1
|
Singh A, Singh R, Parganiha A, Tripathi MK. Annual rhythm in immune functions of blood leucocytes in an ophidian, Natrix piscator. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12157. [PMID: 38802537 PMCID: PMC11130258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Annual variations in animal's physiological functions are an essential strategy to deal with seasonal challenges which also vary according to the time of year. Information regarding annual adaptations in the immune-competence to cope with seasonal stressors in reptiles is scarce. The present research plan was designed to analyze the presence of circannual immune rhythms in defense responses of the leucocytes in an ophidian, Natrix piscator. Peripheral blood leucocytes were obtained, counted, and superoxide anion production, neutrophil phagocytosis, and nitrite release were tested to assess the innate immune functions. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were separated by centrifugation (utilizing density gradient) and the cell proliferation was measured. The Cosinor rhythmometry disclosed the presence of significant annual rhythms in the number of leucocytes, superoxide anion production, nitric oxide production, and proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes. The authors found that respiratory burst activity and proliferative responses of lymphocytes were crucial immune responses that showed the annual rhythm. It was summarized that the immune function of the N. piscator is a labile attribute that makes the animal competent to cope with the seasonal stressor by adjustment in the potency of response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alka Singh
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221002, India
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221002, India
| | - Arti Parganiha
- School of Studies in Life Science, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, School of Studies of Life Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, 495009, India.
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Allain SJR, Leech DI, Hopkins K, Seilern-Moy K, Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez J, Griffiths RA, Lawson B. Characterisation, prevalence and severity of skin lesions caused by ophidiomycosis in a population of wild snakes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5162. [PMID: 38431688 PMCID: PMC10908839 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55354-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ophidiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease affecting wild snakes in the Northern Hemisphere. Recently confirmed in Great Britain, the prevalence, severity and significance of ophidiomycosis has yet to be characterised in free-living snakes at a population level in Europe. Therefore, a population of barred grass snakes (Natrix helvetica) in eastern England was monitored for three seasons (May 2019 to October 2021), to investigate the prevalence (25.5%; 191/750 snakes) and severity of skin lesions and their aetiology. The most frequently observed skin lesion characteristics were changes in scale colour, crusting, and scale margin erosion. The majority of such lesions (96.9%; 185/191 snakes) was observed on the ventral surface along the length of the body. The severity of skin lesions was considered mild in more than half of the cases (53.1%; 98/191 snakes). Predominantly, skin lesions were observed in adult snakes (72.8%; 139/191 snakes). Combined histological examinations and qPCR tests of skin lesions from N. helvetica sloughs and/or carcasses confirmed a diagnosis of ophidiomycosis. Further targeted surveillance, supported by molecular and histological examinations to confirm skin lesion aetiology, is required to determine the extent to which our findings reflect the occurrence of ophidiomycosis in populations within wider landscapes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J R Allain
- Durrell Institute of Ecology and Conservation, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - David I Leech
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU, UK
| | - Kevin Hopkins
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | - Katharina Seilern-Moy
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| | | | - Richard A Griffiths
- Durrell Institute of Ecology and Conservation, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NR, UK.
| | - Becki Lawson
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Past, Present, and Future of Naturally Occurring Antimicrobials Related to Snake Venoms. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040744. [PMID: 36830531 PMCID: PMC9952678 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on proteins and peptides with antimicrobial activity because these biopolymers can be useful in the fight against infectious diseases and to overcome the critical problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics. In fact, snakes show the highest diversification among reptiles, surviving in various environments; their innate immunity is similar to mammals and the response of their plasma to bacteria and fungi has been explored mainly in ecological studies. Snake venoms are a rich source of components that have a variety of biological functions. Among them are proteins like lectins, metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, L-amino acid oxidases, phospholipases type A2, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, as well as many oligopeptides, such as waprins, cardiotoxins, cathelicidins, and β-defensins. In vitro, these biomolecules were shown to be active against bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses that are pathogenic to humans. Not only cathelicidins, but all other proteins and oligopeptides from snake venom have been proteolyzed to provide short antimicrobial peptides, or for use as templates for developing a variety of short unnatural sequences based on their structures. In addition to organizing and discussing an expressive amount of information, this review also describes new β-defensin sequences of Sistrurus miliarius that can lead to novel peptide-based antimicrobial agents, using a multidisciplinary approach that includes sequence phylogeny.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tripathi MK, Singh R. Photoperiodic regulation of the splenocyte immune responses in the fresh water snake, Natrixpiscator. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 132:104403. [PMID: 35339533 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiod and melatonin are important regulators of immunity. We hypothesized that these two factors play an important role in the regulation of immune responses in the Natrix piscator. Animals were kept in either short or long days and splenocyte immune responses were studied. Respiratory burst activity of splenocytes was assessed through reduction of nitrobluetetrazolium salt while production of nitric oxide was assessed indirectly by nitrite assay. Density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate splenic lymphocytes which were utilized to study proliferation with and without mitogens. Super oxide production by splenocytes was reduced significantly in the cultures obtained from animals kept either in short or long days. Nitrite release was decreased when animals were subjected to long days. The photoperiodic alterations acted differentially on proliferations of the splenic lymphocytes. Spontaneous and mitogen-induced proliferation of splenic lymphocytes were enhanced in cultures obtained from snakes maintained in short days when compared with cultures from snakes obtained either from long day or natural day length conditions. In vitro melatonin significantly enhanced the splenic lymphocyte proliferation of the cultures obtained from animals kept in long days when compared with splenic lymphocyte proliferations of the cultures obtained from long day animals or the animals kept in natural day length conditions. We found evidence which suggest that photoperiod may influence seasonal energy budgets and induce adjustments which optimize energy allocation for costly physiological processes such as immune function. In seasonally breeding animals such as Natrix piscator, the pineal hormone melatonin assists in the suppression of reproduction and elevation of immunity, which are the crucial adaptation for perpetuation of species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, 221 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, 221 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zimmerman LM. The reptilian perspective on vertebrate immunity: 10 years of progress. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:223/21/jeb214171. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.214171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ten years ago, ‘Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective’ was published. At the time, our understanding of the reptilian immune system lagged behind that of birds, mammals, fish and amphibians. Since then, great progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of reptilian immunity. Here, I review recent discoveries associated with the recognition of pathogens, effector mechanisms and memory responses in reptiles. Moreover, I put forward key questions to drive the next 10 years of research, including how reptiles are able to balance robust innate mechanisms with avoiding self-damage, how B cells and antibodies are used in immune defense and whether innate mechanisms can display the hallmarks of memory. Finally, I briefly discuss the links between our mechanistic understanding of the reptilian immune system and the field of eco-immunology. Overall, the field of reptile immunology is poised to contribute greatly to our understanding of vertebrate immunity in the next 10 years.
Collapse
|
6
|
Photoperiodic manipulation modulates the innate and cell mediated immune functions in the fresh water snake, Natrix piscator. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14722. [PMID: 32895425 PMCID: PMC7477230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71777-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives of the current work were to investigate the role of photoperiod and melatonin in the alteration of immune responses in a reptilian species. Animals were kept on a regimen of short or long days. Blood was obtained and leucocytes were isolated to study various innate immune responses. Lymphocytes were separated from blood by density gradient centrifugation and were used to study proliferation. Respiratory burst activity was measured through nitrobluetetrazolium reduction assay while nitric oxide production by leucocytes was assayed by nitrite assay. Lymphocytes were isolated and used to study proliferation with and without B and T cell mitogens. Photoperiodic manipulation acted differentially on leucocyte counts. Nitrite release was increased while superoxide production was decreased in cultures obtained from the snakes kept on the short day regimen. Significant enhancement of mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation was observed in cultures from the animals kept in either long or short days compared to cultures from the animals kept in natural ambient day length. Use of in vitro melatonin showed that lymphocytes from the animals, kept in long days, were more reactive. Photoperiod induces changes in immune status which may permit adaptive functional responses in order to maintain seasonal energetic budgets of the animals. Physiological responses (like elevated immune status) are energetically expensive, therefore, animals have evolved a strategy to reduce immune functions at times when energy is invested in reproductive activities. Natrix piscator breeds from September to December and elevated pineal hormone in winter suppresses reproduction while immunity is stimulated.
Collapse
|
7
|
Patel S, Choudhary M, Chandra RK, Bhardwaj AK, Tripathi MK. Sex steroids exert a suppressive effect on innate and cell mediated immune responses in fresh water teleost, Channa punctatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 100:103415. [PMID: 31202893 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential role of two important sex steroids, crucial for reproductive success, on innate and cell mediated immune responses in a seasonally breeding, economically important fish, Channa punctatus. Intraperitoneal injections of testosterone and progesterone were given to different groups of fishes. Spleen and head kidney macrophages were isolated and studied for phagocytosis. Superoxide production and nitrite release by phagocytes were also investigated. Cell mediated immunity was measured by lymphocyte proliferation in presence of T and B cell mitogens. In vitro effect of steroids on mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation was also analyzed. Results of the present investigation revealed the suppressive effects of testosterone and progesterone on immune responses of cells from spleen and head kidney. Concentration dependent effect of sex steroids were observed in vitro studies where phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation were suppressed. Immunosupression by these hormones may be the cost of reproduction and it is postulated that by suppressing immune responses, these steroids may, therefore, act as a physiological check regulating the relative amount of energy invested into either reproductive effort or immunocompetence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Patel
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India
| | - Meghmala Choudhary
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chandra
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guerra-Santos B, López-Olmeda JF, Pereira DSP, Ruiz CE, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Esteban MÁ, Cerqueira RB, Fortes-Silva R. Daily rhythms after vaccination on specific and non-specific responses in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1305-1318. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1477791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartira Guerra-Santos
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Campus Salvador, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Fernando López-Olmeda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Denise Soledade Peixoto Pereira
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cristóbal Espinossa Ruiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sánchez-Vázquez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Robson Bahia Cerqueira
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Fortes-Silva
- Laboratory of Feeding Behavior and Fish Nutrition (AquaUFRB), Faculty of Fish Engineering (NEPA), Center of Agricultural Sciences, Environmental and Biological (CCAAB), Campus Cruz das Almas, Federal University of Bahia (UFRB), Bahia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Borniger JC, Cisse YM, Surbhi, Nelson RJ. Reciprocal Regulation of Circadian Rhythms and Immune Function. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-017-0070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
10
|
Mohammed S, Aarti K, Kalyan A, Alhussien MN, Manjari P, Yadav ML, Sheikh AA, De S, Mohanty AK, Dang AK. Fluctuation in the number, type and activity of blood neutrophils in cows exhibiting successful and unsuccessful completion of gestation cycle. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2017.1311984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seid Mohammed
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Kamboj Aarti
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ankita Kalyan
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Mohanned Naif Alhussien
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - P. Manjari
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Munna lal Yadav
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Aasif Ahmad Sheikh
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sachinandan De
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - A. K. Mohanty
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Dang
- Lactation and Immuno-Physiology Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Cohen N, Chadzinska M. Neuroendocrine-immune interaction: Evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that maintain allostasis in an ever-changing environment. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:2-23. [PMID: 27296493 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It has now become accepted that the immune system and neuroendocrine system form an integrated part of our physiology. Immunological defense mechanisms act in concert with physiological processes like growth and reproduction, energy intake and metabolism, as well as neuronal development. Not only are psychological and environmental stressors communicated to the immune system, but also, vice versa, the immune response and adaptation to a current pathogen challenge are communicated to the entire body, including the brain, to evoke adaptive responses (e.g., fever, sickness behavior) that ensure allocation of energy to fight the pathogen. This phenomenon is evolutionarily conserved. Hence it is both interesting and important to consider the evolutionary history of this bi-directional neuroendocrine-immune communication to reveal phylogenetically ancient or relatively recently acquired mechanisms. Indeed, such considerations have already disclosed an extensive "common vocabulary" of information pathways as well as molecules and their receptors used by both the neuroendocrine and immune systems. This review focuses on the principal mechanisms of bi-directional communication and the evidence for evolutionary conservation of the important physiological pathways involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicholas Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, PL30-387 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ji F, Liu H, Li C, Yang Z. The effect of photoperiod regimes on daily RNA:DNA ratio rhythms in Chinese soft-shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis). AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2017. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of RNA to DNA is widely used to reflect instantaneous animal growth; however, little is known about its daily variation. Photoperiod can modify expression of internal clocks, providing animals with the flexibility to adapt to variable environments. This study focused on the influence of photoperiod regimes on the daily variation of RNA:DNA ratio in Pelodiscus sinensis. We randomly divided 260 turtles into four groups: constant dark (0L), 8 h light with 16 h dark (8L), 12 h light with 12 h dark (12L), and 16 h light with 8 h dark (16L). Turtles were housed under specific photoperiods for 15 days (fed for first 10 days then starved for 5 days), thereafter we sampled the tissues every 2 h for 24 h. We dissected forelimb muscles and measured the concentration of isolated RNA and DNA. There were rhythmic variations in the RNA:DNA ratio, even in turtles under continuous darkness, indicating that P. sinensis has circadian RNA:DNA ratio rhythms, and the rhythms were likely controlled by internal clocks. Additionally, the acrophase was advanced by two hours in constant darkness in contrast to the other three photoperiods, indicating that the photoperiod considerably modified the rhythm set by the internal clocks. Notably, the RNA:DNA ratio differed between photoperiod regimes, with 0L > 16L > 8L ≈ 12L, indicating the photoperiod may be a seasonal indicator for turtles to synchronize their physiological processes with environmental variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangshuo Ji
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| | - Zhencai Yang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050024, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Priyam M, Tripathy M, Rai U, Ghorai SM. Tracing the evolutionary lineage of pattern recognition receptor homologues in vertebrates: An insight into reptilian immunity via de novo sequencing of the wall lizard splenic transcriptome. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
14
|
Singh VK, Dwivedi P, Chaudhary BR, Singh R. Gymnemic Acid Stimulates In Vitro Splenic Lymphocyte Proliferation. Phytother Res 2015; 30:341-4. [PMID: 26549619 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gymnemic acid is a mixture of triterpenoid saponins of oleanane class, isolated from Gymnema sylvestre Wild R.Br (family: Asclepidaceae), an herbal plant used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. Effect of gymnemic acid (0.1-20 µg/mL) on in vitro mitogen (concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide)-induced splenic lymphocyte proliferation was studied using rat as model. Significant (p < 0.05) stimulation of lymphoproliferation was observed in cultures treated with 10 and 20 µg/mL concentration of gymnemic acid in the absence or presence of mitogens. The present study suggests that gymnemic acid has immunomodulatory property, stimulating lymphoid components of immune system, and the traditional knowledge of anti-diabetic property of G. sylvestre is scientifically supplemented with its immunomodulatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P., India
| | - Padmanabh Dwivedi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P., India
| | - B R Chaudhary
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, U.P., India
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, 221002, U.P., India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Singh VK, Dwivedi P, Chaudhary BR, Singh R. Immunomodulatory Effect of Gymnema sylvestre (R.Br.) Leaf Extract: An In Vitro Study in Rat Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139631. [PMID: 26474420 PMCID: PMC4608767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre Wild R.Br (family: Asclepidaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folk medicine to treat diabetes, obesity, asthma etc. in India for antiquity. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome characterized immunologically by lymphocyte apoptosis and reduced cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Modulation of immune responses to alleviate diseases has been of interest, and traditional herbal medicines may play an important role in this regard. In this study, we aim to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of methanolic extract of G. sylvestre leaf using rat model. HPLC analysis of leaf extract was carried out for gymnemic acid. The method involves the initial hydrolysis of gymnemic acids, the active ingredients, to a common aglycone followed by the quantitative estimation of gymnemagenin, using gymnemagenin as reference standard. Gymnemic acid content was 2.40% (w/w) in G. sylvestre leaf extract. In vitro immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of G. sylvestre leaf (1-200μg/ml) was evaluated by gauging its effects on nitroblue tetrazolium reduction and nitrite release in rat peritoneal macrophages and on mitogen (ConA, PHA and LPS) induced splenic lymphocyte proliferation. G. sylvestre leaf extract showed significant (<0.05) enhancement in NO and ROS generation in macrophages and in proliferation of lymphocytes in dose dependent manner. EC50 value was 3.10, 3.75 and 2.68 μg/ml for NBT reduction, nitrite release and lymphoproliferation, respectively. Potential effect was observed at 100 μg/ml in NO and ROS generation in macrophages and 20 μg/ml in lymphocyte proliferation. G. sylvestre leaf extract stimulates macrophage reactivity, increasing the level of activity even higher when combined with PMA or LPS. These findings suggest the presence of active compounds, gymnemic acid, in methanolic extract of G. sylvestre leaf that stimulates both myeloid and lymphoid components of immune system, and therefore can restore the innate immune function. Through this study, the traditional knowledge of anti-diabetic property of G. sylvestre is scientifically supplemented with its immunomodulatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar Singh
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - Padmanabh Dwivedi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - B. R. Chaudhary
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - Ramesh Singh
- Department of Zoology, Udai Pratap Autonomous College, Varanasi, U.P., India
| |
Collapse
|