of Gene 33, as well as its association with human pathophysiological conditions in light of the recent research progress on this protein.
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Dai H, Liu C, Li P, Mai Z, Tan X, Chen S, Zhou Z, Tang Z, Miao J, Liu L, Fang Y. Risk of Dyslipidemia Associated with VEGF/VEGFR Inhibitors: A Meta-Analysis. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100779. [PMID: 32375082 PMCID: PMC7205761 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis was performed to investigate hyperlipidemia in patients with carcinoma treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors. METHODS We searched for eligible phase II and III studies using PubMed and Embase databases. We then summarized reported occurrences of hyperlipidemia in patients with different cancers. Relative risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by Revman 5 software in meta-analysis. RESULTS Eleven trials (4760 subjects) were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors had similar incidence of hypertriglyceridemia (RR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.24%-1.32%, P = .19), hypercholesterolemia (RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.42%-3.16%, P = .78), and LDL elevation (RR = 4.58, 95% CI = 0.80%-26.25%, P = .09) than control drugs, under high heterogeneity. Moreover, subgroup analyses found VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors had higher incidence of hypertriglyceridemia (RR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.37%-2.52%, P < .001) and hypercholesterolemia (RR = 2.95, 95% CI = 2.02%-4.30%, P = .006) than blank control or placebo control drugs (placebo-controlled-group), although with lower incidence of hypertriglyceridemia (RR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12%-0.69%, P < .001) and hypercholesterolemia (RR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.28%-0.56%, P < .001) than positive control drugs (positive-controlled-groups). CONCLUSION The use of VEGF/VEGFR inhibitors, especially the multitargeted VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs), was associated with higher risk of hyperlipidemia than the use of placebo, but this risk was less than that associated with mTOR or FGFR inhibitors. It indicated that clinicians need to pay close attention to the occurrence of hyperlipidemia in VEGFR-TKIs therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Dai
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518
| | - Chang Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518
| | - Peijuan Li
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518
| | - Zhangfeng Mai
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518
| | - Xiaoming Tan
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518
| | - Sijing Chen
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518
| | - Ziling Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518
| | - Zhiben Tang
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518
| | - Jingwei Miao
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518
| | - Lizhong Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518.
| | - Yi Fang
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, No. B24, Yinquan road, Qingcheng district, Qingyuan city, Guangdong Province, China 511518; Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China. 100034.
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Kim S, Subramanian V, Abdel-Latif A, Lee S. Role of Heparin-Binding Epidermal Growth Factor-Like Growth Factor in Oxidative Stress-Associated Metabolic Diseases. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:186-196. [PMID: 32077785 DOI: 10.1089/met.2019.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is an EGF family member that interacts with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ERBB4. Since HB-EGF was first identified as a novel growth factor secreted from a human macrophage cell line, numerous pathological and physiological functions related to cell proliferation, migration, and inflammation have been reported. Notably, the expression of HB-EGF is sensitively upregulated by oxidative stress in the endothelial cells and functions for auto- and paracrine-EGFR signaling. Overnutrition and obesity cause elevation of HB-EGF expression and EGFR signaling in the hepatic and vascular systems. Modulations of HB-EGF signaling showed a series of protections against phenotypes related to metabolic syndrome and advanced metabolic diseases, suggesting HB-EGF as a potential target against metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonwook Kim
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Venkateswaran Subramanian
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Latif
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sangderk Lee
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Yun UJ, Lee JH, Shim J, Yoon K, Goh SH, Yi EH, Ye SK, Lee JS, Lee H, Park J, Lee IH, Kim YN. Anti-cancer effect of doxorubicin is mediated by downregulation of HMG-Co A reductase via inhibition of EGFR/Src pathway. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1157-1172. [PMID: 30700846 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin is a widely used DNA damage-inducing anti-cancer drug. However, its use is limited by its dose-dependent side effects, such as cardiac toxicity. Cholesterol-lowering statin drugs increase the efficacy of some anti-cancer drugs. Cholesterol is important for cell growth and a critical component of lipid rafts, which are plasma membrane microdomains important for cell signaling. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (HMG-CR) is a critical enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. Here, we show that doxorubicin downregulated HMG-CR protein levels and thus reduced levels of cholesterol and lipid rafts. Cholesterol addition attenuated doxorubicin-induced cell death, and cholesterol depletion enhanced it. Reduction of HMG-CR activity by simvastatin, a statin that acts as an HMG-CR inhibitor, or by siRNA-mediated HMG-CR knockdown enhanced doxorubicin cytotoxicity. Doxorubicin-induced HMG-CR downregulation was associated with inactivation of the EGFR-Src pathway. Furthermore, a high-cholesterol-diet attenuated the anti-cancer activity of doxorubicin in a tumor xenograft mouse model. In a multivulva model of Caenorhabditis elegans expressing an active-EGFR mutant, doxorubicin decreased hyperplasia more efficiently in the absence than in the presence of cholesterol. These data indicate that EGFR/Src/HMG-CR is a new pathway mediating doxorubicin-induced cell death and that cholesterol control could be combined with doxorubicin treatment to enhance efficacy and thus reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un-Jung Yun
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Lee
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jaegal Shim
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kyungsil Yoon
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Goh
- Therapeutic Target Discovery Branch, Division of Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun Hee Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Seon Lee
- Department of Molecular medicine, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyunji Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - In Hye Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.
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Kim S, Yang L, Kim S, Lee RG, Graham MJ, Berliner JA, Lusis AJ, Cai L, Temel RE, Rateri DL, Lee S. Targeting hepatic heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) induces anti-hyperlipidemia leading to reduction of angiotensin II-induced aneurysm development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182566. [PMID: 28792970 PMCID: PMC5549937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The upregulated expression of heparin binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) in the vessel and circulation is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we tested the effects of HB-EGF targeting using HB-EGF-specific antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) on the development of aortic aneurysm in a mouse aneurysm model. Approach and results Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) deficient mice (male, 16 weeks of age) were injected with control and HB-EGF ASOs for 10 weeks. To induce aneurysm, the mice were fed a high fat diet (22% fat, 0.2% cholesterol; w/w) at 5 week point of ASO administration and infused with angiotensin II (AngII, 1,000ng/kg/min) for the last 4 weeks of ASO administration. We confirmed that the HB-EGF ASO administration significantly downregulated HB-EGF expression in multiple tissues including the liver. Importantly, the HB-EGF ASO administration significantly suppressed development of aortic aneurysms including thoracic and abdominal types. Interestingly, the HB-EGF ASO administration induced a remarkable anti-hyperlipidemic effect by suppressing very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) level in the blood. Mechanistically, the HB-EGF targeting suppressed hepatic VLDL secretion rate without changing heparin-releasable plasma triglyceride (TG) hydrolytic activity or fecal neutral cholesterol excretion rate. Conclusion This result suggested that the HB-EGF targeting induced protection against aneurysm development through anti-hyperlipidemic effects. Suppression of hepatic VLDL production process appears to be a key mechanism for the anti-hyperlipidemic effects by the HB-EGF targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonwook Kim
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lihua Yang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Seongu Kim
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Richard G. Lee
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group at the Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Mark J. Graham
- Cardiovascular Antisense Drug Discovery Group at the Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, California, United States of America
| | - Judith A. Berliner
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California-Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Cai
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Ryan E. Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Debra L. Rateri
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sangderk Lee
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Li Z, Qu L, Luo W, Tian Y, Zhai H, Xu K, Zhong H. Mig-6 is down-regulated in HCC and inhibits the proliferation of HCC cells via the P-ERK/Cyclin D1 pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 2017; 102:492-499. [PMID: 28506767 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ablation of Mig-6 has been shown to induce tumor formation in various tissues. However, the relationships between Mig-6 expression, clinical pathological factors, and prognosis have not been clarified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the mechanism by which Mig-6 regulates the proliferation of HCC cells has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the clinical significance of the loss of Mig-6 expression in HCC and the mechanism underlying the inhibition of cell proliferation by Mig-6. The down-regulation of Mig-6 correlated significantly with large tumors, a more advanced BCLC stage, and a more advanced TNM stage, and low Mig-6 expression predicted significantly reduced survival. Low Mig-6 expression and high Cyclin D1 expression were independent predictors for survival. The overexpression of Mig-6 led to significant G1 arrest and growth inhibition in HCC cells, possibly through the inhibition P-ERK and Cyclin D1. These results indicate that Mig-6 expression is low in HCC, which predicts a poor prognosis. Mig-6 may regulate cell proliferation and the cell cycle through the P-ERK/Cyclin D1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology of Liaoning province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lianyue Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, China
| | - Yulong Tian
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology of Liaoning province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huan Zhai
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology of Liaoning province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongshan Zhong
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology of Liaoning province, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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15
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Park BK, Lee EA, Kim HY, Lee JC, Kim KS, Jeong WH, Kim KY, Ku BJ, Rhee SD. Fatty Liver and Insulin Resistance in the Liver-Specific Knockout Mice of Mitogen Inducible Gene-6. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1632061. [PMID: 28053990 PMCID: PMC5174183 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1632061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen inducible gene-6 (Mig-6) is a feedback inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. The liver-specific knockout mice of the Mig-6 gene (Mig-6 d/d ) showed hepatomegaly and increased hypercholesterolemia. In this study, the biomarkers of insulin resistance and the effects of high-fat diets in the wild (Mig-6 f/f ) and Mig-6 d/d mice were analyzed. The fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, triglyceride, cholesterols, free fatty acids, and HOMA-IR were measured and the glucose tolerance and insulin resistance tests were performed in the 25-week-old Mig-6 f/f and the Mig-6 d/d mice. The protein levels of active insulin receptor, glucose 6-phosphatase, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were analyzed in the liver and fat. The fasting plasma cholesterol and glucose concentration were higher in the Mig-6 d/d mice than the Mig-6 f/f mice with increased fat deposition in the liver. But the Mig-6 d/d mice had the improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance without increased amount of phosphoinsulin receptor after insulin infusion in the liver. The hepatic concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was increased in fasting Mig-6 d/d mice. The feeding of high-fat diet accelerated the plasma lipids profiles and HOMA-IR in the Mig-6 d/d mice but had no differential effects in oral glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test in both genotypes. These results suggest that the activated EGFR signaling might increase the fasting plasma glucose concentration through inducing the hepatic steatosis and the improved whole-body insulin resistance in the KO mice be caused by decreased adipogenesis in fat tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Kil Park
- Research Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Drug Development and Discovery, Graduate School of New Drug Development and Discovery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Lee
- Research Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Drug Development and Discovery, Graduate School of New Drug Development and Discovery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Youn Kim
- Research Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Choul Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Koon Soon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Research Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon Jeong Ku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- *Bon Jeong Ku: and
| | - Sang Dal Rhee
- Research Center for Drug Discovery Technology, Division of Drug Discovery Research, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Drug Development and Discovery, Graduate School of New Drug Development and Discovery, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- *Sang Dal Rhee:
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