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Zhou M, Tang J, Fan J, Wen X, Shen J, Jia R, Chai P, Fan X. Recent progress in retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis and management. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2024; 13:100058. [PMID: 38615905 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjo.2024.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, the primary ocular malignancy in pediatric patients, poses a substantial threat to mortality without prompt and effective management. The prognosis for survival and preservation of visual acuity hinges upon the disease severity at the time of initial diagnosis. Notably, retinoblastoma has played a crucial role in unraveling the genetic foundations of oncogenesis. The process of tumorigenesis commonly begins with the occurrence of biallelic mutation in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene, which is then followed by a cascade of genetic and epigenetic alterations that correspond to the clinical stage and pathological features of the tumor. The RB1 gene, recognized as a tumor suppressor, encodes the retinoblastoma protein, which plays a vital role in governing cellular replication through interactions with E2F transcription factors and chromatin remodeling proteins. The diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma necessitate consideration of numerous factors, including disease staging, germline mutation status, family psychosocial factors, and the resources available within the institution. This review has systematically compiled and categorized the latest developments in the diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma which enhanced the quality of care for this pediatric malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieling Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuyang Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 20025, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Rajput S, Malviya R, Uniyal P. Advancements in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of retinoblastoma. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024:S0008-4182(24)00031-0. [PMID: 38369298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a prevalent primitive intraocular malignancy in children, particularly in those younger than age 3 years. RB is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene. In developing countries, mortality rates for this type of cancer are still high, whereas industrialized countries have achieved a survival rate of >95%-98%. Untreated, the condition can be fatal, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis. The existing treatments primarily consist of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The detrimental effects of radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs have been documented as factors that contribute to increased mortality rates and negatively affect the quality of life for patients. MicroRNA (miRNA), a type of noncoding RNA, exerts a substantial influence on RB development and the emergence of treatment resistance by regulating diverse cellular processes. This review highlights recent developments in the involvement of miRNAs in RB. This encompasses the clinical significance of miRNAs in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of RB. Additionally, this paper examines the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in RB and explores potential therapeutic interventions. This paper provides an overview of the current and emerging treatment options for RB, focusing on recent studies investigating the application of different types of nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Prerna Uniyal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
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3
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Doghish AS, Moustafa HAM, Elballal MS, Sarhan OM, Darwish SF, Elkalla WS, Mohammed OA, Atta AM, Abdelmaksoud NM, El-Mahdy HA, Ismail A, Abdel Mageed SS, Elrebehy MA, Abdelfatah AM, Abulsoud AI. miRNAs as potential game-changers in retinoblastoma: Future clinical and medicinal uses. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 247:154537. [PMID: 37216745 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a rare tumor in children, but it is the most common primitive intraocular malignancy in childhood age, especially those below three years old. The RB gene (RB1) undergoes mutations in individuals with RB. Although mortality rates remain high in developing countries, the survival rate for this type of cancer is greater than 95-98% in industrialized countries. However, it is lethal if left untreated, so early diagnosis is essential. As a non-coding RNA, miRNA significantly impacts RB development and treatment resistance because it can control various cellular functions. In this review, we illustrate the recent advances in the role of miRNAs in RB. That includes the clinical importance of miRNAs in RB diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Moreover, the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in RB and therapeutic interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt.
| | - Hebatallah Ahmed Mohamed Moustafa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Omnia M Sarhan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Samar F Darwish
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Wagiha S Elkalla
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa M Atta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | | | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrebehy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Amr M Abdelfatah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo, Badr, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr, Cairo 11231, Egypt; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
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4
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Barzaman K, Vafaei R, Samadi M, Kazemi MH, Hosseinzadeh A, Merikhian P, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Eisavand MR, Dinvari H, Farahmand L. Anti-cancer therapeutic strategies based on HGF/MET, EpCAM, and tumor-stromal cross talk. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:259. [PMID: 35986321 PMCID: PMC9389806 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As an intelligent disease, tumors apply several pathways to evade the immune system. It can use alternative routes to bypass intracellular signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Wnt, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Therefore, these mechanisms lead to therapeutic resistance in cancer. Also, these pathways play important roles in the proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion of cells. In most cancers, these signaling pathways are overactivated, caused by mutation, overexpression, etc. Since numerous molecules share these signaling pathways, the identification of key molecules is crucial to achieve favorable consequences in cancer therapy. One of the key molecules is the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET; c-Met) and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Another molecule is the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which its binding is hemophilic. Although both of them are involved in many physiologic processes (especially in embryonic stages), in some cancers, they are overexpressed on epithelial cells. Since they share intracellular pathways, targeting them simultaneously may inhibit substitute pathways that tumor uses to evade the immune system and resistant to therapeutic agents.
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Fernandez-Diaz D, Rodriguez-Vidal C, Silva-Rodríguez P, Paniagua L, Blanco-Teijeiro MJ, Pardo M, Piñeiro A, Bande M. Applications of Non-Coding RNAs in Patients With Retinoblastoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:842509. [PMID: 35432447 PMCID: PMC9008704 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.842509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in childhood. In the carcinogenic process of neoplasms such as RB, the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has been widely demonstrated recently. In this review, we aim to provide a clinical overview of the current knowledge regarding ncRNAs in relation to RB. Although ncRNAs are now considered as potential diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic factors, and therapeutic targets, further studies will facilitate enhanced understanding of ncRNAs in RB physiopathology and define the roles ncRNAs can play in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernandez-Diaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Paula Silva-Rodríguez
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Clinical University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Paniagua
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María José Blanco-Teijeiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Pardo
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Obesidómica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Piñeiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Bande
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Tumores Intraoculares en el Adulto, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Bande,
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6
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Chai P, Jia R, Li Y, Zhou C, Gu X, Yang L, Shi H, Tian H, Lin H, Yu J, Zhuang A, Ge S, Jia R, Fan X. Regulation of epigenetic homeostasis in uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 89:101030. [PMID: 34861419 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) and retinoblastoma (RB), which cause blindness and even death, are the most frequently observed primary intraocular malignancies in adults and children, respectively. Epigenetic studies have shown that changes in the epigenome contribute to the rapid progression of both UM and RB following classic genetic changes. The loss of epigenetic homeostasis plays an important role in oncogenesis by disrupting the normal patterns of gene expression. The targetable nature of epigenetic modifications provides a unique opportunity to optimize treatment paradigms and establish new therapeutic options for both UM and RB with these aberrant epigenetic modifications. We aimed to review the research findings regarding relevant epigenetic changes in UM and RB. Herein, we 1) summarize the literature, with an emphasis on epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA modifications, noncoding RNAs and an abnormal chromosomal architecture; 2) elaborate on the regulatory role of epigenetic modifications in biological processes during tumorigenesis; and 3) propose promising therapeutic candidates for epigenetic targets and update the list of epigenetic drugs for the treatment of UM and RB. In summary, we endeavour to depict the epigenetic landscape of primary intraocular malignancy tumorigenesis and provide potential epigenetic targets in the treatment of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Ruobing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Yongyun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Chuandi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Ludi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Hanhan Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Huimin Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Ai Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, PR China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
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7
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Sun J, Feng D, Xi H, Luo J, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Chen Y, Shao Q. CD24 blunts the sensitivity of retinoblastoma to vincristine by modulating autophagy. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:1740-1759. [PMID: 32394616 PMCID: PMC7400807 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common childhood malignant intraocular tumor. The clinical efficacy of vincristine (VCR) in the treatment of RB is severely limited by drug resistance. Here, we found that CD24, a GPI-anchored protein, was overexpressed in human RB tissues and RB cell lines, and was associated with the sensitivity of RB cells in response to VCR therapy. We demonstrated that CD24 plays a critical role in impairing RB sensitivity to VCR via regulating autophagy. Mechanistically, CD24 recruits PTEN to the lipid raft domain and regulates the PTEN/AKT/mTORC1 pathway to activate autophagy. Lipid raft localization was essential for CD24 recruitment function. Collectively, our findings revealed a novel role of CD24 in regulating RB sensitivity to VCR and showed that CD24 is a potential target for improving chemotherapeutic sensitivity and RB patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongju Feng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyu Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xuzhou First People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Eye Research Institute, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiajing Luo
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Sun J, Xi HY, Shao Q, Liu QH. Biomarkers in retinoblastoma. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:325-341. [PMID: 32090044 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.02.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood caused by inactivation of the Rb genes. The prognosis of RB is better with an earlier diagnosis. Many diagnostic approaches and appropriate clinical treatments have been developed to improve clinical outcomes. However, limitations exist when utilizing current methods. Recently, many studies have identified identify new RB biomarkers which can be used in diagnosis, as prognostic indicators and may contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of RB and help determine specific treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent advances in the discovery of RB biomarkers and discusses their clinical utility and challenges from areas such as epigenetics, proteomics and radiogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui-Yu Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xuzhou First People's Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Eye Research Institute, Xuzhou 221002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing-Huai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu Province, China
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Delsin LEA, Salomao KB, Pezuk JA, Brassesco MS. Expression profiles and prognostic value of miRNAs in retinoblastoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 145:1-10. [PMID: 30350021 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Current cure rates for retinoblastoma (RB) are very high in developed countries. Nonetheless, in less privileged places worldwide, delayed diagnosis and refusal to adhere to treatment still endure an obstacle to improve overall patient survival. Thus, the access to consistent biomarkers for diagnosis at an earlier stage may facilitate treatment and improve outcomes. Over recent years, much attention has been focused on miRNAs, key post-transcriptional regulators that when altered, largely contribute to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Many of the ~ 2500 microRNAs described in humans have shown differential expression profiles in tumors. In this review, we summarize current data about the roles of miRNAs in RB along with their value as diagnostic/prognostic factors using electronic databases such as PubMed. We reviewed the importance of miRNA in RB biology and discussed their implications in clinic intervention. Several miRNAs have pointed out reliable diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers. The emergence of targeted therapies has significantly improved cancer treatment. In the near future, the modulation of miRNAs will represent a good treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Anhanguera University of Sao Paulo, UNIAN, Av. Raimundo Pereira de Magalhaes 3305, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05145-200, Brazil.
| | - Maria Sol Brassesco
- Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Huang YX, Nie XG, Li GD, Fan DS, Song LL, Zhang XL. Downregulation of microRNA‑182 inhibits cell viability, invasion and angiogenesis in retinoblastoma through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway and CADM2 upregulation. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:2615-2626. [PMID: 30320366 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a well‑vascularized tumor dependent on angiogenesis. The present study aimed to explore whether microRNA (miR)‑182 regulates cell viability, invasion and angiogenesis in RB via the phosphatidylinositol‑3‑OH kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway and by targeting cell adhesion molecule 2 (CADM2). The expression levels of miR‑182 and CADM2 were initially detected in RB tissues from patients with RB who underwent ophthalmectomy, and normal retinal tissues collected from other trauma patients who underwent eye enucleation. To determine whether CADM2 was targeted by miR‑182, a dual luciferase reporter assay was conducted. Subsequently, Y79 and WERI‑Rb‑1 RB cells were transfected with a miR‑182 mimic or miR‑182 inhibitor, or small interfering RNA against CADM2, in order to investigate the effects of miR‑182 on viability and invasion, which were detected using MTT and Transwell assays, respectively. In addition, to determine whether the regulatory mechanism underlying the effects of miR‑182 was associated with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, the expression levels of associated genes were detected by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. A xenograft tumor model in nude mice was also established, in order to evaluate the effects of miR‑182 on tumor growth and angiogenesis. The results indicated that miR‑182 expression was increased and CADM2 expression was reduced in RB tissues; CADM2 was confirmed to be targeted and negatively regulated by miR‑182. When the expression of miR‑182 was downregulated, cell viability, invasion, tumor volume and angiogenesis were significantly decreased. Furthermore, the expression levels of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway‑associated genes were increased in response to miR‑182 overexpression or CADM2 silencing. Taken together, these results suggested that inhibition of miR‑182 may suppress cell viability, invasion and angiogenesis in RB through inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and CADM2 upregulation. This mechanism may reveal a novel potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Luoyang Central Hospital, Luoyang, Henan 471009, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Gang Nie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Luoyang Central Hospital, Luoyang, Henan 471009, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Da Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Sheng Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Luoyang Central Hospital, Luoyang, Henan 471009, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Luoyang Central Hospital, Luoyang, Henan 471009, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Lin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Luoyang Central Hospital, Luoyang, Henan 471009, P.R. China
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11
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Golabchi K, Soleimani-Jelodar R, Aghadoost N, Momeni F, Moridikia A, Nahand JS, Masoudifar A, Razmjoo H, Mirzaei H. MicroRNAs in retinoblastoma: Potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3016-3023. [PMID: 28657205 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is known as one of important childhood malignancies which due to inactivation of the RB gene (tumor suppressor gene in various patients). The early detection of Rb could provide better treatment for Rb patients. Imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and CT) are known as one of effective diagnosis approaches for detection of patients with Rb. It has been shown that utilization of imaging techniques is associated with some limitations. Hence, identification of new diagnosis approaches might provide a better treatment for Rb patients. Identification of new biomarkers could contribute to better understanding of pathogenesis events involved in Rb and provide new insights into design better treatment approaches for these patients. Among the various biomarkers, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as attractive tools for Rb detection. miRNAs are one classes of small non-coding RNAs which could anticipate in a variety of biological process via targeting sequence of cellular and molecular pathways. Deregulations of these molecules are associated with cancerous condition. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that deregulation of various miRNAs involved in various stages of Rb. Here, we summarized a variety of tissue-specific and circulating miRNAs involved in Rb pathogenesis which could be used as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers in Rb patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khodayar Golabchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Nazila Aghadoost
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Momeni
- General Practitioner,Medical Researcher, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abdullah Moridikia
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hasan Razmjoo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan Eye Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Epigenetic regulation of human retinoblastoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:14427-14441. [PMID: 27639385 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare type of eye cancer of the retina that commonly occurs in early childhood and mostly affects the children before the age of 5. It occurs due to the mutations in the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) which inactivates both alleles of the RB1. RB1 was first identified as a tumor suppressor gene, which regulates cell cycle components and associated with retinoblastoma. Previously, genetic alteration was known as the major cause of its occurrence, but later, it is revealed that besides genetic changes, epigenetic changes also play a significant role in the disease. Initiation and progression of retinoblastoma could be due to independent or combined genetic and epigenetic events. Remarkable work has been done in understanding retinoblastoma pathogenesis in terms of genetic alterations, but not much in the context of epigenetic modification. Epigenetic modifications that silence tumor suppressor genes and activate oncogenes include DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, histone modification and noncoding RNA-mediated gene silencing. Epigenetic changes can lead to altered gene function and transform normal cell into tumor cells. This review focuses on important epigenetic alteration which occurs in retinoblastoma and its current state of knowledge. The critical role of epigenetic regulation in retinoblastoma is now an emerging area, and better understanding of epigenetic changes in retinoblastoma will open the door for future therapy and diagnosis.
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Gao J, Liu X, Yang F, Liu T, Yan Q, Yang X. By inhibiting Ras/Raf/ERK and MMP-9, knockdown of EpCAM inhibits breast cancer cell growth and metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:27187-98. [PMID: 26356670 PMCID: PMC4694982 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a type I transmembrane protein that is expressed in the majority of normal epithelial tissues and is overexpressed in most epithelial cancers including breast cancer, where it plays an important role in cancer progression. However, the mechanism by which EpCAM promotes the progression of breast cancer is not understood. In this study, we found that EpCAM expression was increased in tumor tissue from breast cancer patients compared to healthy patients. Overexpression of EpCAM in breast cancer cells enhanced tumor cell growth in vitro and increased invasiveness, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of EpCAM (si-EpCAM) had the opposite effect. EpCAM knockdown led to decreased phosphorylation of Raf and ERK, suppression of malignant behavior of breast cancer cells, and inhibition of the Ras/Raf/ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, si-EpCAM-mediated invasion and metastasis of breast carcinoma cells required the downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) through inhibition of this signaling pathway. In conclusion, our data show that knockdown of EpCAM can inhibition breast cancer cell growth and metastasis via inhibition of the Ras/Raf/ERK signaling pathway and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiujiao Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingjiao Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Correction: EpCAM knockdown alters microRNA expression in retinoblastoma--functional implication of EpCAM regulated miRNA in tumor progression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119745. [PMID: 25860482 PMCID: PMC4393295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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