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Yang N, Hellevik T, Berzaghi R, Martinez‐Zubiaurre I. Radiation-induced effects on TGF-β and PDGF receptor signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2018. [PMID: 38488488 PMCID: PMC10941573 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) consist of heterogeneous connective tissue cells and are often constituting the most abundant cell type in the tumor stroma. Radiation effects on tumor stromal components like CAFs in the context of radiation treatment is not well-described. AIM This study explores potential changes induced by ionizing radiation (IR) on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGFRs and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/TGFβRs signaling systems in CAFs. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments were carried out by employing primary cultures of human CAFs isolated from freshly resected non-small cell lung carcinoma tumor tissues. CAF cultures from nine donors were treated with one high (1 × 18 Gy) or three fractionated (3 × 6 Gy) radiation doses. Alterations in expression levels of TGFβRII and PDGFRα/β induced by IR were analyzed by western blots and flow cytometry. In the presence or absence of cognate ligands, receptor activation was studied in nonirradiated and irradiated CAFs. Radiation exposure did not exert changes in expression of PDGF or TGF-β receptors in CAFs. Additionally, IR alone was unable to trigger activation of either receptor. The radiation regimens tested did not affect PDGFRβ signaling in the presence of PDGF-BB. In contrast, signaling via pSmad2/3 and pSmad1/5/8 appeared to be down-regulated in irradiated CAFs after stimulation with TGF-β, as compared with controls. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that IR by itself is insufficient to induce measurable changes in PDGF or TGF-β receptor expression levels or to induce receptor activation in CAFs. However, in the presence of their respective ligands, exposure to radiation at certain doses appear to interfere with TGF-β receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Yang
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Turid Hellevik
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Hospital of North NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Rodrigo Berzaghi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Inigo Martinez‐Zubiaurre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health SciencesUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
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Martinez-Zubiaurre I, Hellevik T. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in radiotherapy: Bystanders or protagonists? Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:108. [PMID: 37170098 PMCID: PMC10173661 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary goal of radiotherapy (RT) is to induce cellular damage on malignant cells; however, it is becoming increasingly recognized the important role played by the tumor microenvironment (TME) in therapy outcomes. Therapeutic irradiation of tumor lesions provokes profound cellular and biological reconfigurations within the TME that ultimately may influence the fate of the therapy. MAIN CONTENT Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to participate in all stages of cancer progression and are increasingly acknowledged to contribute to therapy resistance. Accumulated evidence suggests that, upon radiation, fibroblasts/CAFs avoid cell death but instead enter a permanent senescent state, which in turn may influence the behavior of tumor cells and other components of the TME. Despite the proposed participation of senescent fibroblasts on tumor radioprotection, it is still incompletely understood the impact that RT has on CAFs and the ultimate role that irradiated CAFs have on therapy outcomes. Some of the current controversies may emerge from generalizing observations obtained using normal fibroblasts and CAFs, which are different cell entities that may respond differently to radiation exposure. CONCLUSION In this review we present current knowledge on the field of CAFs role in radiotherapy; we discuss the potential tumorigenic functions of radiation-induced senescent fibroblasts and CAFs and we make an effort to integrate the knowledge emerging from preclinical experimentation with observations from the clinics. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inigo Martinez-Zubiaurre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Postbox 6050, 9037, Langnes, Tromsö, Norway.
| | - Turid Hellevik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of North Norway, Postbox 100, 9038, Tromsö, Norway
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Lückerath K, Trajkovic-Arsic M, Mona CE. Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor Theranostics. PET Clin 2023:S1556-8598(23)00019-6. [PMID: 36990945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-radioligand therapy might be effective in some patients without being curative. FAP-radioligands deliver ionizing radiation directly to FAP+ cancer-associated fibroblasts and, in some cancers, to FAP+ tumor cells; in addition, they indirectly irradiate FAP- cells in tumor tissue via cross-fire and bystander effects. Here, we discuss the potential to improve FAP-radioligand therapy through interfering with DNA damage repair, immunotherapy, and co-targeting cancer-associated fibroblasts. As the molecular and cellular effects of FAP-radioligands on the tumor and its microenvironment have not been investigated yet, we call for future research to close this gap in knowledge, which prevents the development of more effective FAP-radioligand therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lückerath
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Marija Trajkovic-Arsic
- Division of Solid Tumor Translational Oncology, DKTK and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Partner Side Essen, Hufelandstrasse 15, 45147, Germany; Bridge Institute of Experimental Tumor Therapy, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christine E Mona
- Ahmanson Translational Theranostic Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E Young Drive S, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Hellevik T, Berzaghi R, Lode K, Islam A, Martinez-Zubiaurre I. Immunobiology of cancer-associated fibroblasts in the context of radiotherapy. J Transl Med 2021; 19:437. [PMID: 34663337 PMCID: PMC8524905 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) still represents a mainstay of treatment in clinical oncology. Traditionally, the effectiveness of radiotherapy has been attributed to the killing potential of ionizing radiation (IR) over malignant cells, however, it has become clear that therapeutic efficacy of RT also involves activation of innate and adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. Therapeutic irradiation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) provokes profound cellular and biological reconfigurations which ultimately may influence immune recognition. As one of the major constituents of the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play central roles in cancer development at all stages and are recognized contributors of tumor immune evasion. While some studies argue that RT affects CAFs negatively through growth arrest and impaired motility, others claim that exposure of fibroblasts to RT promotes their conversion into a more activated phenotype. Nevertheless, despite the well-described immunoregulatory functions assigned to CAFs, little is known about the interplay between CAFs and immune cells in the context of RT. In this review, we go over current literature on the effects of radiation on CAFs and the influence that CAFs have on radiotherapy outcomes, and we summarize present knowledge on the transformed cellular crosstalk between CAFs and immune cells after radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turid Hellevik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rodrigo Berzaghi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristin Lode
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ashraful Islam
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Inigo Martinez-Zubiaurre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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Biological consequences of cancer radiotherapy in the context of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Face Med 2021; 17:35. [PMID: 34446029 PMCID: PMC8390213 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-021-00286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 50% of subjects with cancer have been treated with ionizing radiation (IR) either as a curative, adjuvant, neoadjuvant or as a palliative agent, at some point during the clinical course of their disease. IR kills cancer cells directly by injuring their DNA, and indirectly by inducing immunogenic cell killing mediated by cytotoxic T cells; but it can also induce harmful biological responses to non-irradiated neighbouring cells (bystander effect) and to more distant cells (abscopal effect) outside the primary tumour field of irradiation.Although IR can upregulate anti-tumour immune reactions, it can also promote an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Consequently, radiotherapy by itself is seldom sufficient to generate an effective long lasting immune response that is capable to control growth of metastasis, recurrence of primary tumours and development of second primary cancers. Therefore, combining radiotherapy with the use of immunoadjuvants such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, can potentiate IR-mediated anti-tumour immune reactions, bringing about a synergic immunogenic cell killing effect.The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss some aspects of IR-induced biological responses, including factors that contributes to tumour radiosensitivity/radioresistance, immunogenic cell killing, and the abscopal effect.
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Domen A, Quatannens D, Zanivan S, Deben C, Van Audenaerde J, Smits E, Wouters A, Lardon F, Roeyen G, Verhoeven Y, Janssens A, Vandamme T, van Dam P, Peeters M, Prenen H. Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts as a Common Orchestrator of Therapy Resistance in Lung and Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:987. [PMID: 33673405 PMCID: PMC7956441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer arises from mutations accruing within cancer cells, but the tumor microenvironment (TME) is believed to be a major, often neglected, factor involved in therapy resistance and disease progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are prominent and key components of the TME in most types of solid tumors. Extensive research over the past decade revealed their ability to modulate cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor mechanics, immunosuppression, and drug access through synthesis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix and production of growth factors. Thus, they are considered to impede the response to current clinical cancer therapies. Therefore, targeting CAFs to counteract these protumorigenic effects, and overcome the resistance to current therapeutic options, is an appealing and emerging strategy. In this review, we discuss how CAFs affect prognosis and response to clinical therapy and provide an overview of novel therapies involving CAF-targeting agents in lung and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Domen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
- Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Delphine Quatannens
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK;
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH, UK
| | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Jonas Van Audenaerde
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Evelien Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Geert Roeyen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
- Department of Hepatobiliary Transplantation and Endocrine Surgery, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Yannick Verhoeven
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
| | - Annelies Janssens
- Department of Pulmonology & Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
| | - Timon Vandamme
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
- Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Peter van Dam
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
- Gynaecologic Oncology Unit, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
- Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, B2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.D.); (D.Q.); (C.D.); (J.V.A.); (E.S.); (A.W.); (F.L.); (G.R.); (Y.V.); (T.V.); (P.v.D.); (M.P.)
- Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
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Linares J, Marín-Jiménez JA, Badia-Ramentol J, Calon A. Determinants and Functions of CAFs Secretome During Cancer Progression and Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:621070. [PMID: 33553157 PMCID: PMC7862334 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.621070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence are indicating that cancer development and malignant progression are not exclusively epithelial cancer cell-autonomous processes but may also depend on crosstalk with the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are abundantly represented in the TME and are continuously interacting with cancer cells. CAFs are regulating key mechanisms during progression to metastasis and response to treatment by enhancing cancer cells survival and aggressiveness. The latest advances in CAFs biology are pointing to CAFs-secreted factors as druggable targets and companion tools for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Especially, extensive research conducted in the recent years has underscored the potential of several cytokines as actionable biomarkers that are currently evaluated in the clinical setting. In this review, we explore the current understanding of CAFs secretome determinants and functions to discuss their clinical implication in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenniffer Linares
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan A. Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) - L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Badia-Ramentol
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexandre Calon
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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Jarzebska N, Karetnikova ES, Markov AG, Kasper M, Rodionov RN, Spieth PM. Scarred Lung. An Update on Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:585756. [PMID: 33521012 PMCID: PMC7843914 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.585756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is a common severe long-time complication of radiation therapy for tumors of the thorax. Current therapeutic options used in the clinic include only supportive managements strategies, such as anti-inflammatory treatment using steroids, their efficacy, however, is far from being satisfactory. Recent studies have demonstrated that the development of lung fibrosis is a dynamic and complex process, involving the release of reactive oxygen species, activation of Toll-like receptors, recruitment of inflammatory cells, excessive production of nitric oxide and production of collagen by activated myofibroblasts. In this review we summarized the current state of knowledge on the pathophysiological processes leading to the development of lung fibrosis and we also discussed the possible treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Jarzebska
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Center for Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Alexander G. Markov
- Department of General Physiology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Kasper
- Institute of Anatomy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Roman N. Rodionov
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Center for Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Peter M. Spieth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Vitale I, Harrington KJ, Melero I, Galluzzi L. Immunological impact of cell death signaling driven by radiation on the tumor microenvironment. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:120-134. [PMID: 31873291 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic irradiation of the tumor microenvironment causes differential activation of pro-survival and pro-death pathways in malignant, stromal, endothelial and immune cells, hence causing a profound cellular and biological reconfiguration via multiple, non-redundant mechanisms. Such mechanisms include the selective elimination of particularly radiosensitive cell types and consequent loss of specific cellular functions, the local release of cytokines and danger signals by dying radiosensitive cells, and altered cytokine secretion by surviving radioresistant cells. Altogether, these processes create chemotactic and immunomodulatory cues for incoming and resident immune cells. Here we discuss how cytoprotective and cytotoxic signaling modules activated by radiation in specific cell populations reshape the immunological tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Esperanza Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Navarra Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ilio Vitale
- IIGM-Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, c/o IRCCS Candiolo, Turin, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Kevin J Harrington
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital/Institute of Cancer Research National Institute for Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Navarra Clinic, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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Shailender G, Patanla K, Malla RR. ShRNA-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-2 gene silencing protects normal cells and sensitizes cancer cells against ionizing-radiation induced damage. J Cell Biochem 2019; 121:1332-1352. [PMID: 31489968 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ionizing radiation (IR) affects healthy tissues during the treatment of cancer radiation therapy and other nuclear and radiological accidents. Some natural compounds showed nonspecific radioprotective activity with severe side effects. The present study is aimed to develop potent and specific radioprotective short hairpin RNA (shRNA), which selectively protects normal cells from IR by specifically targeting matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2). RESULTS IR reduced the viability of human normal dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) in a dose-response manner. It enhanced the expression of MMP-2 at 10 Gy. Plasmid MMP-2shRNA (pMMP-2) reduced the IR (10 Gy) induced cytotoxicity analyzed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, normalized IR induced cellular and morphological changes with enhanced the clonogenicity in 48 hours at 2 µg/mL. It reduced the ROS generation, released HDFs from G2 /M arrest and rescued from apoptosis analyzed by DCFDA dye, cell cycle analysis by PI stain and annexin V assay, respectively. pMMP-2 also modulates the expression of EGFR and reduced IR induced expression of DNA damage response protein, ATM and increased the expression of repair proteins, KU70/KU80, and RAD51. In addition, decreased the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK1) and Cyclin B as well as proapoptotic proteins BAX, caspase-3, and Cytochrome-C and increased the expression of survival protein, Bcl-2. In contrary pMMP-2 decreased the LDH activity, survival fraction and blocked G2 /M phase of cell cycle and increased apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. In addition, decreased the expression of EGFR, proapoptotic BAX and DNA repair proteins ATM, KU70/80 and RAD51, increased expression of cyclinB as well as CDK1. CONCLUSION Results conclude that pMMP-2 protected HDFs from IR and sensitized the MCF-7 cells. Therefore, pMMP-2 can be employed for better treatment of radiation accidents and during the treatment of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gugalavath Shailender
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Kiranmayi Patanla
- Department of Biotechnology, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Vishakhapatnam, India
| | - Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Vishakhapatnam, India
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Wang Z, Tang Y, Tan Y, Wei Q, Yu W. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in radiotherapy: challenges and new opportunities. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:47. [PMID: 31101063 PMCID: PMC6525365 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is one of the most important therapeutic strategies for treating cancer. For decades, studies concerning the outcomes of radiotherapy mainly focused on the biological effects of radiation on tumor cells. Recently, we have increasingly recognized that the complex cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are closely related to treatment outcomes. Main content As a critical component of the TME, fibroblasts participate in all stages of cancer progression. Fibroblasts are able to tolerate harsh extracellular environments, which are usually fatal to all other cells. They play pivotal roles in determining the treatment response to chemoradiotherapy. Radiotherapy activates the TME networks by inducing cycling hypoxia, modulating immune reaction, and promoting vascular regeneration, inflammation and fibrosis. While a number of studies claim that radiotherapy affects fibroblasts negatively through growth arrest and cell senescence, others argue that exposure to radiation can induce an activated phenotype in fibroblasts. These cells take an active part in constructing the tumor microenvironment by secreting cytokines and degradative enzymes. Current strategies that aim to inhibit activated fibroblasts mainly focus on four aspects: elimination, normalization, paracrine signaling blockade and extracellular matrix inhibition. This review will describe the direct cellular effects of radiotherapy on fibroblasts and the underlying genetic changes. We will also discuss the impact of fibroblasts on cancer cells during radiotherapy and the potential value of targeting fibroblasts to enhance the clinical outcome of radiotherapy. Conclusion This review provides good preliminary data to elucidate the biological roles of CAFs in radiotherapy and the clinical value of targeting CAFs as a supplementary treatment to conventional radiotherapy. Further studies to validate this strategy in more physiological models may be required before clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhuai Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China.,Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Yinuo Tan
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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12
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Martinez-Zubiaurre I, Chalmers AJ, Hellevik T. Radiation-Induced Transformation of Immunoregulatory Networks in the Tumor Stroma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1679. [PMID: 30105016 PMCID: PMC6077256 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of novel cancer immunotherapies in the form of immune checkpoint blockers represents a major advancement in the treatment of cancer, and has renewed enthusiasm for identifying new ways to induce antitumor immune responses in patients. Despite the proven efficacy of neutralizing antibodies that target immune checkpoints in some refractory cancers, many patients do not experience therapeutic benefit, possibly owing to a lack of antitumor immune recognition, or to the presence of dominant immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent developments in this field have revealed that local radiotherapy (RT) can transform tumors into in situ vaccines, and may help to overcome some of the barriers to tumor-specific immune rejection. RT has the potential to ignite tumor immune recognition by generating immunogenic signals and releasing neoantigens, but the multiple immunosuppressive forces in the TME continue to represent important barriers to successful tumor rejection. In this article, we review the radiation-induced changes in the stromal compartments of tumors that could have an impact on tumor immune attack. Since different RT regimens are known to mediate strikingly different effects on the multifarious elements of the tumor stroma, special emphasis is given to different RT schedules, and the time after treatment at which the effects are measured. A better understanding of TME remodeling following specific RT regimens and the window of opportunity offered by RT will enable optimization of the design of novel treatment combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inigo Martinez-Zubiaurre
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Turid Hellevik
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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13
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Abstract
With the development of radiotherapeutic oncology, computer technology and medical imaging technology, radiation therapy has made great progress. Research on the impact and the specific mechanism of radiation on tumors has become a central topic in cancer therapy. According to the traditional view, radiation can directly affect the structure of the DNA double helix, which in turn activates DNA damage sensors to induce apoptosis, necrosis, and aging or affects normal mitosis events and ultimately rewires various biological characteristics of neoplasm cells. In addition, irradiation damages subcellular structures, such as the cytoplasmic membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, mitochondria, and lysosome of cancer cells to regulate various biological activities of tumor cells. Recent studies have shown that radiation can also change the tumor cell phenotype, immunogenicity and microenvironment, thereby globally altering the biological behavior of cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the effects of therapeutic radiation on the biological features of tumor cells to provide a theoretical basis for combinational therapy and inaugurate a new era in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, RM6102, New Research Building, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, 100021, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, RM6102, New Research Building, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, 100021, Beijing, China.
| | - Hai-Li Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, RM6102, New Research Building, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, 100021, Beijing, China.
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14
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García-Mariscal A, Li H, Pedersen E, Peyrollier K, Ryan KM, Stanley A, Quondamatteo F, Brakebusch C. Loss of RhoA promotes skin tumor formation and invasion by upregulation of RhoB. Oncogene 2018; 37:847-860. [PMID: 29059167 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular movement is controlled by small GTPases, such as RhoA. Although migration is crucial for cancer cell invasion, the specific role of RhoA in tumor formation is unclear. Inducing skin tumors in mice with a keratinocyte-restricted loss of RhoA, we observed increased tumor frequency, growth and invasion. In vitro invasion assays revealed that in the absence of RhoA cell invasiveness is increased in a Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) activation and cell contraction-dependent manner. Surprisingly, loss of RhoA causes increased Rho signaling via overcompensation by RhoB because of reduced lysosomal degradation of RhoB in Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP)+ autophagosomes and endosomes. In the absence of RhoA, RhoB relocalized to the plasma membrane and functionally replaced RhoA with respect to invasion, clonogenic growth and survival. Our data demonstrate for the first time that RhoA is a tumor suppressor in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate skin carcinogenesis and identify Rho signaling dependent on RhoA and RhoB as a potent driver of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Mariscal
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Li
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - E Pedersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Peyrollier
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - A Stanley
- Skin and Extracellular Matrix Research Group, Anatomy, NUI, Galway, Ireland
| | - F Quondamatteo
- Skin and Extracellular Matrix Research Group, Anatomy, NUI, Galway, Ireland
| | - C Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Grinde MT, Vik J, Camilio KA, Martinez-Zubiaurre I, Hellevik T. Ionizing radiation abrogates the pro-tumorigenic capacity of cancer-associated fibroblasts co-implanted in xenografts. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46714. [PMID: 28440285 PMCID: PMC5404232 DOI: 10.1038/srep46714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are abundantly present in solid tumors and affect tumorigenesis and therapeutic responses. In the context of clinical radiotherapy, the impact of irradiated CAFs to treatment outcomes is largely unexplored. Aiming at improving radiotherapy efficacy, we have here explored the effect of radiation on the inherent pro-tumorigenic capacity of CAFs in animals. Ionizing radiation was delivered to cultured CAFs as single-high or fractionated doses. Tumor development was compared in mice receiving A549 lung tumor cells admixed with irradiated or control CAFs. Biological mechanisms behind tumor growth regulation were investigated by quantitative histology and immunohistochemistry. Viability assessments confirmed that irradiated CAFs are fully functional prior to implantation. However, the enhanced tumorigenic effect observed in tumors co-implanted with control CAFs was abrogated in tumors established with irradiated CAFs. Experiments to ascertain fate of implanted fibroblasts showed that exogenously administered CAFs reside at the implantation site for few days, suggesting that tumor growth regulation from admixed CAFs take place during initial tumor formation. Our work demonstrate that irradiated CAFs lose their pro-tumorigenic potential in vivo, affecting angiogenesis and tumor engraftment. This finding propose a previously unknown advantageous effect induced by radiotherapy, adding to the direct cytotoxic effects on transformed epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tunset Grinde
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Northern-Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Molecular &Clinical Inflammation Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jørg Vik
- Molecular &Clinical Inflammation Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Inigo Martinez-Zubiaurre
- Molecular &Clinical Inflammation Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Turid Hellevik
- Molecular &Clinical Inflammation Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Northern-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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