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Kim Y, Park IH, Shin J, Choi J, Jeon C, Jeon S, Shin JS, Jung H. Sublingual Dissolving Microneedle (SLDMN)-Based Vaccine for Inducing Mucosal Immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300889. [PMID: 37337388 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has accelerated the development of next-generation vaccination technology to combat future pandemic outbreaks. Mucosal vaccination effectively protects the mucosal surfaces, the primary sites of viral entry, by inducing the secretion of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and humoral IgG. Here, a dissolving microneedle (DMN) is adopted as a mucosal vaccine delivery platform to directly penetrate the sublingual site, which is rich in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and lymphoid tissues. The sublingual dissolving microneedle (SLDMN) vaccination platform comprised a micropillar-based compartment and a 3D-printed SLDMN applicator as a substitute for the DMN patch. The penetration efficacy of SLDMNs is assessed using in vitro optical coherence tomography (OCT) and in vivo histological analysis. The efficacy of SLDMN is also evaluated in a vaccine form using the recombinant spike (S1) protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Furthermore, SLDMN is used to challenge transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptors. Its effects are evaluated on antibody production, survival rate, and inflammation attenuation after infection compared to the intramuscular (IM) injections. Overall, SLDMN effectively induced mucosal immunity via IgA secretion, attenuated lung inflammation, and lowered the levels of cytokines and chemokines, which may prevent the "cytokine storm" after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youseong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Park
- Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Shin
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaibyung Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Chansol Jeon
- JUVIC, 208Ho, 272, Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08389, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghun Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungil Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
- JUVIC, 208Ho, 272, Digital-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08389, Republic of Korea
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Fragoso-Saavedra M, Ramírez-Estudillo C, Peláez-González DL, Ramos-Flores JO, Torres-Franco G, Núñez-Muñoz L, Marcelino-Pérez G, Segura-Covarrubias MG, González-González R, Ruiz-Medrano R, Xoconostle-Cázares B, Gayosso-Vázquez A, Reyes-Maya S, Ramírez-Andoney V, Alonso-Morales RA, Vega-López MA. Combined Subcutaneous-Intranasal Immunization With Epitope-Based Antigens Elicits Binding and Neutralizing Antibody Responses in Serum and Mucosae Against PRRSV-2 and SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848054. [PMID: 35432364 PMCID: PMC9008747 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
New vaccine design approaches, platforms, and immunization strategies might foster antiviral mucosal effector and memory responses to reduce asymptomatic infection and transmission in vaccinated individuals. Here, we investigated a combined parenteral and mucosal immunization scheme to induce local and serum antibody responses, employing the epitope-based antigens 3BT and NG19m. These antigens target the important emerging and re-emerging viruses PRRSV-2 and SARS-CoV-2, respectively. We assessed two versions of the 3BT protein, which contains conserved epitopes from the GP5 envelope protein of PRRSV-2: soluble and expressed by the recombinant baculovirus BacDual-3BT. On the other hand, NG19m, comprising the receptor-binding motif of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2, was evaluated as a soluble recombinant protein only. Vietnamese mini-pigs were immunized employing different inoculation routes: subcutaneous, intranasal, or a combination of both (s.c.-i.n.). Animals produced antigen-binding and neut1ralizing antibodies in serum and mucosal fluids, with varying patterns of concentration and activity, depending on the antigen and the immunization schedule. Soluble 3BT was a potent immunogen to elicit binding and neutralizing antibodies in serum, nasal mucus, and vaginal swabs. The vectored immunogen BacDual-3BT induced binding antibodies in serum and mucosae, but PRRSV-2 neutralizing activity was found in nasal mucus exclusively when administered intranasally. NG19m promoted serum and mucosal binding antibodies, which showed differing neutralizing activity. Only serum samples from subcutaneously immunized animals inhibited RBD-ACE2 interaction, while mini-pigs inoculated intranasally or via the combined s.c.-i.n. scheme produced subtle neutralizing humoral responses in the upper and lower respiratory mucosae. Our results show that intranasal immunization, alone or combined with subcutaneous delivery of epitope-based antigens, generates local and systemic binding and neutralizing antibodies. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the capability of the induced responses to prevent infection and reduce transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fragoso-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología de las Mucosas, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carmen Ramírez-Estudillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología de las Mucosas, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Diana L Peláez-González
- Unidad de Producción y Experimentación de Animales de Laboratorio, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jorge O Ramos-Flores
- Unidad de Producción y Experimentación de Animales de Laboratorio, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Torres-Franco
- Unidad de Producción y Experimentación de Animales de Laboratorio, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Leandro Núñez-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Marcelino-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María G Segura-Covarrubias
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rogelio González-González
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Roberto Ruiz-Medrano
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Beatriz Xoconostle-Cázares
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Amanda Gayosso-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Silvia Reyes-Maya
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Vianey Ramírez-Andoney
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rogelio A Alonso-Morales
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco A Vega-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología de las Mucosas, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Fragoso-Saavedra M, Vega-López MA. Induction of mucosal immunity against pathogens by using recombinant baculoviral vectors: Mechanisms, advantages, and limitations. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:835-850. [PMID: 32392638 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr0320-488r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 90% of pathogens of medical importance invade the organism through mucosal surfaces, which makes it urgent to develop safe and effective mucosal vaccines and mucosal immunization protocols. Besides, parenteral immunization does not provide adequate protective immunity in mucosal surfaces. Effective mucosal vaccination could protect local and systemic compartments and favor herd immunity. Although various mucosal adjuvants and Ag-delivery systems have been developed, none has filled the gap to control diseases caused by complex mucosal pathogens. Among the strategies to counteract them, recombinant virions from the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (rAcMNPV) are useful vectors, given their safety and efficacy to produce mucosal and systemic immunity in animal infection models. Here, we review the immunogenic properties of rAcMNPV virions from the perspectives of mucosal immunology and vaccinology. Some features, which are analyzed and extrapolated from studies with different particulate antigens, include size, shape, surface molecule organization, and danger signals, all needed to break the tolerogenic responses of the mucosal immune tissues. Also, we present a condensed discussion on the immunity provided by rAcMNPV virions against influenza virus and human papillomavirus in animal models. Through the text, we highlight the advantages and limitations of this experimental immunization platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Fragoso-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología de las Mucosas, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Colonia Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marco A Vega-López
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología de las Mucosas, Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Colonia Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, México
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Curtis AD, Walter KA, Nabi R, Jensen K, Dwivedi A, Pollara J, Ferrari G, Van Rompay KK, Amara RR, Kozlowski PA, De Paris K. Oral Coadministration of an Intramuscular DNA/Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccine for Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Is Associated with Better Control of Infection in Orally Exposed Infant Macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:310-325. [PMID: 30303405 PMCID: PMC6434602 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 infections in infants are acquired orally through breastfeeding. Toward development of a pediatric HIV vaccine to prevent breastmilk transmission, we tested the efficacy of a simultaneous oral and intramuscular (IM) vaccination regimen for preventing oral simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transmission in infant rhesus macaques. Two groups of neonatal macaques were immunized with DNA encoding SIV virus-like particles (DNA-SIV) on weeks 0 and 3, then boosted with modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing SIV antigens (MVA-SIV) on weeks 6 and 9. One group was prime/boosted by the IM route only. Another group was immunized with DNA by both the IM and topical oral (O) buccal routes, and boosted with MVA-SIV by both the IM and sublingual (SL) routes. A third group of control animals received saline by O + IM routes on weeks 0 and 3, and empty MVA by SL + IM routes on weeks 6 and 9. On week 12, infants were orally challenged once weekly with SIVmac251 until infected. The vaccine regimen that included oral routes resulted in reduced peak viremia. The rate of infection acquisition in vaccinated infants was found to be associated with prechallenge intestinal immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to SIV gp120 and V1V2. Peak viremia was inversely correlated with postinfection intestinal IgG responses to gp120, gp41, and V1V2. These results suggest that codelivery of a pediatric HIV vaccine by an oral route may be superior to IM-only regimens for generating mucosal antibodies and preventing HIV breastmilk transmission in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Korey A. Walter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Rafiq Nabi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kara Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aanini Dwivedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Justin Pollara
- Duke University Medical Center, Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke University Medical Center, Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Rama R. Amara
- Emory University and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Creighton RL, Woodrow KA. Microneedle-Mediated Vaccine Delivery to the Oral Mucosa. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801180. [PMID: 30537400 PMCID: PMC6476557 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The oral mucosa is a minimally invasive and immunologically rich site that is underutilized for vaccination due to physiological and immunological barriers. To develop effective oral mucosal vaccines, key questions regarding vaccine residence time, uptake, adjuvant formulation, dose, and delivery location must be answered. However, currently available dosage forms are insufficient to address all these questions. An ideal oral mucosal vaccine delivery system would improve both residence time and epithelial permeation while enabling efficient delivery of physicochemically diverse vaccine formulations. Microneedles have demonstrated these capabilities for dermal vaccine delivery. Additionally, microneedles enable precise control over delivery properties like depth, uniformity, and dosing, making them an ideal tool to study oral mucosal vaccination. Select studies have demonstrated the feasibility of microneedle-mediated oral mucosal vaccination, but they have only begun to explore the broad functionality of microneedles. This review describes the physiological and immunological challenges related to oral mucosal vaccine delivery and provides specific examples of how microneedles can be used to address these challenges. It summarizes and compares the few existing oral mucosal microneedle vaccine studies and offers a perspective for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Creighton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kim A Woodrow
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Curtis AD, Jensen K, Van Rompay KK, Amara RR, Kozlowski PA, De Paris K. A simultaneous oral and intramuscular prime/sublingual boost with a DNA/Modified Vaccinia Ankara viral vector-based vaccine induces simian immunodeficiency virus-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses in juvenile rhesus macaques. J Med Primatol 2018; 47:288-297. [PMID: 30204253 PMCID: PMC6158111 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pediatric vaccine to prevent breast milk transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may generate greater immune responses at viral entry sites if given by an oral route. METHODS We compared immune responses induced in juvenile macaques by prime/boosting with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-expressing DNA/modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) by the intramuscular route (IM), the oral (O)/tonsillar routes (T), the O/sublingual (SL) routes, and O+IM/SL routes. RESULTS O/T or O/SL immunization generated SIV-specific T cells in mucosal tissues but failed to induce SIV-specific IgA in saliva or stool or IgG in plasma. IM/IM or O+IM/SL generated humoral and cellular responses to SIV. IM/IM generated greater frequencies of TFH in spleen, but O+IM/SL animals had higher avidity plasma IgG and more often demonstrated mucosal IgA responses. CONCLUSION These results suggest that codelivery of HIV DNA/MVA vaccines by the oral and IM routes might be optimal for generating both systemic and mucosal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kara Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Koen K.A. Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Kristina De Paris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Abstract
Vaccines have been successful in reducing the mortality and morbidity, but most of them are delivered by intramuscular or intravenous route. They are associated with pain to the baby and bring lot of anxiety for the parents. There has been a marked increase in the number of injections required in first two years of life for completing the vaccination schedule. Hence, there is a need to have a painless vaccine delivery system. Numerous new routes of vaccination like, oral, nasal and transdermal routes are being tried. Oral polio and intranasal influenza have already been a success. Other newer approaches like edible vaccines, nasal sprays, dry powder preparations, jet injectors, microneedles and nanopatches are promising in delivering painless vaccines. Many of them are under clinical trials. These vaccine delivery systems will not only be painless but also cost effective, safe and easy to administer in mass population. They may be devoid of the need of cold chain. Painless delivery system will ensure better compliance to vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Garg
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India.
| | - Anju Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Tegh Bahadur Hospital, New Delhi, 110095, India
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Exploring new packaging and delivery options for the immunization supply chain. Vaccine 2017; 35:2265-2271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Silveira MM, Conceição FR, Mendonça M, Moreira GMSG, Da Cunha CEP, Conrad NL, Oliveira PDD, Hartwig DD, De Leon PMM, Moreira ÂN. Saccharomyces boulardii improves humoral immune response to DNA vaccines against leptospirosis. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:184-190. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Moura Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Mendonça
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Avenida Bom Pastor, S/N, Boa Vista, 55292-270 Garanhuns, PE, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Marçal Schmidt Garcia Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pouey Da Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Neida Lucia Conrad
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Diaz de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Priscila Marques Moura De Leon
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ângela Nunes Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário S/N, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Departamento de Nutrição, Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Porto/Anglo, Rua Gomes Carneiro, 01 – Centro, Caixa Postal 354, 96010-610 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 101:231-322. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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