1
|
Feng M, Augstein F, Kareem A, Melnyk CW. Plant grafting: Molecular mechanisms and applications. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:75-91. [PMID: 38102831 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
People have grafted plants since antiquity for propagation, to increase yields, and to improve stress tolerance. This cutting and joining of tissues activates an incredible regenerative ability as different plants fuse and grow as one. For over a hundred years, people have studied the scientific basis for how plants graft. Today, new techniques and a deepening knowledge of the molecular basis for graft formation have allowed a range of previously ungraftable combinations to emerge. Here, we review recent developments in our understanding of graft formation, including the attachment and vascular formation steps. We analyze why plants graft and how biotic and abiotic factors influence successful grafting. We also discuss the ability and inability of plants to graft, and how grafting has transformed both horticulture and fundamental plant science. As our knowledge about plant grafting improves, new combinations and techniques will emerge to allow an expanded use of grafting for horticultural applications and to address fundamental research questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Feng
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frauke Augstein
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Abdul Kareem
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas allé 5, 756 51 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tejada-Alvarado JJ, Meléndez-Mori JB, Vilca-Valqui NC, Neri JC, Ayala-Tocto RY, Huaman-Huaman E, Gill ERA, Oliva M, Goñas M. Impact of wild solanaceae rootstocks on morphological and physiological response, yield, and fruit quality of tomato (S olanum lycopersicum L.) grown under deficit irrigation conditions. Heliyon 2022; 9:e12755. [PMID: 36685469 PMCID: PMC9849928 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been established that climate change has a direct impact on water availability, an essential resource for agricultural development. As a result, controlling, mitigating, and adapting to water deficit requires the advancement of research on promising wild flora species. As recent studies have shown, wild relatives of certain cultivars are tolerant to adverse factors, enabling the development of sustainable and resilient agriculture. The present study evaluated the morpho-physiology and productivity of tomato scions grafted on wild Solanaceae (Datura stramonium, Solanum sisymbriifolium, Solanum quitoense, and Cyphomandra betacea) grown under water deficit conditions (100% ETc - high level, 75% ETc - moderate level, 50% ETc - medium level, and 25% ETc - low level). The results showed that tomato plants grafted on Datura stramonium rootstocks performed better morpho-physiologically under deficit irrigation. The improved osmoregulation caused by a higher relative water content (98.49%) allowed the scion to be more tolerant to water stress. In addition, these scions showed high water potential during their phenological stages (vegetative -0.47 MPa, flowering -0.59 MPa, and production -0.64 MPa), as well as improved photosynthetic efficiency. The overall tolerance of the scion resulted in better yield (8.14 kg/plant) with higher number of commercially valuable fruits. The D. stramonium rootstock allowed better management and use of irrigation water, increasing productivity (54.95 kg/m3); that is, it is presented as a species with potential for establishing tomato production areas in scenarios of water scarcity or cultivation under deficit irrigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Jesús Tejada-Alvarado
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Jegnes Benjamín Meléndez-Mori
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru,Corresponding author.
| | - Nuri Carito Vilca-Valqui
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Juan C. Neri
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Rosmery Y. Ayala-Tocto
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Eyner Huaman-Huaman
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Elizabeth Renee Ambler Gill
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru,College of Life Sciences and Agriculture COLSA, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Manuel Oliva
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Malluri Goñas
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Changes in the Platycodin Content and Physiological Characteristics during the Fruiting Stage of Platycodon grandiflorum under Drought Stress. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14106285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are affected by drought stress, mainly reflected in the growth process and secondary metabolite synthesis. Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. The yield of Platycodon grandiflorum cannot meet the market demand, while its yield and quality are limited by the plant growth conditions. We assessed relevant indicators of growth during the fruiting stage of Platycodon grandiflorum under drought stress. The results showed that the fresh root weight (FW), photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were significantly reduced after withholding water (AW), but total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) activities and the contents of soluble protein (SP), proline (PRO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased. The contents of platycodin D (PD) and platycodin D3 (PD3) did not change obviously after withholding water (AW), but in the autumn period, the values increased by 8.95% and 11.67%, respectively. The content of total platycodin increased significantly under drought stress, during the after rewatering (AR) and in the autumn period. The different physiological stress indicators exhibited strong correlations, had synergistic effects of mutual promotion and restriction, and responded to changes in the soil water content. These results suggest that during the fruiting stage, Platycodon grandiflorum encounters drought stress and may resist oxidative damage by increasing protective enzyme activity and osmoregulatory materials to ensure normal plant growth. According to the effect of drought stress on dry weight, the yield of Platycodon grandiflorum was not affected by drought stress, but the total platycodin content in Platycodon grandiflorum roots increased significantly. Therefore, in agricultural production, short-term drought stress should be conducted in the fruiting stage of Platycodon grandiflorum, which can both guarantee the yield and improve the quality of medicinal materials.
Collapse
|
4
|
Khalid MF, Hussain S, Anjum MA, Morillon R, Ahmad S, Ejaz S, Hussain M, Jaafar HZE, Alrashood ST, Ormenisan AN. Physiological and biochemical responses of Kinnow mandarin grafted on diploid and tetraploid Volkamer lemon rootstocks under different water-deficit regimes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247558. [PMID: 33831006 PMCID: PMC8031453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Water shortage is among the major abiotic stresses that restrict growth and productivity of citrus. The existing literature indicates that tetraploid rootstocks had better water-deficit tolerance than corresponding diploids. However, the associated tolerance mechanisms such as antioxidant defence and nutrient uptake are less explored. Therefore, we evaluated physiological and biochemical responses (antioxidant defence, osmotic adjustments and nutrient uptake) of diploid (2x) and tetraploid (4x) volkamer lemon (VM) rootstocks grafted with kinnow mandarin (KM) under two water-deficit regimes. The KM/4xVM (VM4) and KM/2xVM (VM2) observed decrease in photosynthetic variables, i.e., photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration rate (E), leaf greenness (SPAD), dark adopted chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), dark adopted chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv´/Fm´), relative water contents (RWC) and leaf surface area (LSA), and increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under both water-deficit regimes. Moreover, oxidative stress indicators, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide, and activities of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APx), glutathione reductase (GR) were increased under both water-deficit regimes. Nonetheless, increase was noted in osmoprotectants such as proline (PRO) and glycine betaine (GB) and other biochemical compounds, including antioxidant capacity (AC), total phenolic content (TPC) and total soluble protein (TSP) in VM2 and VM4 under both water-deficit regimes. Dry biomass (DB) of both rootstocks was decreased under each water-deficit condition. Interestingly, VM4 showed higher and significant increase in antioxidant enzymes, osmoprotectants and other biochemical compounds, while VM2 exhibited higher values for oxidative stress indicators. Overall, results indicated that VM4 better tolerated water-deficit stress by maintaining photosynthetic variables associated with strong antioxidant defence machinery as compared to VM2. However, nutrient uptake was not differed among tested water-deficit conditions and rootstocks. The results conclude that VM4 can better tolerate water-deficit than VM2. Therefore, VM4 can be used as rootstock in areas of high-water deficiency for better citrus productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fasih Khalid
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hussain
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akbar Anjum
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Raphael Morillon
- Equipe “Structure Evolutive des Agrumes, Polyploidie et Amelioration Genetique, SEAPAG- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shaghef Ejaz
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Horticulture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mubshar Hussain
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hawa Z. E. Jaafar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sara T. Alrashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexe Nicolae Ormenisan
- Department of Food and Tourism Engineering and Management, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang L, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, Cheng L, Han M, Ren Y, Yang L. Effects of drought-re-watering-drought on the photosynthesis physiology and secondary metabolite production of Bupleurum chinense DC. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1181-1197. [PMID: 31165250 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Drastic changes in soil water content can activate the short-term high expression of key enzyme-encoding genes involved in secondary metabolite synthesis thereby increasing the content of secondary metabolites. Bupleurum chinense DC. is a traditional medicinal herb that is famous for its abundant saikosaponins. In the current study, the effects of drought-re-watering-drought on the photosynthesis physiology and biosynthesis of saikosaponins were investigated in 1-year-old B. chinense. The results showed that alterations in soil moisture altered the photosynthesis physiological process of B. chinense. The dry weight and fresh weight of the roots, photosynthesis capacity, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and SOD, POD and CAT activities were significantly reduced, and the contents of SP, soluble sugars, PRO and MDA increased. There were strong correlations between different physiological stress indices. All indices promoted and restricted each other, responded to soil moisture changes synergistically, maintained plant homeostasis and guaranteed normal biological activities. It was found that RW and RD_1 were the key stages of the water-control experiment affecting the expression of saikosaponin-related genes. At these two stages, the expression of multiple genes was affected by changes in soil moisture, with their expression levels reaching several-fold higher than those at the previous stage. We noticed that the expression of saikosaponin synthesis genes (which were rapidly upregulated at the RW and RD_1 stages) did not coincide with the rapid accumulation of saikosaponins (at the RD-2 stage), which were found to correspond to each other at the later stages of the water-control experiment. This finding indicates that there is a time lag between gene expression and the final product synthesis. Rapid changes in the external environment (RW to RD_1) have a short-term promoting effect on gene expression. This study reveals that short-term stress regulation may be an effective way to improve the quality of medicinal materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yang
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Han
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueying Ren
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Limin Yang
- Cultivation Base of State Key Laboratory for Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management of Jilin Province, Ministry of Science and Technology, College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gaion LA, Braz LT, Carvalho RF. Grafting in Vegetable Crops: A Great Technique for Agriculture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19315260.2017.1357062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Aparecido Gaion
- Department of Biology Applied to Agriculture, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Leila Trevisan Braz
- Department of Crop Production, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar P, Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Colla G. Vegetable Grafting as a Tool to Improve Drought Resistance and Water Use Efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1130. [PMID: 28713405 PMCID: PMC5492162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the most prevalent limiting factors causing considerable losses in crop productivity, inflicting economic as well as nutritional insecurity. One of the greatest challenges faced by the scientific community in the next few years is to minimize the yield losses caused by drought. Drought resistance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes. Thus, introgression of drought resistance traits into high yielding genotypes has been a challenge to plant breeders. Vegetable grafting using rootstocks has emerged as a rapid tool in tailoring plants to better adapt to suboptimal growing conditions. This has induced changes in shoot physiology. Grafting applications have expanded mainly in Solanaceous crops and cucurbits, which are commonly grown in arid and semi-arid areas characterized by long drought periods. The current review gives an overview of the recent scientific literature on root-shoot interaction and rootstock-driven alteration of growth, yield, and fruit quality in grafted vegetable plants under drought stress. Further, we elucidate the drought resistance mechanisms of grafted vegetables at the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Central Arid Zone Research Institute (ICAR),Jodhpur, India
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Cardarelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e AmbienteRome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University of TusciaViterbo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Colla,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Iovieno P, Punzo P, Guida G, Mistretta C, Van Oosten MJ, Nurcato R, Bostan H, Colantuono C, Costa A, Bagnaresi P, Chiusano ML, Albrizio R, Giorio P, Batelli G, Grillo S. Transcriptomic Changes Drive Physiological Responses to Progressive Drought Stress and Rehydration in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:371. [PMID: 27066027 PMCID: PMC4814702 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tomato is a major crop in the Mediterranean basin, where the cultivation in the open field is often vulnerable to drought. In order to adapt and survive to naturally occurring cycles of drought stress and recovery, plants employ a coordinated array of physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses. Transcriptomic studies on tomato responses to drought and subsequent recovery are few in number. As the search for novel traits to improve the genetic tolerance to drought increases, a better understanding of these responses is required. To address this need we designed a study in which we induced two cycles of prolonged drought stress and a single recovery by rewatering in tomato. In order to dissect the complexity of plant responses to drought, we analyzed the physiological responses (stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation, and chlorophyll fluorescence), abscisic acid (ABA), and proline contents. In addition to the physiological and metabolite assays, we generated transcriptomes for multiple points during the stress and recovery cycles. Cluster analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the conditions has revealed potential novel components in stress response. The observed reduction in leaf gas exchanges and efficiency of the photosystem PSII was concomitant with a general down-regulation of genes belonging to the photosynthesis, light harvesting, and photosystem I and II category induced by drought stress. Gene ontology (GO) categories such as cell proliferation and cell cycle were also significantly enriched in the down-regulated fraction of genes upon drought stress, which may contribute to explain the observed growth reduction. Several histone variants were also repressed during drought stress, indicating that chromatin associated processes are also affected by drought. As expected, ABA accumulated after prolonged water deficit, driving the observed enrichment of stress related GOs in the up-regulated gene fractions, which included transcripts putatively involved in stomatal movements. This transcriptomic study has yielded promising candidate genes that merit further functional studies to confirm their involvement in drought tolerance and recovery. Together, our results contribute to a better understanding of the coordinated responses taking place under drought stress and recovery in adult plants of tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Iovieno
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division Portici (CNR-IBBR) Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Punzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division Portici (CNR-IBBR) Portici, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Guida
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFoM) Ercolano, Italy
| | - Carmela Mistretta
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFoM) Ercolano, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Nurcato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division Portici (CNR-IBBR) Portici, Italy
| | - Hamed Bostan
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II," Portici, Italy
| | - Chiara Colantuono
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II," Portici, Italy
| | - Antonello Costa
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division Portici (CNR-IBBR) Portici, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- CREA - Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Genomics Research Centre Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Maria L Chiusano
- Department of Agriculture, University of Naples "Federico II," Portici, Italy
| | - Rossella Albrizio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFoM) Ercolano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Giorio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (CNR-ISAFoM) Ercolano, Italy
| | - Giorgia Batelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division Portici (CNR-IBBR) Portici, Italy
| | - Stefania Grillo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division Portici (CNR-IBBR) Portici, Italy
| |
Collapse
|