1
|
Borah P, Deka H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) accumulation in selected medicinal plants: a mini review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:36532-36550. [PMID: 38753233 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The use of plant-based products in healthcare systems has experienced a tremendous rise leading to a substantial increase in global demand. However, the quality and effectiveness of such plant-based treatments are often affected due to contamination of various pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Like other plants, medicinal plants also uptake and accumulate PAHs when exposed to a contaminated environment. The consumption of such medicinal plants and/or plant-based products causes negative effects on health rather than providing any therapeutic advantages. Unfortunately, research focusing on PAH accumulation in medicinal plants has received very limited attention. This review discusses a sizable number of literature regarding the concentration of sixteen priority PAH pollutants as recognised by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in different medicinal plants. The review also highlights the risk assessment of cancer associated with some medicinal plants in terms of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) equivalent concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Borah
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India
| | - Hemen Deka
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao H, Li X, Qu C, Gao M, Cheng H, Ni N, Yao S, Bian Y, Gu C, Jiang X, Song Y. Bioaccessibility and Toxicity Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Two Contaminated Sites. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 109:592-599. [PMID: 35635563 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous soil contaminants, and their bioaccessibility determines their environmental risks in contaminated land. In the present study, the residual concentrations of PAHs in the soils of two industrial sites were determined, and their bioaccessibility was estimated by the hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extraction (HPCD) extraction method. The results showed heavy PAH contamination at both site S1 (0.38-3342.5 mg kg-1) and site S2 (0.2-138.18 mg kg-1), of which high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4-, 5-, and 6-ring compounds) accounted for approximately 80%. The average bioaccessibility of PAHs at sites S1 and S2 was 52.02% and 29.28%, respectively. The bioaccessibility of certain PAH compounds decreased with increasing ring number of the molecule. Lower PAH bioaccessibility was detected in loamy and silty soil textures than in sandy soil. Moreover, among the soil properties, the dissolved organic matter, total organic carbon, total potassium, and total manganese concentrations had significant effects on the bioaccessibility of PAHs. The toxicity analysis showed that the composition and bioaccessibility of PAHs could affect their potential toxicity in soil. We suggest that bioaccessibility should be taken into consideration when assessing the toxicity of PAHs in soil, and more attention should be given to low-ring PAHs with high bioaccessibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Institute of Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, and School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Changsheng Qu
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Meng Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hu Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ni Ni
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China
| | - Shi Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongrong Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenggang Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Igwe OU, Nnaji JC, Izunwa MA, Friday C. Quantification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Some Heavy Metals in Two Leafy Vegetables Grown in Aba Metropolis. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1996408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. U. Igwe
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - J. C. Nnaji
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - M. A. Izunwa
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - C. Friday
- Department of Chemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kováts N, Hubai K, Diósi D, Hoffer A, Teke G. Foliar Uptake and Accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Diesel Emissions. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1977347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Kováts
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Katalin Hubai
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Dorina Diósi
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - András Hoffer
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Gábor Teke
- ELGOSCAR-2000 Environmental Technology and Water Management Ltd., Balatonfuzfo, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng X, Ding H, Xu X, Liang B, Liu X, Zhao D, Sun L. In situ phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated agricultural greenhouse soil using celery. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:3329-3337. [PMID: 32065052 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1727022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although celery has been established as an effective plant in the remediation of organic pollutant-contaminated soil, few studies have investigated the associated biological processes in rhizosphere and the effect of celery on agricultural field remediation in situ. In this study, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated agricultural greenhouse was used as the experimental site, and three celery species (Apium graveolens L., Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC., Libanotis seseloides (Fisch. & C.A. Mey. ex Turcz.) Turcz.) were applied for in situ remediation. After 90 days, the PAH dissipation rate of the L. seseloides treatment was highest (50.21%), and most of the PAHs were limited to its roots (translocation factor 0.516). This suggested that L. seseloides is a potential species for phytoremediation coupled with agro-production. The culturable microbial population and invertase activity results strongly supported that O. javanica is suitable for the establishment of exogenous bacteria-celery co-remediation techniques. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was highly significantly positively correlated with the PAH dissipation rate (r = 0.984, P < 0.01), and we suggest that PPO can be used as a microecological index during PAH remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehao Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-remediation, Shenyang University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Ding
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximeng Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Benqiang Liang
- Tianjin Water Engineering Co., LTD, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyi Liu
- Stecol Corporation, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-remediation, Shenyang University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo W, Zhang J, Sun Z, Orem WH, Tatu CA, Radulović NS, Milovanović D, Pavlović NM, Chan W. Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalate Esters in Soil and Food Grains from the Balkan Peninsula: Implication on DNA Adduct Formation by Aristolochic Acid I and Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9024-9032. [PMID: 34125507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy affecting residents of rural farming areas in many Balkan countries. Although it is generally believed that BEN is an environmental disease caused by multiple geochemical factors with much attention on aristolochic acids (AAs), its etiology remains controversial. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that environmental contamination and subsequent food contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalate esters are AA toxicity factors and important to BEN development. We identified significantly higher concentrations of phenanthrene, anthracene, diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) in both maize and wheat grain samples collected from endemic villages than from nonendemic villages. Other PAHs and phthalate esters were also detected at higher concentrations in the soil samples from endemic villages. Subsequent genotoxicity testing of cultured human kidney cells showed an alarming phenomenon that phenanthrene, DEP, BBP, and DBP can interact synergistically with AAs to form elevated levels of AA-DNA adducts, which are associated with both the nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AAs, further increasing their disease risks. This study provides direct evidence that prolonged coexposure to these environmental contaminants via dietary intake may lead to greater toxicity and accelerated development of BEN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000000, Hong Kong
| | - Jiayin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000000, Hong Kong
| | - Zhihan Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000000, Hong Kong
| | - William H Orem
- U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 20192, United States
| | - Calin A Tatu
- Department of Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ″Victor Babes″ Timisoara, Pta. E. Murgu No.2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Niko S Radulović
- Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
| | | | | | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 000000, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chaber P, Gworek B. Surface horizons of forest soils for the diagnosis of soil environment contamination and toxicity caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231359. [PMID: 32287304 PMCID: PMC7156036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants that are released into soils primarily from the air, with wet and dry deposition. To assess the contamination of the forest soil environment, soil samples were collected from organic and mineral horizons from three study areas representing a gradient of pollution across Poland (the ‘pollution transect’). The soils examined varied in PAH contents, generally from 124.3 μg·kg-1 dw in the areas deemed to be the background zone to 9165.5 μk·kg-1 dw in industrial areas in the O horizon and from 12.6 μk·kg-1 dw to 4454.6 μk·kg-1 dw in the A horizon. The PAH toxicities oscillated from 20.0–2670.8 μg TEQ·kg-1 dw in the O horizon and from 1.73–694.7 μg TEQ·kg-1 dw in the A horizon. The enrichment factor values point to a more intensive accumulation of PAHs with relatively high molecular weights along the pollution transect. The PAH diagnostic ratio values indicated that the main PAH emission sources were from coal and wood combustion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Chaber
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment, Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara Gworek
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Risk Assessment, Institute of Environmental Protection – National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Heister K, Lima AT. Soil heterogeneity and surfactant desorption influence PAH distribution during electroremediation at a tar oil-contaminated site. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:625. [PMID: 31501945 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
After a field experiment utilising electroosmosis and non-ionic surfactant Tween 80 as a remediation effort on the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a long-term asphalt-contaminated soil, the PAH heterogeneity in the soil was yet extensive. This study come as a follow-up to address the following questions: (i) was PAH (re)distribution a consequence of the treatment? and (ii) to what extent does the surfactant affected PAH desorption and subsequent bioavailability? To answer question (i), we selected random soil samples from different locations of the field site before in situ remediation took place, and quantified and characterised soil organic matter by elemental analysis and solid-phase 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and PAH concentrations. Finally, batch desorption experiments with selected contaminated soil samples were carried out with and without 1% Tween 80 in the solution phase to address question (ii). Data shows that PAH concentrations were related neither to organic matter content nor to a high aromaticity of the organic matter, which serves as a proxy for the presence of tar oil. Soil heterogeneity is likely to be the cause of PAH heterogeneous distribution, but it is inferred that remediation causes weathering of the tar oil phase, resulting in the release and subsequent transport and sorption of PAH to inherent organic material. The results of the batch desorption experiments demonstrate PAH desorption up to 146 times when surfactant is present. However, Tween 80 does not enable biodegradation, since desorbed PAH molecules are entrapped inside surfactant micelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heister
- Lehrstuhl für Bodenkunde, Technische Universität München, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- GeoLab, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8, 3584, CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Teresa Lima
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari, 514, Goiabeiras, Vitoria, 29075-910, Brazil.
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sivaram AK, Subashchandrabose SR, Logeshwaran P, Lockington R, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Metabolomics reveals defensive mechanisms adapted by maize on exposure to high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:771-780. [PMID: 30296765 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are an important group of persistent organic pollutants. Using plants to remediate PAHs has been recognized as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly technique. However, the overall impact of PAHs on the regulation of plant metabolism has not yet been explored. In this study, we analyzed the alteration in the maize (Zea mays L.) metabolome on exposure to high molecular weight PAHs such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and pyrene (PYR) in a hydroponic medium, individually and as a mixture (BaP + PYR) using GC-MS. The differences in the metabolites were analyzed using XCMS (an acronym for various forms (X) of chromatography-mass spectrometry), an online-based data analysis tool. A significant variation in metabolites was observed between treatment groups and the unspiked control group. The univariate, multivariate and pathway impact analysis showed there were more significant alterations in metabolic profiles between individual PAHs and the mixture of BaP and PYR. The marked changes in the metabolites of galactose metabolism and aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis in PAHs treated maize leaves exhibit the adaptive defensive mechanisms for individual and PAHs mixture. Therefore, the metabolomics approach is essential for an understanding of the complex biochemical responses of plants to PAHs contaminants. This knowledge will shed new light in the field of phytoremediation, bio-monitoring, and environmental risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anithadevi Kenday Sivaram
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environments, ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Suresh Ramraj Subashchandrabose
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environments, ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Panneerselvan Logeshwaran
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environments, ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Robin Lockington
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environments, ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environments, ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR), University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environments, ATC Building, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tarafdar A, Sinha A. Cancer Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Soils and Sediments of India: A Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 60:784-795. [PMID: 28801749 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A carcinogenic risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils and sediments was conducted using the probabilistic approach from a national perspective. Published monitoring data of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in soils and sediments at different study points across India were collected and converted to their corresponding BaP equivalent concentrations. These BaP equivalent concentrations were used to evaluate comprehensive cancer risk for two different age groups. Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were applied to quantify uncertainties of risk estimation. The analysis denotes 90% cancer risk value of 1.770E-5 for children and 3.156E-5 for adults at heavily polluted site soils. Overall carcinogenic risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of India were mostly in acceptance limits. However, the food ingestion exposure route for sediments leads them to a highly risked zone. The 90% risk values from sediments are 7.863E-05 for children and 3.999E-04 for adults. Sensitivity analysis reveals exposure duration and relative skin adherence factor for soil as the most influential parameter of the assessment, followed by BaP equivalent concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For sediments, biota to sediment accumulation factor of fish in terms of BaP is most sensitive on the total outcome, followed by BaP equivalent and exposure duration. Individual exposure route analysis showed dermal contact for soils and food ingestion for sediments as the main exposure pathway. Some specific locations such as surrounding areas of Bhavnagar, Raniganj, Sunderban, Raipur, and Delhi demand potential strategies of carcinogenic risk management and reduction. The current study is probably the first attempt to provide information on the carcinogenic risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and sediments across India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India.
| | - Alok Sinha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang S, Yao H, Lu Y, Yu X, Wang J, Sun S, Liu M, Li D, Li YF, Zhang D. Uptake and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals by maize from soil irrigated with wastewater. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12165. [PMID: 28939846 PMCID: PMC5610240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
By investigating the uptake of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and five heavy metals from soils to maize at the farmlands with industrial wastewater irrigation, this study revealed the effects of heavy metals on PAHs uptake in terms of co-contamination. The results of 15 investigated soils showed medium contamination level and the vertical PAHs distribution in soils indicated that 2-3 rings PAHs with low octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow < 4.5) were easier to transport in soils, causing a great potential risk immigrating to the groundwater. The 3-ring PAHs were most likely to be taken up by maize roots whereas 2- and 4-6 ring PAHs had the lower likelihood. The translocation of PAHs in maize tissues has positive relationship with log Kow less than 4.5, while negatively correlated otherwise. Redundancy analysis indicated the unexpected results that, except for soil PAHs concentration, the PAHs translocation by maize was reduced by Pb uptake, but not significantly affected by soil organic matters, pH or the other four heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn). This study for the first time provides the restricted factors of PAHs and heavy metal acropetal translocation by maize when they co-exist at wastewater irrigation sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster university, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Hong Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China.
| | - Yintao Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster university, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Shaobin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Mingli Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Desheng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, PR China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- IJRC-PTS, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster university, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xiong G, Zhang Y, Duan Y, Cai C, Wang X, Li J, Tao S, Liu W. Uptake of PAHs by cabbage root and leaf in vegetable plots near a large coking manufacturer and associations with PAHs in cabbage core. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:18953-18965. [PMID: 28656575 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Samples of ambient air (including gaseous and particulate phases), dust fall, surface soil, rhizosphere soil, core (edible part), outer leaf, and root of cabbage from eight vegetable plots near a large coking manufacturer were collected during the harvest period. Concentrations, compositions, and distributions of parent PAHs in different samples were determined. Our results indicated that most of the parent PAHs in air occurred in the gaseous phase, dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) species with two to three rings. Specific isomeric ratios and principal component analysis were employed to preliminarily identify the local sources of parent PAHs emitted. The main emission sources of parent PAHs could be apportioned as a mixture of coal combustion, coking production, and traffic tailing gas. PAH components with two to four rings were prevailing in dust fall, surface soil, and rhizosphere soil. Concentrations of PAHs in surface soil exhibited a significant positive correlation with topsoil TOC fractions. Compositional profiles in outer leaf and core of cabbage, dominated by LMW species, were similar to those in the local air. Overall, the order of parent PAH concentration in cabbage was outer leaf > root > core. Partial correlation analysis and multivariate linear stepwise regression revealed that PAH concentrations in cabbage core were closely associated with PAHs present both in root and in outer leaf, namely, affected by adsorption, then absorption, and translocation of PAHs from rhizosphere soil and ambient air, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- GuanNan Xiong
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - YunHui Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - YongHong Duan
- College of Resources and Environment, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030801, China
| | - ChuanYang Cai
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - JingYa Li
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - WenXin Liu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang J, Fan SK. Influence of PAH speciation in soils on vegetative uptake of PAHs using successive extraction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 320:114-122. [PMID: 27526277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) speciation in soils and the relationship between PAH speciation in soils and the accumulation of PAHs in vegetables have rarely been reported. In this study, the organic solvent extractable PAHs in soils, PAHs that bind to endogenetic soil humus, soil properties, and PAHs in B. chinensis were comprehensively studied. Mobile fulvic acid (FA) and crude humin preferred adsorbing 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs whereas stable humic acid (HA) preferred adsorbing 5-ring PAHs. The PAH speciation in soils was in the order of organic solvent extractable PAHs (59.08%)>humin-bound PAHs (26.20%)>FA-bound PAHs (10.03%)>HA-bound PAHs (4.68%). The relative amounts of FA-bound PAHs versus HA-bound PAHs were linked to soil type. FA-bound PAHs and humin mineral-bound PAHs had a positive correlation with fine particles and were preferentially accumulated in B. chinensis. Other speciation was preferentially retained in soils and adsorbed onto the surface of and within coarse particles. The PAHs in vegetables were ideally forecasted using solvent extractable PAHs, FA-bound PAHs, and soil properties (silt, moisture, and pH). The FA-bound PAHs were more soluble in water and can be easily taken up by plants together with water and nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recycling and Extraction of Metal, Beijing 100083, PR China.
| | - Shu-Kai Fan
- Environmental Engineering Institute, Beijing General Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Beijing 100160, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|