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Andres SE, Emery NJ, Rymer PD, Powell JR. Soil chemistry and fungal communities are associated with dieback in an Endangered Australian shrub. PLANT AND SOIL 2023; 483:47-70. [PMID: 36211803 PMCID: PMC9525234 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-022-05724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Field surveys across known populations of the Endangered Persoonia hirsuta (Proteaceae) in 2019 suggested the soil environment may be associated with dieback in this species. To explore how characteristics of the soil environment (e.g., pathogens, nutrients, soil microbes) relate to dieback, a soil bioassay (Experiment 1) was conducted using field soils from two dieback effected P. hirsuta populations. Additionally, a nitrogen addition experiment (Experiment 2) was conducted to explore how the addition of soil nitrogen impacts dieback. METHODS The field soils were baited for pathogens, and soil physiochemical and microbial community characteristics were assessed and related to dieback among plants in the field and nursery-grown plants inoculated with the same field soils. Roots from inoculated plants were harvested to confirm the presence of soil pathogens and root-associated endophytes. Using these isolates, a dual culture antagonism assay was performed to examine competition among these microbes and identify candidate pathogens or pathogen antagonists. RESULTS Dieback among plants in the field and Experiment 1 was associated with soil physiochemical properties (nitrogen and potassium), and soil microbes were identified as significant indicators of healthy and dieback-affected plants. Plants in Experiment 2 exhibited greater dieback when treated with elevated nitrogen. Additionally, post-harvest culturing identified fungi and other soil pathogens, some of which exhibited antagonistic behavior. CONCLUSION This study identified candidate fungi and soil physiochemical properties associated with observed dieback and dieback resistance in an Endangered shrub and provides groundwork for further exploring what drives dieback and how it can be managed to promote the conservation of wild populations. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-022-05724-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Andres
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, New South Wales 2753 Australia
| | - Nathan J. Emery
- The Australian PlantBank, Australian Botanic Garden, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, Mount Annan, New South Wales 2567 Australia
| | - Paul D. Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, New South Wales 2753 Australia
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Richmond, New South Wales 2753 Australia
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2
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Bell K, Doherty TS, Wevill T, Driscoll DA. Restoration of a declining foundation plant species: testing the roles of competitor suppression, fire reintroduction and herbivore exclusion. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Bell
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Tim S. Doherty
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - T. Wevill
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
| | - Don A. Driscoll
- Centre for Integrative Ecology School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Geelong VIC Australia
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3
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Maceda-Veiga A, Albacete S, Flor-Arnau N, Vieira C, Bros V, Domènech M, Bayona JM, Pujade-Villar J, Sabater F, Mac Nally R. Local and downstream cumulative effects of traditional meadow management on stream-water quality and multiple riparian taxa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148601. [PMID: 34217080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water quality and riparian communities are among the most affected stream components by agriculture. However, little is known about the effects of riparian management for both aquatic and terrestrial taxa at different spatial scales. Here, we surveyed aquatic (diatoms) and terrestrial taxa (bryophytes, vascular plants, litter-dwelling snails, and ground and volant arthropods), to compare the abundance and richness of riparian taxa and chemical quality between reference and exposed sites in two stream reaches each of c. 3.5 km in northwestern Spain. Impacts in exposed sites were mainly due to traditional farming practices (TFPs), which included traditional meadow management, weirs built for now-unused water mills and sporadic timber harvesting. Therefore, we measured ten covariates and predictors related to the intensification of TFPs at local and within-stream scales and explored associations with riparian and water-quality measures to study the potential effects of TFPs in more detail. Reference and exposed sites did not differ significantly in water properties (diatom-biotic indices, conductivity, total organic carbon and nitrates), but exposed sites had less concentrations of soil metals Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn and less cover and richness of riparian trees, as inferred by the index QBR. Exposed sites had more volant insect decomposers and reference sites a greater abundance or richness of snails, ground predators and decomposers. Bryophyte richness was greater in reference sites. Our inferences may inform the joint cumulative downstream effects of weirs, meadow uses and riparian alterations but were generally consistent with most riparian taxa benefiting from having larger forested areas. Given the contrasting responses among taxa, we argue that land snails, terrestrial flies, and centipedes may be valuable additions to current riparian assessments mostly based on plants, beetles and spiders as indicator taxa. Our study also suggests caution when inferring farming impacts on streams from the surface area of pastoral land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Maceda-Veiga
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; IRBio-UB, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Núria Flor-Arnau
- EUROFINS-IPROMA, Camí de la Ratlla, 46, 12006 Almassora, Castelló, Spain
| | - Cristiana Vieira
- Museu de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade do Porto (MHNC-UP)/UPorto/PRISC, Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vicenç Bros
- Oficina Tècnica de Parc Naturals, Diputació de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Domènech
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; IRBio-UB, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Bayona
- IDAEA-CSIC, Environmental Chemistry Department, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juli Pujade-Villar
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Sabater
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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4
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Wu J, Buckley HL, Curry L, Stevenson BA, Schipper LA, Lear G. Livestock exclusion reduces the spillover effects of pastoral agriculture on soil bacterial communities in adjacent forest fragments. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2919-2936. [PMID: 33734554 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Forest-to-pasture conversion is known to cause global losses in plant and animal diversity, yet impacts of livestock management after such conversion on vital microbial communities in adjoining natural ecosystems remain poorly understood. We examined how pastoral land management practices impact soil microorganisms in adjacent native forest fragments, by comparing bacterial communities sampled along 21 transects bisecting pasture-forest boundaries. Our results revealed greater bacterial taxon richness in grazed pasture soils and the reduced dispersal of pasture-associated taxa into adjacent forest soils when land uses were separated by a boundary fence. Relative abundance distributions of forest-associated taxa (i.e., Proteobacteria and Nitrospirae) and a pasture-associated taxon (i.e., Firmicutes) also suggest a greater impact of pastoral land uses on forest fragment soil bacterial communities when no fence is present. Bacterial community richness and composition were most related to changes in soil physicochemical variables commonly associated with agricultural fertilization, including concentrations of Olsen P, total P, total Cd, delta 15 N and the ratio of C:P and N:P. Overall, our findings demonstrate clear, and potentially detrimental effects of agricultural disturbance on bacterial communities in forest soils adjacent to pastoral land. We provide evidence that simple land management decisions, such as livestock exclusion, can mitigate the effects of agriculture on adjacent soil microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyun Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.,Plant Health & Environment Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2095, Auckland, 1140, New Zealand
| | - Hannah L Buckley
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Liz Curry
- Tonkin and Taylor, 711 Victoria Street, Hamilton, 3204, New Zealand
| | - Bryan A Stevenson
- Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Louis A Schipper
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
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5
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Bell K, Driscoll DA, Patykowski J, Doherty TS. Abundance, Condition and Size of a Foundation Species Vary with Altered Soil Conditions, Remnant Type and Potential Competitors. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-020-00598-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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6
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Schroeder H, Grab H, Kessler A, Poveda K. Human-Mediated Land Use Change Drives Intraspecific Plant Trait Variation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:592881. [PMID: 33519849 PMCID: PMC7840540 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.592881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the Anthropocene, more than three quarters of ice-free land has experienced some form of human-driven habitat modification, with agriculture dominating 40% of the Earth's surface. This land use change alters the quality, availability, and configuration of habitat resources, affecting the community composition of plants and insects, as well as their interactions with each other. Landscapes dominated by agriculture are known to support a lower abundance and diversity of pollinators and frequently larger populations of key herbivore pests. In turn, insect communities subsidized by agriculture may spill into remaining natural habitats with consequences for wild plants persisting in (semi) natural habitats. Adaptive responses by wild plants may allow them to persist in highly modified landscapes; yet how landscape-mediated variation in insect communities affects wild plant traits related to reproduction and defense remains largely unknown. We synthesize the evidence for plant trait changes across land use gradients and propose potential mechanisms by which landscape-mediated changes in insect communities may be driving these trait changes. Further, we present results from a common garden experiment on three wild Brassica species demonstrating variation in both defensive and reproductive traits along an agricultural land use gradient. Our framework illustrates the potential for plant adaptation under land use change and predicts how defense and reproduction trait expression may shift in low diversity landscapes. We highlight areas of future research into plant population and community effects of land use change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Schroeder
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Heather Grab
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - André Kessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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7
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Riparian Vegetation Structure Influences Terrestrial Invertebrate Communities in an Agricultural Landscape. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Stream and terrestrial ecosystems are intimately connected by riparian zones that support high biodiversity but are also vulnerable to human impacts. Landscape disturbances, overgrazing, and diffuse pollution of agrochemicals threaten riparian biodiversity and the delivery of ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes. We assessed how terrestrial invertebrate communities respond to changes in riparian vegetation in Romanian agricultural catchments, with a focus on the role of forested riparian buffers. Riparian invertebrates were sampled in 10 paired sites, with each pair consisting of an unbuffered upstream reach and a downstream reach buffered with woody riparian vegetation. Our results revealed distinct invertebrate community structures in the two site types. Out of 33 invertebrate families, 13 were unique to either forested (6) or unbuffered (7) sites. Thomisidae, Clubionidae, Tetragnathidae, Curculionidae, Culicidae, and Cicadidae were associated with forested buffers, while Lycosidae, Chrysomelidae, Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Tettigoniidae, Formicidae, and Eutichuridae were more abundant in unbuffered sites. Despite statistically equivocal results, invertebrate diversity was generally higher in forested riparian buffers. Local riparian attributes significantly influenced patterns in invertebrate community composition. Our findings highlight the importance of local woody riparian buffers in maintaining terrestrial invertebrate diversity and their potential contribution as a multifunctional management tool in agricultural landscapes.
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8
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Tinsley Johnson E, Benítez ME, Fuentes A, McLean CR, Norford AB, Ordoñez JC, Beehner JC, Bergman TJ. High density of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) and habitat quality in the Taboga Forest of Costa Rica. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23096. [PMID: 31976575 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Across the globe, primates are threatened by human activities. This is especially true for species found in tropical dry forests, which remain largely unprotected. Our ability to predict primate abundance in the face of human activity depends on different species' sensitivities as well as on the characteristics of the forest itself. We studied plant and primate distribution and abundance in the Taboga Forest, a 516-ha tropical dry forest surrounded by agricultural fields in northwestern Costa Rica. We found that the density of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) at Taboga is 2-6 times higher than reported for other long-term white-faced capuchin sites. Using plant transects, we also found relatively high species richness, diversity, and equitability compared with other tropical dry forests. Edge transects (i.e., within 100 m from the forest boundary) differed from interior transects in two ways: (a) tree species associated with dry forest succession were well-established in the edge and (b) canopy cover in the edge was maintained year-round, while the interior forest was deciduous. Sighting rates for capuchins were higher near water sources but did not vary between the edge and interior forest. For comparison, we also found the same to be true for the only other primate in the Taboga Forest, mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata). Year-round access to water might explain why some primate species can flourish even alongside anthropogenic disturbance. Forest fragments like Taboga may support high densities of some species because they provide a mosaic of habitats and key resources that buffer adverse ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Tinsley Johnson
- Capuchins at Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.,Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Marcela E Benítez
- Capuchins at Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.,Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Alexander Fuentes
- Capuchins at Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
| | - Celia R McLean
- Capuchins at Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
| | - Ariek B Norford
- Capuchins at Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Juan Carlos Ordoñez
- Capuchins at Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
| | - Jacinta C Beehner
- Capuchins at Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thore J Bergman
- Capuchins at Taboga Research Project, Taboga Forest Reserve, Guanacaste, Costa Rica.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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9
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Ribeiro JCT, Nunes-Freitas AF, Fidalgo ECC, Uzêda MC. Forest fragmentation and impacts of intensive agriculture: Responses from different tree functional groups. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212725. [PMID: 31369550 PMCID: PMC6675074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural landscapes are seen as areas of extreme importance for studying and developing strategies which integrate biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services with food production. The main strategies for intensifying agriculture are based on conventional agricultural practices of frequently using inputs for fertilization and correcting soil pH. Some studies show that these practices generate impacts on nearby forest fragments through soil contamination and increasing nutrient content. The objective of this study was to identify the impacts on the functional groups of sciophilous (late successional/shade-tolerant species) and heliophilous (pioneer/sun-loving) species of a tree community of 14 forest fragments near pasture areas and agricultural areas under conventional practices, raising the hypothesis that higher-fertility forest fragments adjacent to intensive agriculture modify the floristic composition of the tree community. Consequently, this study is based on the following questions: i) Do forest fragments within intensive farming environments present differences in floristic composition of species?; ii) Does the soil fertility influence the tree species composition?; iii) Which variables influence species abundance and richness in the forest fragments with different types of use around their environment? The floristic composition of fragments close to agricultural areas are more similar to each other than the composition of fragments close to pasture areas. Furthermore, the General Linear Model (GLM) results show a clear influence of the intensive farming environment on the richness and abundance of the two functional groups in the forest fragments, directly benefiting the abundance of heliophilous species, which are also benefited by the greater declivity and smaller fragment area, while the abundance of sciophytes is negatively correlated with these last two variables. The increase of calcium content is beneficial for the richness of heliophilous species, while the increase in phosphorus content influences a reduction in the richness of sciophyte species, which also strongly respond to the isolation between fragments. The results indicate a dominance trend of pioneer species in fragments with nutritionally enriched soils, providing evidence that the intense adoption of inputs in cultivated areas causes concrete impacts on the diversity of the tree community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C. Tenius Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Florestas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - André Felippe Nunes-Freitas
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Instituto de Florestas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Mariella Camardelli Uzêda
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Agrobiologia, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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10
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Santika T, Wilson KA, Budiharta S, Kusworo A, Meijaard E, Law EA, Friedman R, Hutabarat JA, Indrawan TP, St. John FAV, Struebig MJ. Heterogeneous impacts of community forestry on forest conservation and poverty alleviation: Evidence from Indonesia. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Truly Santika
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- Borneo Futures Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei
| | - Kerrie A. Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- Institute for Future Environments Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Sugeng Budiharta
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) Pasuruan Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Kusworo
- Fauna & Flora International ‐ Indonesia Programme Jakarta Indonesia
- The Nature Conservancy – Indonesia Program Jakarta Indonesia
| | - Erik Meijaard
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- Borneo Futures Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei
| | - Elizabeth A. Law
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Trondheim Norway
| | - Rachel Friedman
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions University of Queensland Brisbane Qld Australia
| | | | - Tito P. Indrawan
- Fauna & Flora International ‐ Indonesia Programme Jakarta Indonesia
| | | | - Matthew J. Struebig
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation University of Kent Canterbury UK
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11
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Balmford B, Green RE, Onial M, Phalan B, Balmford A. How imperfect can land sparing be before land sharing is more favourable for wild species? J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Balmford
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK
- Land, Environment, Economics and Policy InstituteUniversity of Exeter Exeter UK
| | - Rhys E. Green
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeConservation Science Group Cambridge UK
| | - Malvika Onial
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeConservation Science Group Cambridge UK
| | - Ben Phalan
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeConservation Science Group Cambridge UK
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and SocietyOregon State University Corvallis Oregon
| | - Andrew Balmford
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeConservation Science Group Cambridge UK
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12
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Balmford A, Amano T, Bartlett H, Chadwick D, Collins A, Edwards D, Field R, Garnsworthy P, Green R, Smith P, Waters H, Whitmore A, Broom DM, Chara J, Finch T, Garnett E, Gathorne-Hardy A, Hernandez-Medrano J, Herrero M, Hua F, Latawiec A, Misselbrook T, Phalan B, Simmons BI, Takahashi T, Vause J, Zu Ermgassen E, Eisner R. The environmental costs and benefits of high-yield farming. NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [PMID: 30450426 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-018-0138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
How we manage farming and food systems to meet rising demand is pivotal to the future of biodiversity. Extensive field data suggest impacts on wild populations would be greatly reduced through boosting yields on existing farmland so as to spare remaining natural habitats. High-yield farming raises other concerns because expressed per unit area it can generate high levels of externalities such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nutrient losses. However, such metrics underestimate the overall impacts of lower-yield systems, so here we develop a framework that instead compares externality and land costs per unit production. Applying this to diverse datasets describing the externalities of four major farm sectors reveals that, rather than involving trade-offs, the externality and land costs of alternative production systems can co-vary positively: per unit production, land-efficient systems often produce lower externalities. For GHG emissions these associations become more strongly positive once forgone sequestration is included. Our conclusions are limited: remarkably few studies report externalities alongside yields; many important externalities and farming systems are inadequately measured; and realising the environmental benefits of high-yield systems typically requires additional measures to limit farmland expansion. Yet our results nevertheless suggest that trade-offs among key cost metrics are not as ubiquitous as sometimes perceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Tatsuya Amano
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, 16 Mill Lane, Cambridge CB2 1SG, UK
| | - Harriet Bartlett
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Dave Chadwick
- Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Adrian Collins
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton EX20 2SB, UK
| | - David Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, South Yorks S10 2TN, UK
| | - Rob Field
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Philip Garnsworthy
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rhys Green
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Helen Waters
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Donald M Broom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Julian Chara
- CIPAV, Centre for Research on Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems, Carrera 25 No 6-62, Cali 760042, Colombia
| | - Tom Finch
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK
| | - Emma Garnett
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Alfred Gathorne-Hardy
- School of Geosciences, Crew Building, Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JN, UK
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
- Oxford India Centre for Sustainable Development, Somerville College, Oxford OX2 6HD, UK
| | - Juan Hernandez-Medrano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Universidad 3000, Col. UNAM, CU, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Mario Herrero
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia
| | - Fangyuan Hua
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Agnieszka Latawiec
- Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Department of Geography and Environment, R. Marquês de São Vicente, 225 - Gávea, Rio de Janeiro - RJ, 22451-000, Brazil
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Informatics, Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Balicka 116B, 30-149 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Ben Phalan
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, 147, Ondina, Salvador 40170-115, Bahia Brazil
| | - Benno I Simmons
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Taro Takahashi
- Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton EX20 2SB, UK
- University of Bristol, British Veterinary School, Office Dolberry Building, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - James Vause
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Erasmus Zu Ermgassen
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Rowan Eisner
- Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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13
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Gounand I, Harvey E, Little CJ, Altermatt F. Meta-Ecosystems 2.0: Rooting the Theory into the Field. Trends Ecol Evol 2018; 33:36-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Knoke T, Paul C, Hildebrandt P, Calvas B, Castro LM, Härtl F, Döllerer M, Hamer U, Windhorst D, Wiersma YF, Curatola Fernández GF, Obermeier WA, Adams J, Breuer L, Mosandl R, Beck E, Weber M, Stimm B, Haber W, Fürst C, Bendix J. Compositional diversity of rehabilitated tropical lands supports multiple ecosystem services and buffers uncertainties. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11877. [PMID: 27292766 PMCID: PMC4910018 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High landscape diversity is assumed to increase the number and level of ecosystem services. However, the interactions between ecosystem service provision, disturbance and landscape composition are poorly understood. Here we present a novel approach to include uncertainty in the optimization of land allocation for improving the provision of multiple ecosystem services. We refer to the rehabilitation of abandoned agricultural lands in Ecuador including two types of both afforestation and pasture rehabilitation, together with a succession option. Our results show that high compositional landscape diversity supports multiple ecosystem services (multifunction effect). This implicitly provides a buffer against uncertainty. Our work shows that active integration of uncertainty is only important when optimizing single or highly correlated ecosystem services and that the multifunction effect on landscape diversity is stronger than the uncertainty effect. This is an important insight to support a land-use planning based on ecosystem services. Land use becomes more diverse when it considers uncertain interactions of multiple ecosystem services. Here, Knoke and colleagues show that uncertainty plays a larger role if ecosystem services are optimized only for a single service, or if services correlate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Knoke
- Institute of Forest Management, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Carola Paul
- Institute of Forest Management, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Patrick Hildebrandt
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Baltazar Calvas
- Institute of Forest Management, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Institute of Silviculture, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Luz Maria Castro
- Institute of Forest Management, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany.,Departamento de Economía, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 1101608 Loja, Ecuador
| | - Fabian Härtl
- Institute of Forest Management, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Döllerer
- Institute of Forest Management, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ute Hamer
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Muenster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - David Windhorst
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Yolanda F Wiersma
- Department of Biology, Memorial University, St John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X9
| | - Giulia F Curatola Fernández
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Obermeier
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Adams
- Department of Plant Physiology and Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lutz Breuer
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Mosandl
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Erwin Beck
- Department of Plant Physiology and Bayreuth Centre of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Bernd Stimm
- Institute of Silviculture, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haber
- Chair of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christine Fürst
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Campus Alpin, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing (LCRS), Faculty of Geography, University of Marburg, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Mariano-da-Silva S, Ducatti RDB, Murari IP, Pilon F. Magnesium capability to attenuate the toxicity of aluminum on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.9415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Summary The magnesium (Mg) capability to attenuate the toxicity of aluminum (Al) for the trehalose content, anaerobic growth, viability and budding rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was studied in this work. Fermentations were carried out in triplicate with sterilized and diluted sugar cane media (4% total reducing sugars/pH 4.0) containing different Al (0.0, 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1) and Mg (0.0, 50 and 100 mg L-1) concentrations. The media were inoculated with 1 mL of 1% (wet basis) yeast suspension and incubated at 30ºC, 70 rpm for 20 hours in orbital shaker. At specific times during fermentation portions of cell suspension were taken out and the biomass concentration, yeast viability, budding rate and trehalose content on cells determined. The increase of Al levels, from 0.0 up to 150 mg L-1, showed a reduction on the yeast growth of approximately 95%, 55% and 18% as Mg increased from 0.0 to 50 and 100 mg L-1, respectively. The trehalose content experienced its lowest reduction when greater amounts of Mg were added to the fermentation process. Cell viability showed greater reductions as the content of Al in the media increased. Magnesium effectively protected yeast cells against the deleterious effects of Al on cell growth, viability, budding and trehalose content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabio Pilon
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Brazil
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