Activation of antioxidant defenses in whole saliva by psychosocial stress is more manifested in young women than in young men

Changes in the blood redox status of horses subjected to combat training

Combat training of police horses, involving physical activity in the presence of environmental stressors, poses a risk of oxidative stress. This study compared the oxidative imbalance after combat training in horses in the regular police service and in horses that had just been schooled. Blood collection was performed immediately after training and after 16 h rest. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined as the markers of enzymatic antioxidant defence. At the same time, lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein carbonylation (Carb) were assessed as oxidation biomarkers. Additionally, oxidative imbalance indexes such as SOD/CAT, SOD/GPx, TBARS/TAS and TBARS/GPx were calculated. Animals during schooling had significantly lower SOD activity in erythrocytes than those experienced. CAT activity in erythrocytes was insignificantly higher immediately after training than during recovery. The SOD/GPx ratio was higher in experienced animals, which may reflect the intra-erythrocyte imbalance between enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide towards the first one. The concentration of carbonyl groups was significantly higher after the combat training compared to the recovery period in all horses. In inexperienced animals slight increase in TBARS/TAS and TBARS/GPx indexes were observed during the recovery time after exercises, contrary to experienced horses, in which these markers decreased slightly. These results suggest that the oxidative imbalance in inexperienced horses, although less pronounced just after combat training, was more prolonged as compared to horses in regular service.

The impact of life stress on hallmarks of aging and accelerated senescence: Connections in sickness and in health

Chronic stress is a risk factor for numerous aging-related diseases and has been shown to shorten lifespan in humans and other social mammals. Yet how life stress causes such a vast range of diseases is still largely unclear. In recent years, the impact of stress on health and aging has been increasingly associated with the dysregulation of the so-called hallmarks of aging. These are basic biological mechanisms that influence intrinsic cellular functions and whose alteration can lead to accelerated aging. Here, we review correlational and experimental literature (primarily focusing on evidence from humans and murine models) on the contribution of life stress - particularly stress derived from adverse social environments - to trigger hallmarks of aging, including cellular senescence, sterile inflammation, telomere shortening, production of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and epigenetic changes. We also evaluate the validity of stress-induced senescence and accelerated aging as an etiopathological proposition. Finally, we highlight current gaps of knowledge and future directions for the field, and discuss perspectives for translational geroscience.

Measures of Oxidative Status Markers in Relation to Age, Sex, and Season in Sick and Healthy Captive Asian Elephants in Thailand

Oxidative stress is a pathological condition that can have adverse effects on animal health, although little research has been conducted on wildlife species. In this study, blood was collected from captive Asian elephants for the assessment of five serum oxidative status markers (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations; malondialdehyde, MDA; albumin; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; and catalase) in healthy (n = 137) and sick (n = 20) animals. Health problems consisted of weakness, puncture wounds, gastrointestinal distress, eye and musculoskeletal problems, and elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD). Fecal samples were also collected to assess glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) as a measure of stress. All data were analyzed in relation to age, sex, sampling season, and their interactions using generalized linear models, and a correlation matrix was constructed. ROS and serum albumin concentrations exhibited the highest concentrations in aged elephants (>45 years). No sex differences were found for any biomarker. Interactions were observed for age groups and seasons for ROS and catalase, while GPx displayed a significant interaction between sex and season. In pairwise comparisons, significant increases in ROS and catalase were observed in summer, with higher ROS concentrations observed only in the adult female group. Lower catalase activity was exhibited in juvenile males, subadult males, adult females, and aged females compared to subadult and adult elephants (males and females) in winter and the rainy season. There was a positive association between catalase activity and fGCMs (r = 0.23, p < 0.05), and a number of red blood cell parameters were positively associated with several of these biomarkers, suggesting high oxidative and antioxidative activity covary in red cells (p < 0.05). According to health status, elephants with EEHV-HD showed the most significant changes in oxidative stress markers, with MDA, GPx, and catalase being higher and albumin being lower than in healthy elephants. This study provides an analysis of understudied health biomarkers in Asian elephants, which can be used as additional tools for assessing the health condition of this species and suggests age and season may be important factors in data interpretation.

Perioperative oxidative stress predicts subsequent pain-related outcomes in the 6 months after total knee arthroplasty

ABSTRACT

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is effective for pain reduction in most patients, but 15% or more report unsatisfactory long-term pain outcomes. We tested whether oxidative stress (OS) related to extended tourniquet application during TKA and subsequent ischemic reperfusion (IR) contributed to adverse post-TKA pain outcomes. Blood samples were obtained in 91 patients with osteoarthritis (63% female) undergoing TKA before tourniquet placement (T1), 45 minutes after tourniquet inflation (T2), and 15 minutes after tourniquet removal (T3). Plasma levels of F 2 -isoprostanes and isofurans, the most specific measures of in vivo OS, were quantified. Pain intensity and function were assessed at baseline and again at 6 weeks and 6 months after TKA. Results indicated that higher Combined OS (F 2 -isoprostanes + isofurans/2) at T1 baseline and larger increases in Combined OS from T1 to T2 were associated with higher baseline-corrected past 24-hour worst and average pain intensity (numeric rating scale) and higher past week McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 total scores at 6-month follow-up ( P 's < 0.05). Increases in Combined OS from T1 to T3, which should most directly capture OS and IR injury related to tourniquet use, were not associated with short-term or long-term post-TKA pain outcomes. Longer ischemia duration was unexpectedly associated with lower baseline-corrected pain intensity at 6-month follow-up. Combined OS was not linked to functional outcomes at either follow-up. Elevated perioperative OS seems to exert small but significant adverse effects on long-term post-TKA pain outcomes, although this OS seems unrelated to IR injury associated with extended tourniquet use.

Oxidative stress is associated with characteristic features of the dysfunctional chronic pain phenotype

ABSTRACT

The dysfunctional chronic pain (Dysfunctional CP) phenotype is an empirically identifiable CP subtype with unclear pathophysiological mechanisms that cuts across specific medical CP diagnoses. This study tested whether the multidimensional pain and psychosocial features that characterize the dysfunctional CP phenotype are associated broadly with elevated oxidative stress (OS). Measures of pain intensity, bodily extent of pain, catastrophizing cognitions, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, pain interference, and function were completed by 84 patients with chronic osteoarthritis before undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Blood samples were obtained at the initiation of surgery before incision or tourniquet placement. Plasma levels of F2-isoprostanes and isofurans, the most highly specific measures of in vivo OS, were quantified using gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The results indicated that controlling for differences in age, sex, and body mass index, higher overall OS (mean of isoprostanes and isofurans) was associated with significantly (P < 0.05) greater pain intensity, more widespread pain, greater depressive symptoms and pain catastrophizing, higher pain interference, and lower function. OS measures were not significantly associated with sleep disturbance or anxiety levels (P >0.10). The results build on prior case-control findings suggesting that presence of a CP diagnosis is associated with elevated OS, highlighting that it may specifically be individuals displaying characteristics of the dysfunctional CP phenotype who are characterized by elevated OS. Clinical implications of these findings remain to be determined.

CCL2/MCP-1 serum chemokine level in patients with odontogenic infectious and inflammatory diseases of the soft tissues of the maxillofacial area and mediastinum

Aim. The paper was aimed at determining the CCL2/MCP-1 level in patients with odontogenic infectious and inflammatory diseases of soft tissues of the maxillofacial area and mediastinum. Methods. The study involved 46 patients with odontogenic infectious and inflammatory diseases of soft tissues of the maxillofacial area and 12 healthy volunteers. The level of patients' plasma CCL2/MCP-1 level was determined using a kit for specific ELISA. Results. The findings of the studies showed a statistically significant increase in the concentration of plasma CCL2/MCP-1 in patients of all study groups. Our study shows a significant increase in plasma CCL2/MCP-1 level in patients with odontogenic phlegmonas, abscesses and mediastinitis, compared to the group of healthy subjects. Conclusion. CCL2/MCP-1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of odontogenic infectious and inflammatory diseases of soft tissues of the maxillofacial area and mediastinum, which requires a careful follow-up study.

Touch-induced emotional comfort results in an increase in the salivary antioxidant potential: A correlational study

A pleasant touch reduces psychoemotional stress via the oxytocin mechanism due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Our research is aimed to reveal the correlations between the subjectively perceived pleasantness of touch, the antioxidant potential of saliva, and salivary oxytocin. A total of 56 healthy volunteers aged 18-38 years participated in the study. The control group consisted of 24 volunteers. The participants were subjected to tactile stimulation using a specially designed protocol. They ranked the touch pleasantness on a scale from 1 to 10. Heart rate variability and low-frequency/high-frequency ratios from the power spectral density of ECG were determined to assess psychoemotional relaxation. Salivary oxytocin and antioxidant capacity were quantified before and after the touch test. We found a significant increase in salivary antioxidant potential and oxytocin after pleasant tactile stimulation for the participants compared to the control group. The difference in antioxidant capacity values before and after the test positively correlated with mean pleasantness in the touch test (r = 0.57) and the difference in heart rate variability (r = 0.67); it negatively correlated with the difference in low-frequency/high-frequency ECG band ratio (r = -0.59). Oxytocin ratio positively correlated with the difference in antioxidant capacity values (r = 0.47). As a result of tactile stimulation, a significant increase in the antioxidant capacity of saliva and salivary oxytocin was found in the test group compared to the control group. These findings support further studies of the effects of pleasant touch on hormonal and oxidative metabolism.

The acute effect of psychosocial stress on the level of oxidative stress in children

The effect of chronic stress on oxidative stress (OS) is commonly discussed while the effect of acute stress situation is not fully examined yet. The present study was aimed to analyse whether acute psychosocial strain causes changes in OS and antioxidant status. Unstimulated saliva was collected from 46 healthy prepubertal children during the control and stress day. On the stress day, collection was performed before and after a stress situation induced by the Trier social stress test. Saliva collection during the control day imitated the stress day without the stress strain. Samples were used for analysis of lipid peroxidation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and markers of antioxidant status, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). On the stress day, increased level of FRAP was observed in the second saliva collection in comparison with the first collection. Within the same day, no significant changes in the levels of TBARS, AGEs and TAC were observed in samples taken before and after stress strain. Significantly higher levels of TBARS were observed on stress day in comparison to control day. In summary, acute psychosocial stress caused increase of FRAP during the stress day. TBARS did not increase during the stress day in the second sample but it was higher compared to the control day. None of the interactions with gender were statistically significant. It appears the short-term exposure to stress could potentially stimulate antioxidant activity.

An Impact of Psychological Stress on the Interplay between Salivary Oxidative Stress and the Classic Psychological Stress-Related Parameters

Both oxidative and psychological (mental) stress are the likely culprits for several acute and chronic health disturbances, and adequate tests mimicking that are needed. Herein, in controlled laboratory surroundings, a PEBL (Psychology Experiment Building Language) test battery was used to evoke stress-related biological responses followed by tracking changes in saliva parameters. The study objectives were to determine the impact of psychological stress on selected salivatory parameters and to assess the correlation between the determined oxidative and stress parameters. The study was conducted on 36 healthy young subjects, mainly females (n = 24). Before and following the completion of a battery of four PEBL tests, subjects' saliva samples were collected. Stress-evoking changes in total antioxidant capacity and nitrite/nitrate levels, as oxidative stress parameters, and cortisol and immunoglobulin A (IgA), as parameters of psychological stress, were established and mutually correlated by comparing the values of the evaluated parameters pre- and post-PEBL test. The results showed that there is no change in the total salivary antioxidant capacity (p > 0.05); however, there was a significant increase in nitrites/nitrates levels after the PEBL test (p = 0.007). On the other hand, the determined cortisol levels after the test battery were found to be statistically significantly increased (p = 0.025) when compared to the values obtained before the test, while the levels of IgA were found to be statistically significantly decreased (p < 0.001). The only statistically significant correlation between the changes in the studied parameters was found to be the one between cortisol and IgA levels (Spearman's Rö = -0.4). These results suggest that the short-term stress induced by the PEBL test does evoke changes in the salivary mental stress-related parameters (an increase in cortisol and nitrite/nitrate levels, and a decrease in IgA), but not in the total antioxidant capacity. They also indicate that the constructed PEBL four-test battery might represent an adequate laboratory stress-inducing paradigm.

Changes in Markers of Oxidative Stress and α-Amylase in Saliva of Children Associated with a Tennis Competition

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the changes caused by a one-day tennis tournament in biomarkers of oxidative stress and α-amylase in saliva in children. The sample was 20 male active children with the following characteristics: (a) age of players = 9.46 ± 0.66 years; (b) weight = 34.8 ± 6.5 kg; (c) height = 136.0 ± 7.9 cm; (d) mean weekly training tennis = 2.9 ± 1.0 h. The tennis competition ran for one day, with four matches for each player. Data were taken from the average duration per match and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Four biomarkers of antioxidant status: uric acid (AU), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) as a biomarker of psychological stress were measured in saliva. The time points were baseline (at home before the tournament), pre-competition (immediately before the first match) and post-match (after each match) measurements. The four biomarkers of antioxidant status showed a similar dynamic with lower values at baseline and a progressive increase during the four matches. Overall one-day tennis competition in children showed a tendency to increase antioxidant biomarkers in saliva. In addition, there was an increase in pre-competition sAA possibly associated with psychological stress. Further studies about the possible physiological implications of these findings should be performed in the future.

Saliva profiles in children with congenital heart disease

Purpose:

The low salivary pH and buffering capacity are caused by using heart failure medications. For this reason oral health should be supported in cardiac patients, it is necessary that they attend dental clinics for regular follow up. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the salivary oxidative stress markers and salivary pH, salivary buffering capacity, salivary flow rate and dental caries of children with congenital heart disease (CHD).

Materials and methods:

This cross sectional study was carried out with 42 CHD and 42 healthy children. The participants’ gender, age, general health and medications, and caries scores (dfs/ DMFS) were written down, then their unstimulated saliva samples were collected. These specimens were evaluated in terms of the salivary secretion rate, salivary buffering capacity, pH, protein levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl, protein thiols, total sialic acid.

Results:

Both groups showed caries at similar levels. The salivary pH and buffering capacity were significantly less in the children with CHD than in the controls. The levels of TBARS and protein carbonyl were significantly higher in the children with CHD than in the controls. There was not any significant difference relating to the mean salivary secretion rate, protein levels, SOD, FRAP, protein thiols and total sialic acid.

Conclusion:

The elevated TBARS and protein carbonyl levels in the patients with CHD were observed as an indicator of the free radical damage leading to oxidative stress.

Serum IL-6 levels and oxidation rate of LDL cholesterol were related to depressive symptoms independent of omega-3 fatty acids among female hospital and nursing home workers in Japan

BACKGROUND

Chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress are commonly observed in persons with depression or depressive symptoms. We explored the degree of depressive symptoms under psychological stress in relation to serum LDL oxidation, inflammatory markers, and fatty acid (FA) distribution among female population. The purpose of this study was to identify peripheral factors that are related to depressive symptoms, and to assess how each factor is related to depressive symptoms.

METHODS

133 female workers in a hospital and nursing homes were recruited in Japan. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Japanese version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and perceived stress was assessed using the visual analogue scale. Cytokine levels and oxidation rate of LDL cholesterol (ox-LDL/LDL) were measured as indices of inflammation and oxidation. Omega-3 FA distribution was also measured. Path analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were used to determine if each factor was predictive of depressive symptoms.

RESULTS

It was identified that serum ox-LDL/LDL was positively connected with depressive symptoms, but was more strongly related to perceived psychological stress. Elevated serum IL-6 was positively correlated with depressive symptoms, though the effect was partly transmitted via ox-LDL/LDL. Additionally, serum ω3 PUFAs were inversely associated with depressive symptoms independently of IL-6 or ox-LDL/LDL.

CONCLUSION

Although this study is unlikely to fully explain the causes of depressive symptoms, it suggests that psychological stress and somatic factors such as inflammation, oxidation and nutrition are related to depressive symptoms. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of lifestyle targets to alleviate the identified depression risk factors, anti-oxidative therapies, anti-inflammatory therapies and nutritional interventions to prevent depression.

Within-Subject Reliability and between-Subject Variability of Oxidative Stress Markers in Saliva of Healthy Subjects: A Longitudinal Pilot Study

The present study evaluated diurnal variations and day-to-day fluctuations of salivary oxidative stress (OS) markers in healthy adult individuals. Whole unstimulated saliva was collected at 2 time intervals over 3 consecutive days. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and uric acid (UA) were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods, while 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined using immunoassays. No significant differences for salivary OS markers between men and women were observed. For all examined OS markers, no significant day-to-day variations were demonstrated. Significant diurnal variations were found in salivary GPX, TAC and MDA levels. For SOD, TAC, GPX, and UA, good-to-moderate intraindividual coefficients of variations (CVs) were observed in more than 75% of the subjects. For MDA and 8-OHdG, intraindividual CVs > 35% were observed in 60% and 40% of the subjects, respectively. Between-subject variance was wide for all examined OS markers (CV% 30.08%–85.70%). Due to high intraindividual variability in the salivary concentrations of MDA and 8-OHdG, those markers cannot be reliably verified based on single measurements and multiple measurements over several days would provide more reliable information. Salivary SOD, TAC, GPX, and UA proved stable across three days of measurement. Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03029494. Registered on 2017-01-19.

Visceral Fat Dysfunctions in the Rat Social Isolation Model of Psychosis

Medication with neuroleptics has been associated with adipose tissue dysfunctions and, in particular, with increased visceral fat amount. However, several studies suggested that antipsychotic treatment might not be the main responsible of fat mass accumulation, as this has been also described in not treated psychotic patients. One of the most used “drug-free” rodent models of psychosis is the social isolation rearing of young adult rats, which provides a non-pharmacologic method of inducing long-term alterations reminiscent of symptoms seen in psychotic patients. Recent data highlighted a crucial role of redox imbalance in adipose tissue dysfunctions, in terms of decreased antioxidant defense and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we investigated possible oxidative stress-related biomolecular alterations associated with visceral fat increase in 7 week isolated rats. To this purpose, we quantified total and visceral fat amount by using dual-energy X-ray (DEXA) absorptiometry. On visceral fat, we analyzed the expression of specific ROS-producer genes (Nox1, Nox4, Hmox-1), antioxidant enzymes (Prdx1 and Ucp-1) and oxidative stress-induced damage markers (Cidea, Slc2a4, and Acacb). The impact of oxidative stress on beta3-adrenergic receptors (Adrb3), at both mRNA and protein level, was also assessed. We found that 7 weeks of social isolation induced an increase in total and visceral fat, associated with a decrease in Prdx1 (mRNA and protein) as well as Ucp-1 mRNA levels and an enhanced expression of Nox1 (mRNA and protein) and Hmox-1 mRNA. No differences were detected in Nox4 mRNA levels between grouped and isolated animals. Elevations in Cidea, Slc2a4, and Acacb expression in visceral fat of isolated animals accounted for oxidative stress-related damage in this tissue, further associated with a significant increase in Adrb3 mRNA and protein. Our results provide a novel understanding of the pathological link existing among psychosocial stress-induced psychosis, adipose tissue dysfunctions and redox imbalance, opening new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of alterations in peripheral tissues associated with this mental disorder.

Sexual dimorphism in oxidant-induced adaptive homeostasis in multiple wild-type D. melanogaster strains

Sexual dimorphism includes the physical and reproductive differences between the sexes, including differences that are conserved across species, ranging from the common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to humans. Sex-dependent variations in adaptive homeostasis, and adaptive stress responses may offer insight into the underlying mechanisms for male and female survival differences and into differences in chronic disease incidence and severity in humans. Earlier work showed sex-specific differences in adaptive responses to oxidative stressors in hybrid laboratory strains of D. melanogaster. The present study explored whether this phenomenon is also observed in wild-type D. melanogaster strains Oregon-R (Or-R) and Canton-S (Ca-S), as well as the common mutant reference strain w[1118], in order to better understand whether such findings are descriptive of D. melanogaster in general. Flies of each strain were pretreated with non-damaging, adaptive concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or of different redox cycling agents (paraquat, DMNQ, or menadione). Adaptive homeostasis, and changes in the expression of the Proteasome and overall cellular proteasomal proteolytic capacity were assessed. Redox cycling agents exhibited a male-specific adaptive response, whereas H₂O₂ exposure provoked female-specific adaptation. These findings demonstrate that different oxidants can elicit sexually dimorphic adaptive homeostatic responses in multiple fly strains. These results (and those contained in a parallel study [1]) highlight the need to address sex as a biological variable in fundamental science, clinical research, and toxicology.

Avaliação ambiental de BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, xilenos) e biomarcadores de genotoxicidade em trabalhadores de postos de combustíveis

Resumo Introdução: trabalhadores de postos de combustíveis estão expostos às diversas substâncias químicas presentes no ambiente de trabalho, destacando-se entre elas o benzeno, devido às suas propriedades carcinogênicas. Objetivo: avaliar os danos genotóxicos relacionados à exposição ocupacional ao BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, xilenos) em trabalhadores de cinco postos de combustíveis do município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. Metodologia: foram analisadas concentrações de BTEX no ar; atividades das enzimas catalase e glutationa S-transferase; e ensaio cometa em amostras de sangue total de 97 trabalhadores. Resultados: as concentrações de BTEX estavam dentro dos valores preconizados pela NR 15, incluindo Anexo 13-A. Entretanto, uma oscilação nos resultados de ensaio cometa foi observada entre os trabalhadores dos diferentes postos de combustíveis, principalmente em trabalhadores de postos com menores concentrações de benzeno. Discussão: esse resultado está de acordo com a literatura científica atual, que indica uma curva dose-resposta supralinear para o benzeno, observando-se em baixas concentrações um aumento não linear do risco de leucemia, provavelmente relacionado à maior metabolização do benzeno e à maior produção de seus metabólitos tóxicos nessas concentrações. Conclusão: os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a exposição ao BTEX, mesmo em baixas concentrações, contribui para o risco genotóxico à saúde humana.

The impact of childhood maltreatment on redox state: Relationship with oxidative damage and antioxidant defenses in adolescents with no psychiatric disorder

Early life stress (ELS) has been associated with biological and psychosocial alterations due to developmental reprogramming. Here, we investigated whether childhood maltreatment is associated with an imbalance between the production of oxidative markers and antioxidant defenses. Thirty adolescents with no psychiatric disorder but reporting childhood maltreatment and twenty-seven adolescents with no psychiatric disorder and no history of ELS were recruited for the study. Childhood maltreatment was investigated by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Redox state was estimated by plasma levels of protein carbonylation, total thiol content (SH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP). Childhood maltreatment was associated with oxidative stress as shown by increased protein carbonylation. Interestingly, adolescents exposed to maltreatment also displayed higher SOD levels, TRAP kinetics and reduced GPx levels when compared with adolescents who had not undergone childhood maltreatment. No significant differences were observed for SH levels. Taken together, we provide novel evidence indicating that childhood maltreatment is associated with increased oxidative stress markers in otherwise healthy adolescents.