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Weijters RMMM, Almela M, van Boxtel GJM, de Vroege L. Subjective cognitive concerns not related to objective impairment in patients with somatic symptom and related disorders. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39141370 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2024.2383282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Patients with Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (SSRD) report subjective cognitive concerns, and research indicates that they show objective cognitive impairment. This study explored the value of subjective concerns flagging objective impairment. Furthermore, we investigated whether coping moderated this relationship, and the role of depressive symptomatology. METHOD In a cross-sectional design, objective impairment was measured with an extensive neuropsychological assessment; subjective concerns with the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire; coping styles with the Coping Inventory of Stressful Situations; and symptoms of depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire- 9. RESULTS The results show that subjective concerns are of limited value in signaling objective impairment in patients with SSRD. Regression analyses performed on data from 225 patients showed that symptoms of depression (β = .32) were the main predictor of subjective concerns, which were unrelated to objective impairment. Coping was not a moderator, but patients with emotion-oriented coping styles had more subjective concerns (β=.40), and conversely, patients with avoidance- and/or task-oriented coping styles had less (respectively, β=-.27 and β=-.24). CONCLUSIONS These results align with the Somatosensory Amplification Theory; patients with SSRD may amplify benign cognitive failures and experience them as intrusive, noxious, and more intense. In patients with SSRD, subjective cognitive concerns are more related to psychological constructs (symptoms of depression and coping styles) than to objective impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M M M Weijters
- Centre of Excellence for Body, Mind and Health, GGz Breburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Almela
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J M van Boxtel
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Lars de Vroege
- Centre of Excellence for Body, Mind and Health, GGz Breburg, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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2
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Agha SS, Riglin L, Carbury R, Blakey R, Shakeshaft A, Thapar AK, Tilling K, Collishaw S, Stergiakouli E, Thapar A, Langley K. Young Adult ADHD Symptoms in the General Population and Neurocognitive Impairment. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:89-98. [PMID: 37864348 PMCID: PMC10676027 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231201870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurocognitive impairments are associated with child and adult ADHD in clinical settings. However, it is unknown whether adult ADHD symptoms in the general population are associated with the same pattern of cognitive impairment. We examined this using a prospective, population-based cohort spanning birth to age 25 years. METHODS We examined associations between self-reported adult ADHD symptoms and cognitive task performance (attention and response inhibition) in adulthood and childhood. RESULTS Self-rated ADHD symptoms at age 25 were associated with poorer performance in age 25 cognitive tasks capturing ADHD-related functioning (attention B = -0.03, 95% CI [0.05, -0.01], p = .005; response inhibition B = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.05, -0.01], p = .002). CONCLUSIONS Neurocognitive impairments linked to adult ADHD symptoms in the general population, are similar to those found in people with childhood ADHD symptoms and are consistent with findings in adult ADHD clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifah Shameem Agha
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Wales, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Lucy Riglin
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Rhian Carbury
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Rachel Blakey
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Amy Shakeshaft
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Ajay K. Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kate Tilling
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Stephan Collishaw
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | | | - Anita Thapar
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Young People’s Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kate Langley
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
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3
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Dinu LM, Singh SN, Baker NS, Georgescu AL, Overton PG, Dommett EJ. The effects of tryptophan loading on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity in adults: A remote double blind randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294911. [PMID: 38033150 PMCID: PMC10688902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the impact and prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), current treatment options remain limited and there is a drive for alternative approaches, including those building on evidence of a role for tryptophan (TRP) and serotonin (5-HT). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of acute TRP loading on attention and impulsivity in adults with ADHD. TRIAL DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a remote double blind randomised controlled trial (RCT) using TRP loading to examine the effects of a balanced amino acid load in comparison to low and high TRP loading in individuals with ADHD (medicated, N = 48, and unmedicated, N = 46) and controls (N = 50). Participants were randomised into one of three TRP treatment groups using stratified randomisation considering participant group and gender using a 1:1:1 ratio. Baseline testing of attention and impulsivity using the Test of Variables of Attention Task, Delay Discounting Task, and Iowa Gambling Task was followed by consumption of a protein drink (BAL, LOW, or HIGH TRP) before repeated testing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS No effects of TRP were observed for any of the measures. In the present study, TRP loading did not impact on any measure of attention or impulsivity in those with ADHD or Controls. The findings need to be confirmed in another trial with a larger number of patients that also considers additional measures of dietary protein, plasma TRP and aggression. (Registration ID ISRCTN15119603).
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M. Dinu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samriddhi N. Singh
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neo S. Baker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra L. Georgescu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Overton
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor J. Dommett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Avisar A. Is the deficit in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder a concentration deficit? APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2023; 12:344-352. [PMID: 35998286 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2022.2114353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is comprised of two behavioral clusters of symptoms, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Numerous studies have attempted to address the underlying neuropsychological mechanism of ADHD. However, there is still no uniform mechanism that can fully explain both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. This review describes the research findings that have shifted the focus from cognitive selective attention to executive function deficits and notes that the prominence of the attention deficit remains unclear. As ADHD is not consistently explained by cognitive selective attention but rather with cognitive sustained attention/vigilance and executive function deficits, this review suggests that concentration deficit is likely the cause of inattention symptoms. Indeed, considering concentration deficit as the cause of inattention symptoms may better describe the underlying difficulties of maintaining and controlling attention in ADHD. In addition, as concentration, impulsivity, and hyperactivity may share a common cognitive deficit, this shift in focus may help in identifying a single mechanism for all ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Avisar
- Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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5
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Rogers AA, Halvari AEM, Johnsen JAK, Solbakk AK. Executive functioning as a moderator of flossing behaviour among young adults: a temporal self-regulation theory perspective. Health Psychol Behav Med 2023; 11:2249972. [PMID: 37645514 PMCID: PMC10461502 DOI: 10.1080/21642850.2023.2249972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Flossing among young adults is often infrequent and barriers not completely understood. One explanation concerns the capacity for executive functioning (EF) during the self-regulation of behaviour. Methods Using Temporal Self-Regulation Theory (TST) as a framework to explore EF, young adults from Norwegian universities completed a survey that measured monthly flossing frequency, flossing-related intentions and behavioural prepotency (BP), and EF using the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version (BRIEF-A). Results Data from 362 participants were analysed. The TST-model explained a substantial proportion of variance in monthly flossing (R2 = 0.74), and flossing was associated directly with intention and BP, and interactions between intention and both BP and global-EF. Sub-domains of EF were explored using the same model, revealing that behavioural regulation processes, specifically those related to emotional control and shifting between tasks, offered better fit. Simple slopes revealed that moderation effects were only present at lower levels of BP. Conclusion EF plays a role in moderating the translation of intentions into flossing behaviour. Specifically, emotional control and task-shifting appear to be influential, and this influence increases when habitual and environmental support (i.e. BP) is reduced. Overcoming EF-barriers may represent a key step in establishing flossing behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A. Rogers
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jan-Are K. Johnsen
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time, and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Dinu LM, Singh SN, Baker NS, Georgescu AL, Singer BF, Overton PG, Dommett EJ. The Effects of Different Exercise Approaches on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020129. [PMID: 36829357 PMCID: PMC9952527 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) results in significant functional impairment. Current treatments, particularly for adults, are limited. Previous research indicates that exercise may offer an alternative approach to managing ADHD, but research into different types of exercise and adult populations is limited. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of acute exercise (aerobic cycling vs mind-body yoga exercises) on symptoms of ADHD in adults. Adults with ADHD (N = 82) and controls (N = 77) were randomly allocated to 10 min of aerobic (cycling) or mind-body (Hatha yoga) exercise. Immediately before and after exercise, participants completed the Test of Variables of Attention task, Delay Discounting Task, and Iowa Gambling Task to measure attention and impulsivity. Actigraphy measured movement frequency and intensity. Both groups showed improved temporal impulsivity post-exercise, with cycling beneficial to all, whilst yoga only benefited those with ADHD. There were no effects of exercise on attention, cognitive or motor impulsivity, or movement in those with ADHD. Exercise reduced attention and increased movement in controls. Exercise can improve temporal impulsivity in adult ADHD but did not improve other symptoms and worsened some aspects of performance in controls. Exercise interventions should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa M. Dinu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Samriddhi N. Singh
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Neo S. Baker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Alexandra L. Georgescu
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Bryan F. Singer
- School of Psychology, Sussex Addiction Research & Intervention Centre, Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Paul G. Overton
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court, Sheffield S1 2LT, UK
| | - Eleanor J. Dommett
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
- Correspondence:
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7
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Maltman N, DaWalt LS, Hong J, Baker MW, Berry-Kravis EM, Brilliant MH, Mailick M. FMR1 CGG Repeats and Stress Influence Self-Reported Cognitive Functioning in Mothers. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 128:1-20. [PMID: 36548377 PMCID: PMC10445796 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-128.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the FMR1 gene may affect aspects of cognition, such as executive function and memory. Environmental factors, such as stress, may also negatively impact cognitive functioning. Participants included 1,053 mothers of children with and without developmental disabilities. Participants completed self-report measures of executive function, memory, and stress (i.e., life events, parenting status), and provided DNA to determine CGG repeat length (ranging from 7 to 192 CGGs). Stress exposure significantly predicted greater self-reported difficulties in executive function and the likelihood of memory problems. Cubic CGG effects independently predicted executive function and memory difficulties, suggesting effects of both genetic variation and environmental stress exposure on cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell Maltman
- Nell Maltman, Leann Smith DaWalt, and Jinkuk Hong, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Leann Smith DaWalt
- Nell Maltman, Leann Smith DaWalt, and Jinkuk Hong, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Jinkuk Hong
- Nell Maltman, Leann Smith DaWalt, and Jinkuk Hong, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | | | | | - Marsha Mailick
- Murray H. Brilliant and Marsha Mailick, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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8
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Raudeberg R, Karr JE, Iverson GL, Hammar Å. Examining the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status validity indices in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Clin Neuropsychol 2023; 37:101-118. [PMID: 33522847 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1876169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We examined the frequency of possible invalid test scores on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and whether there was an association between scores on the embedded RBANS performance validity tests (PVTs) and self-reported symptoms of apathy as measured by the Initiate Scale of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A). Methods: Participants included 250 patients (M = 24.4 years-old, SD = 5.7) with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Base rates of RBANS Effort Index (EI), Effort Scale (ES), and Performance Validity Index (PVI) test scores were computed. Spearman correlations were used to examine the associations between the RBANS PVTs, the RBANS Index scores, and the BRIEF-A Initiate Scale. Regression analyses were used to investigate how well the RBANS PVTs predicted scores on the BRIEF-A Initiate Scale. Results: The frequency of invalid scores on the EI (>3) and the PVI (<42) in participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders was 6%. The frequency of invalid ES scores (<12) was 28% in the patients compared to 15% in the U.S. standardization sample. There was a small significant correlation between the EI and the BRIEF-A Initiate Scale (rho=.158, p<.05). Conclusions: The rates of invalid scores were similar to previously published studies. Invalid scores on the BRIEF-A were uncommon. Apathy measured with the BRIEF-A Initiate Scale was not associated with performance on the RBANS validity measures or with measures of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Raudeberg
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Justin E Karr
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Spaulding Research Institute; & Home Base, A Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Program, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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9
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Sharfi K, Rosenblum S, Meyer S. Relationships between executive functions and sensory patterns among adults with specific learning disabilities as reflected in their daily functioning. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266385. [PMID: 35390062 PMCID: PMC8989333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults with specific learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyscalculia) reveal limitations in daily functioning in various life domains. Following previous evidence of deficient executive functions and unique sensory patterns in this population, this study examined how relationships between these two domains are expressed in daily functioning. Participants included 55 adults with specific learning disabilities and 55 controls matched by age, gender, socioeconomic status, and education. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions–adult version, and the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile. Results indicated significant relationships between executive functions (per the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functions–adult version) and sensory patterns (per the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile) as reflected in daily functioning. The low sensory registration pattern predicted 12% to 16% of the variance in the behavioral regulation index, metacognitive index, and general executive composite scores and was a significant predictor of specific executive function abilities. Results indicated that the difficulties of adults with specific learning disabilities in using executive function abilities efficiently might be tied to a high sensory threshold and passive self-regulation strategies. A deeper understanding of this population’s sensory–executive mechanisms may improve evaluation and intervention processes. This understanding can consequently increase executive abilities for improved daily functioning and life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kineret Sharfi
- The Laboratory of Complex Human Activity and Participation, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sara Rosenblum
- The Laboratory of Complex Human Activity and Participation, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sonya Meyer
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
- * E-mail:
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10
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Braun SE, Lanoye A, Aslanzadeh FJ, Loughan AR. Subjective executive dysfunction in patients with primary brain tumors and their informants: relationships with neurocognitive, psychological, and daily functioning. Brain Inj 2021; 35:1665-1673. [PMID: 34874214 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.2008492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed agreement between patient- and informant-report on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult (BRIEF-A) in patients with primary brain tumors (PBT) and differences on BRIEF-A in neurocognitive (intact v. impaired), psychological (asymptomatic v. distressed), and functional (independent v. dependent) categories using both patient- and informant-report. METHOD PBT patients (n = 102) completed neuropsychological evaluations including the BRIEF-A, clinical interview, neurocognitive tests, and mood questionnaires. Correlations between the BRIEF-A and Informant (n = 39) were conducted. Differences in patient and informant BRIEF-A indices were investigated across five classifications: neurocognitive functioning, psychological functioning, medication management, appointment management, and finance management. RESULTS Patient and informant BRIEF were correlated. There was no difference on BRIEF-A or Informant indices for intact v. impaired neurocognitive status. Higher BRIEF-A and Informant indices were observed among psychologically distressed v. asymptomatic patients. Results showed higher BRIEF indices among those requiring assistance with medication, appointments, and finances. CONCLUSIONS Patients and informants agreed in their reports of executive function (EF). These reports, while not different in neurocognitive classification, were different in psychological functioning and in those needing assistance with instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Patient- and informant-reported EF may provide important data regarding psychological and IADL functioning in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ellen Braun
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Autumn Lanoye
- Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Farah J Aslanzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ashlee R Loughan
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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11
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Abeare K, Razvi P, Sirianni CD, Giromini L, Holcomb M, Cutler L, Kuzmenka P, Erdodi LA. Introducing Alternative Validity Cutoffs to Improve the Detection of Non-credible Symptom Report on the BRIEF. PSYCHOLOGICAL INJURY & LAW 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12207-021-09402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Onandia-Hinchado I, Pardo-Palenzuela N, Diaz-Orueta U. Cognitive characterization of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by domains: a systematic review. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:893-937. [PMID: 33620582 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reportedly the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed during childhood, and it is recognized as a common condition in adulthood. We review the evidence to help identify cognitive domains associated to deficits in adult ADHD. A systematic review with narrative synthesis was performed, assessing studies on adult ADHD, neuropsychology and research on involved cognitive domains in adults 18+ years old with an established diagnosis of ADHD, in seven electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, WebOfScience, Embase, Scopus, OvidSPMedline, and Teseo), and Worldcat and OpenGrey grey literature databases. 93 studies were included for this review, encompassing findings from a total 5574 adults diagnosed only with ADHD, medication-naïve or non-medicated at the moment of the assessment and 4880 healthy controls. Adults diagnosed with ADHD may show, when compared to healthy controls, a cognitive profile characterized by deficits across all attention modalities, processing speed, executive function (mainly working memory and inhibition with emphasis on reward delay and interference control), verbal memory, reading skills, social cognition and arithmetic abilities. A cognitive characterization of adult ADHD by domains is established beyond the sole consideration of attention and executive function problems. Along with these, verbal memory, language (mainly reading), social cognition and arithmetic abilities may also contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of the cognitive profile in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Unai Diaz-Orueta
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Room 3.11, John Hume Building, North Campus, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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13
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Schmid M, Hammar Å. First-Episode Patients Report Cognitive Difficulties in Executive Functioning 1 Year After Initial Episode of Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:667238. [PMID: 34135786 PMCID: PMC8200526 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.667238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with cognitive impairment in general, and Executive Functioning (EF) in particular, even in remitted phase of the disorder, suggesting residual cognitive symptoms. The aim of the present study was to investigate self-reported EF 1 year after the first episode of MDD and to explore this in relation to depressive mood symptoms, remission and relapse. Method: The study included data from 24 patients and 23 healthy control subjects 1 year after the patients' initial first episode of MDD. All participants completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning-Adult version (BRIEF-A), a standardized self-report measure of perceived EF in everyday life, measuring nine different EF. Total index scores for metacognitive functions, behavior/emotional regulation functions and a global EF score is also calculated. Results: The patient group in total, independent of symptom status, reported significantly lower EF in all indexes compared to the healthy controls 1 year after the initial episode. However, higher depressive mood symptom load correlated with self-reported difficulties in metacognitive functions and poor global EF scores. Regulatory control of behavior and emotional responses did not show such strong association with mood symptoms, but low self-report scores on this measure was associated with relapse during the first year after the initial episode. Conclusion: First-episode patients report significant lower executive functioning in everyday life compared to individually matched healthy controls, 1 year after onset, independent of symptom load. Residual cognitive symptoms seem to be evident and associated with risk of relapse and should be targeted in treatment and prevention of recurrence in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Schmid
- Department of Welfare and Participation, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Åsa Hammar
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Taş Torun Y, Işik Taner Y, Güney E, İseri E. Osmotic Release Oral System-Methylphenidate Hydrochloride (OROS-MPH) versus atomoxetine on executive function improvement and clinical effectiveness in ADHD: A randomized controlled trial. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2020; 11:567-578. [PMID: 32757634 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1796667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study to compare the clinic efficacy and effects of osmotic release oral system-methylphenidate and atomoxetine on executive function in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by a open-label, prospective, randomized controlled trial. METHODS The study was performed by 95 cases between ages 6 and 12 years who were diagnosed as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and also 40 control individuals. In this study, Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) was used in order to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment. Executive functions were assessed by the performance-based neuropsychological tests and ecological behavioral rating scales. Stroop test, cancellation test, and serial digit learning test were applied to performance based neuropsychological tests. Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function tests (BRIEFs) were used as behavioral assessment scales. RESULTS Among the ADHD groups, a reduction of over 40% in the CTRS subtest scores used to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment was considered to be an improvement, and no significant difference was found for both drugs. Both Osmotic Release Oral System-Methylphenidate Hydrochloride (OROS-MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX) significantly improved scores in neuropsychological tests. CONCLUSION Atomoxetine and OROS-MPH treatments have shown similar efficacy in clinical recovery and improvement on executive functions. However, disturbances in executive functions observed in children with ADHD are persistent despite treatment, when compared with the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Taş Torun
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemen Işik Taner
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Güney
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elvan İseri
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gazi University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey
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Jernelöv S, Larsson Y, Llenas M, Nasri B, Kaldo V. Effects and clinical feasibility of a behavioral treatment for sleep problems in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a pragmatic within-group pilot evaluation. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:226. [PMID: 31340804 PMCID: PMC6657040 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances, including insomnia, are common in adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Treatment of choice for insomnia is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT-i), but evidence is lacking for CBT-i in patients with ADHD. The purpose of this study was to investigate if patients with insomnia and other sleep problems, at a specialist clinic for ADHD, benefit from a group delivered behavioral treatment based on CBT-i; whether insomnia severity improves following this treatment. METHODS This pragmatic within-group pilot study with a pre to post and three-month follow-up design was set at a specialist psychiatric out-patient clinic for adult ADHD. As an adjunct to care-as-usual at the clinic, a CBT-i-based group treatment targeting several sleep problems prevalent in the ADHD-population, was offered as 10 weekly 90-min group sessions and scheduled telephone support. All outcome measures were subjectively reported by participants. Data analyzed with dependent t-tests according to intent-to-treat. RESULTS Nineteen patients (37 [SD 13.7] years; 68% female) with ADHD and subjectively reported sleep problems provided informed consent and pre-treatment measures. Patients had suffered from sleep problems for 15.3 [SD 13.4] years, 42% used sleep medications, 79% used stimulant medication(s). At post-treatment, insomnia severity (Insomnia Severity Index; score range 0-28) had improved with 4.5 points (95% CI, 2.06-6.99, p = .002), at 3 months with 6.8 points (95% CI, 4.71-8.91, p < .0001) from pre-treatment. CONCLUSIONS CBT-i adjusted for ADHD is promising for improving insomnia severity in adult patients at specialist psychiatric out-patient clinics, who suffer from ADHD and sleep disturbances. TRIAL REGISTRATION Study registered with the Regional ethical review board in Stockholm, January 13th 2016, Study id: 2015/2078-31/1. Study registered retrospectively with Clinicaltrials.org, February 21st 2019, ID: NCT03852966.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Jernelöv
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ylva Larsson
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Milagros Llenas
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Berkeh Nasri
- 0000 0004 0442 1056grid.467087.aCentre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Viktor Kaldo
- 0000 0004 0442 1056grid.467087.aCentre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden ,0000 0001 2174 3522grid.8148.5Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden
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16
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Huang F, Tang YL, Zhao M, Wang Y, Pan M, Wang Y, Qian Q. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD: A Randomized Clinical Trial in China. J Atten Disord 2019; 23:1035-1046. [PMID: 28866911 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717725874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for adult ADHD, and booster sessions may improve long-term outcome. This study was designed to investigate the effects of group CBT and its booster sessions for Chinese adult patients with ADHD. METHOD There were CBT only group ( n = 43), CBT +booster group ( n = 43), and control group with patients on the waiting list ( n = 22). The primary outcome was the score of the ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Secondary outcomes included emotion, executive function (EF), impulsivity, self-esteem, and life quality at 12th and 24th week. RESULTS At 12th week, the score of ADHD-RS, EF, and impulsivity showed significant improvement in CBT +booster group comparing with control group. At 24th week, differences between CBT only group and CBT +booster group were not significant. CONCLUSION CBT was effective for Chinese adult patients with ADHD. Booster sessions do not appear to provide additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Lang Tang
- 3 Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,4 Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Mengjie Zhao
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Wang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Meirong Pan
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
| | - Qiujin Qian
- 1 Peking University Sixth Hospital/Institute of Mental Health, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China.,2 Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health(Peking University), Beijing, China
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Detection of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with cognitive complaint: Experience of a French memory center. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2019; 175:358-366. [PMID: 31056192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental mental disorder. It can persist in adulthood and be expressed as a cognitive complaint. METHODS We conducted a descriptive study in a French memory center concerning patients seen over a period of two years. All patients for whom the final diagnosis was ADHD were included. All patients benefited from standard neuropsychological tests and a psychiatric specific consultation. RESULTS Thirteen patients were included with an average age of 50.2±19 years. Main complaints related to memory, attention, focusing and organizational functioning. These difficulties had negative social, professional and academic consequences. ADHD history in descendants was noted in 46% of patients. More than 20% of subjects had motor, verbal or mental restlessness. Neuropsychological assessment highlighted impaired performances in executive functions (38%), sustained attention (67%), divided attention (45%), working memory (46%) and information processing speed (75%). A psychiatric history or comorbidities were present in 85% of patients, mostly of the anxio-depressive type. The more prevalent presentations of ADHD were the combined (38%) and inattentive (38%) types. DISCUSSION Adult ADHD can masquerade as a cognitive impairment, including a stable cognitive complaint from infancy to old age. Inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive symptoms change with time and become more internalized (such as concentration difficulties or mental restlessness). No neuropsychological pattern has been reported but fluctuating deficits in sustained, divided attention, working memory and information processing speed are frequently observed in adult ADHD. A specific psychiatric expertise is essential in diagnosis and care for ADHD and its commonly associated psychiatric comorbidities.
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Memória CM, Muela HCS, Moraes NC, Costa-Hong VA, Machado MF, Nitrini R, Bortolotto LA, Yassuda MS. Applicability of the Test of Variables of Attention - T.O.V.A in Brazilian adults. Dement Neuropsychol 2018; 12:394-401. [PMID: 30546850 PMCID: PMC6289477 DOI: 10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-040009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The functioning of attention is complex, a primordial function in several cognitive processes and of great interest to neuropsychology. The Test of Variables of Attention (T.O.V.A) is a continuous computerized performance test that evaluates some attention components such as response time to a stimulus and errors due to inattention and impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia M Memória
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique C S Muela
- Heart Institute (Incor), Hypertension Unit, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Agostinho Neto University, Luanda, Angola
| | - Natália C Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Valéria A Costa-Hong
- Heart Institute (Incor), Hypertension Unit, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Michel F Machado
- Heart Institute (Incor), Hypertension Unit, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Nitrini
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Bortolotto
- Heart Institute (Incor), Hypertension Unit, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica S Yassuda
- Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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19
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Chutko LS, Surushkina SY, Yakovenko EA, Anisimova TI, Antokhin EY, Kryukova EY. Cognitive control impairment in adult with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:31-35. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811812131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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The Problem with Online Data Collection: Predicting Invalid Responding in Undergraduate Samples. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Chutko LS, Surushkina SY, Yakovenko EA, Kropotov YD, Sergeev AV. [Diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017. [PMID: 28638024 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2017117519-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To qualify cognitive impairment in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and evaluate the efficacy of memoplant in the treatment of this pathology. MATERIAL AND METHODS The authors present the results of the clinical, psychological and electroencephalographic examination of 40 patients with ADHD, aged from 18 to 45 years. All patients received memoplant in dose of 240 mg a day for 8 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Adult patients with ADHD were characterized by both subjective and objective disorders of memory and attention. The results of the electroencephalographic study suggested the dysfunction of the frontal-thalamic regulatory system and the lack of non-specific activation of the reticular formation. After treatment, clinical improvement was observed in 24 patients (60.0%). Repeated psychological and neuropsychological examinations showed a reduction of inattention and improvement of memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Chutko
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Yu Surushkina
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E A Yakovenko
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yu D Kropotov
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - A V Sergeev
- Bekhterev Institute of Human Brain Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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22
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King AR, Breen CM, Russell TD, Nerpel BP, Pogalz CR. Self-reported executive functioning competencies and lifetime aggression. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2017; 25:400-409. [PMID: 28481122 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2017.1320555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropsychological research can be advanced through a better understanding of relationships between executive functioning (EF) behavioral competencies and the expression of aggressive behavior. While performance-based EF measures have been widely examined, links between self-report indices and practical real-life outcomes have not yet been established. Executive Functioning Index subscale scores in this sample (N = 579) were linked to trait hostility (Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire), aggression in the natural environment (Lifetime Acts of Violence Assessment), and conduct disorder symptoms prior to age 15. Significant associations were found between all of the EFI subscales (Motivational Drive, Organization, Strategic Planning, Impulse Control, and Empathy), trait aggression, and conduct disturbance. Lifetime acts of aggression were predicted by all but Organization scores. Physical injuries inflicted on other(s) were 2 to 4 times more likely to occur among respondents generating low (z < -1) EFI subscale scores. While these EFI relationships were modest in size, they are pervasive in scope. These findings provide support for the potential role of perceived EF deficits in moderating lifetime aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R King
- a Psychology Department , University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , North Dakota
| | - Cody M Breen
- a Psychology Department , University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , North Dakota
| | - Tiffany D Russell
- a Psychology Department , University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , North Dakota
| | - Brady P Nerpel
- a Psychology Department , University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , North Dakota
| | - Colton R Pogalz
- a Psychology Department , University of North Dakota , Grand Forks , North Dakota
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23
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Aranha VP, Moitra M, Saxena S, Narkeesh K, Arumugam N, Samuel AJ. Motor cognitive processing speed estimation among the primary schoolchildren by deriving prediction formula: A cross-sectional study. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2017; 8:79-83. [PMID: 28149087 PMCID: PMC5225729 DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.193544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Motor cognitive processing speed (MCPS) is often reported in terms of reaction time. In spite of being a significant indicator of function, behavior, and performance, MCPS is rarely used in clinics and schools to identify kids with slowed motor cognitive processing. The reason behind this is the lack of availability of convenient formula to estimate MCPS. Thereby, the aim of this study is to estimate the MCPS in the primary schoolchildren. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and four primary schoolchildren, aged 6-12 years, were recruited by the cluster sampling method for this cross-sectional study. MCPS was estimated by the ruler drop method (RDM). By this method, a metallic stainless steel ruler was suspended vertically such that 5 cm graduation of the lower was aligned between the web space of the child's hand, and the child was asked to catch the moving ruler as quickly as possible, once released from the examiner's hand. Distance the ruler traveled was recorded and converted into time, which is the MCPS. Multiple regression analysis of variables was performed to determine the influence of independent variables on MCPS. RESULTS Mean MCPS of the entire sample of 204 primary schoolchildren is 230.01 ms ± 26.5 standard deviation (95% confidence interval; 226.4-233.7 ms) that ranged from 162.9 to 321.6 ms. By stepwise regression analysis, we derived the regression equation, MCPS (ms) = 279.625-5.495 × age, with 41.3% (R = 0.413) predictability and 17.1% (R2 = 0.171 and adjusted R2 = 0.166) variability. CONCLUSION MCPS prediction formula through RDM in the primary schoolchildren has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vencita Priyanka Aranha
- Department of Pediatric Physiotherapy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Monika Moitra
- Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Department of Graduate Studies, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kanimozhi Narkeesh
- Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Mullana, Haryana, India
| | - Narkeesh Arumugam
- Department of Physiotherapy, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Asir John Samuel
- Department of Pediatric Physiotherapy, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Mullana, Haryana, India
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24
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Aranha VP, Saxena S, Moitra M, Narkeesh K, Arumugam N, Samuel AJ. Reaction time norms as measured by ruler drop method in school-going South Asian children: A cross-sectional study. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2016; 68:63-68. [PMID: 28011080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate normative range for reaction time using ruler drop method for school-going South Asian children between 6 and 12 years of age. A cross-sectional study was used to evaluate the reaction time for 204 children. Normal values for each age group were obtained. The results of multiple linear regressions showed a decrease in the reaction time values with age, and a significant change occurring between six and eight years of age. No difference in reaction time was obtained between boys and girls. Ruler drop method is an easy to use test and the results of this study provide a normative data for age groups 6-12 years ranging from 214.2ms to 248.8ms. These values can serve as a reference to screen children with delayed reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Aranha
- Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana 133207, Haryana, India
| | - S Saxena
- Department of Graduate studies, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - M Moitra
- Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana 133207, Haryana, India
| | - K Narkeesh
- Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana 133207, Haryana, India
| | - N Arumugam
- Department of Physiotherapy, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India
| | - A J Samuel
- Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana 133207, Haryana, India.
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ERP Correlates of Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control in Treatment-Naïve Adult ADHD. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159833. [PMID: 27448275 PMCID: PMC4957760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether treatment naïve adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; n = 33; 19 female) differed from healthy controls (n = 31; 17 female) in behavioral performance, event-related potential (ERP) indices of preparatory attention (CueP3 and late CNV), and reactive response control (Go P3, NoGo N2, and NoGo P3) derived from a visual cued Go/NoGo task. On several critical measures, Cue P3, late CNV, and NoGo N2, there were no significant differences between the groups. This indicated normal preparatory processes and conflict monitoring in ADHD patients. However, the patients had attenuated Go P3 and NoGoP3 amplitudes relative to controls, suggesting reduced allocation of attentional resources to processes involved in response control. The patients also had a higher rate of Go signal omission errors, but no other performance decrements compared with controls. Reduced Go P3 and NoGo P3 amplitudes were associated with poorer task performance, particularly in the ADHD group. Notably, the ERPs were not associated with self-reported mood or anxiety. The results provide electrophysiological evidence for reduced effortful engagement of attentional resources to both Go and NoGo signals when reactive response control is needed. The absence of group differences in ERP components indexing proactive control points to impairments in specific aspects of cognitive processes in an untreated adult ADHD cohort. The associations between ERPs and task performance provided additional support for the altered electrophysiological responses.
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26
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Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Adult Version in Patients with Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Conditions: Symptom Levels and Relationship to Emotional Distress. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2016; 22:682-94. [PMID: 27126218 DOI: 10.1017/s135561771600031x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study explored the level of self-and informant reported executive functioning in daily living using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A) in a large sample comprising healthy adults and patient cohorts with neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. The relationship to neuropsychological test performance and self-reported emotional distress was explored, as well as the applicability of U.S. normative data. METHODS Scores on the self- and informant reported BRIEF-A are presented, along with scores on standardized cognitive tests, and on rating scales of self-reported emotional distress in a Norwegian healthy comparison group (n=115), patients with severe traumatic brain injury (n=125), focal frontal lobe damage (n=29), focal cerebellar lesion (n=24), Parkinson's disease (n=42), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n=34), type II bipolar disorder (n=21), and borderline personality disorder (n=18). RESULTS Strong associations were observed between the BRIEF-A and emotional distress in both the healthy group and in neurological groups, while no or weak relationships with IQ and performance-based tests of executive function were seen. The relationship between BRIEF-A and emotional distress was weaker in the neuropsychiatric patient groups, despite high symptom load in both domains. Healthy participants tended to have BRIEF-A scores 1/2-3/4 SD below the U.S. normative mean of T score=50. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates the need to interpret BRIEF-A results within a broad differential diagnostic context, where measures of psychological distress are included in addition to neuropsychological tests. Uncertainty about the appropriateness of U.S. normative data in non-U.S. countries adds to the need for interpretive caution. (JINS, 2016, 22, 682-694).
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Mostert JC, Onnink AMH, Klein M, Dammers J, Harneit A, Schulten T, van Hulzen KJE, Kan CC, Slaats-Willemse D, Buitelaar JK, Franke B, Hoogman M. Cognitive heterogeneity in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic analysis of neuropsychological measurements. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:2062-2074. [PMID: 26336867 PMCID: PMC4788979 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in childhood is associated with impaired functioning in multiple cognitive domains: executive functioning (EF), reward and timing. Similar impairments have been described for adults with persistent ADHD, but an extensive investigation of neuropsychological functioning in a large sample of adult patients is currently lacking. We systematically examined neuropsychological performance on tasks measuring EF, delay discounting, time estimation and response variability using univariate ANCOVA's comparing patients with persistent ADHD (N=133, 42% male, mean age 36) and healthy adults (N=132, 40% male, mean age 36). In addition, we tested which combination of variables provided the highest accuracy in predicting ADHD diagnosis. We also estimated for each individual the severity of neuropsychological dysfunctioning. Lastly, we investigated potential effects of stimulant medication and a history of comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) on performance. Compared to healthy adults, patients with ADHD showed impaired EF, were more impulsive, and more variable in responding. However, effect sizes were small to moderate (range: 0.05-0.70) and 11% of patients did not show neuropsychological dysfunctioning. The best fitting model predicting ADHD included measures from distinct cognitive domains (82.1% specificity, 64.9% sensitivity). Furthermore, patients receiving stimulant medication or with a history of MDD were not distinctively impaired. To conclude, while adults with ADHD as a group are impaired on several cognitive domains, the results confirm that adult ADHD is neuropsychologically heterogeneous. This provides a starting point to investigate individual differences in terms of impaired cognitive pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette C Mostert
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Marten H Onnink
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Dammers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anais Harneit
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theresa Schulten
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimm J E van Hulzen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis C Kan
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Hoogman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Nindl BC, Jaffin DP, Dretsch MN, Cheuvront SN, Wesensten NJ, Kent ML, Grunberg NE, Pierce JR, Barry ES, Scott JM, Young AJ, O'Connor FG, Deuster PA. Human Performance Optimization Metrics. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29 Suppl 11:S221-45. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Self-Reported Executive Functioning in Everyday Life in Parkinson's Disease after Three Months of Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2015; 2015:461453. [PMID: 26167329 PMCID: PMC4488583 DOI: 10.1155/2015/461453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective. Studies on the effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on executive functioning in Parkinson's disease (PD) are still controversial. In this study we compared self-reported daily executive functioning in PD patients before and after three months of STN-DBS. We also examined whether executive functioning in everyday life was associated with motor symptoms, apathy, and psychiatric symptoms. Method. 40 PD patients were examined with the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version (BRIEF-A), the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R), and the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-S). Results. PD patients reported significant improvement in daily life executive functioning after 3 months of STN-DBS. Anxiety scores significantly declined, while other psychiatric symptoms remained unchanged. The improvement of self-reported executive functioning did not correlate with motor improvement after STN-DBS. Apathy scores remained unchanged after surgery. Only preoperative depressed mood had predictive value to the improvement of executive function and appears to prevent potentially favorable outcomes from STN-DBS on some aspects of executive function. Conclusion. PD patients being screened for STN-DBS surgery should be evaluated with regard to self-reported executive functioning. Depressive symptoms in presurgical PD patients should be treated. Complementary information about daily life executive functioning in PD patients might enhance further treatment planning of STN-DBS.
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