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Suzuki N, Iwamura Y, Kato K, Ishioka H, Konta Y, Sato K, Uchida N, Koida N, Sekine H, Tanaka T, Kumagai N, Nakai T. Crosstalk between oxygen signaling and iron metabolism in renal interstitial fibroblasts. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:179-184. [PMID: 38799135 PMCID: PMC11111471 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.24-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To maintain the oxygen supply, the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is promoted under low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia). Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in erythrocytes, in which the majority of the essential element iron in the body is contained. Because iron metabolism is strictly controlled in a semi-closed recycling system to protect cells from oxidative stress caused by iron, hypoxia-inducible erythropoiesis is closely coordinated by regulatory systems that mobilize stored iron for hemoglobin synthesis. The erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) is mainly secreted by interstitial fibroblasts in the renal cortex, which are known as renal EPO-producing (REP) cells, and promotes erythropoiesis and iron mobilization. Intriguingly, EPO production is strongly induced by hypoxia through iron-dependent pathways in REP cells. Here, we summarize recent studies on the network mechanisms linking hypoxia-inducible EPO production, erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. Additionally, we introduce disease mechanisms related to disorders in the network mediated by REP cell functions. Furthermore, we propose future studies regarding the application of renal cells derived from the urine of kidney disease patients to investigate the molecular pathology of chronic kidney disease and develop precise and personalized medicine for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Suzuki
- Applied Oxygen Physiology Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuma Iwamura
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Applied Oxygen Physiology Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishioka
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yusuke Konta
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koji Sato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nao Uchida
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Noa Koida
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sekine
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naonori Kumagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Taku Nakai
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Matsuoka T, Abe M, Kobayashi H. Iron Metabolism and Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Renal Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3745. [PMID: 38612557 PMCID: PMC11012052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects around 850 million people worldwide, posing significant challenges in healthcare due to complications like renal anemia, end-stage kidney disease, and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the intricate interplay between iron metabolism, inflammation, and renal dysfunction in CKD. Renal anemia, prevalent in CKD, arises primarily from diminished erythropoietin (EPO) production and iron dysregulation, which worsens with disease progression. Functional and absolute iron deficiencies due to impaired absorption and chronic inflammation are key factors exacerbating erythropoiesis. A notable aspect of CKD is the accumulation of uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS), which hinder iron metabolism and worsen anemia. These toxins directly affect renal EPO synthesis and contribute to renal hypoxia, thus playing a critical role in the pathophysiology of renal anemia. Inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α and IL-6, further exacerbate CKD progression and disrupt iron homeostasis, thereby influencing anemia severity. Treatment approaches have evolved to address both iron and EPO deficiencies, with emerging therapies targeting hepcidin and employing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers showing potential. This review underscores the importance of integrated treatment strategies in CKD, focusing on the complex relationship between iron metabolism, inflammation, and renal dysfunction to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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Yamazaki S, Hirano I, Kato K, Yamamoto M, Suzuki N. Defining the functionally sufficient regulatory region and liver-specific roles of the erythropoietin gene by transgene complementation. Life Sci 2021; 269:119075. [PMID: 33465391 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) is an essential growth factor for erythroid cells and is mainly secreted from the kidneys and subsidiarily from the livers of adult mammals in an anemia/hypoxia-inducible manner. AIM AND METHOD To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of stress-inducible and cell type-specific Epo gene transcription, the rate-limiting step of EPO production, we investigated the sufficiency of a 180-kb genomic fragment flanking the mouse Epo gene locus for recapitulating endogenous Epo gene function by a transgene complementation strategy. KEY FINDINGS While Epo gene-deficient mice exhibited lethal anemia in utero with defects in erythroblast proliferation and maturation, Epo-knockout mice integrated with the 180-kb Epo transgene showed normal erythropoiesis throughout life. In the transgene-rescued mice, liver-specific deletion of the transgene by the Cre-loxP recombination system caused neonatal anemia with erythropoietic defects in the liver but not in the spleen, indicating the essential function of hepatic EPO on normal erythropoiesis in the liver, which is the major erythropoietic site in late embryonic and neonatal stages. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that the 180 kb Epo gene flanking region contains the fully functional Epo gene unit and that EPO from the liver dominantly stimulates hepatic erythropoiesis but contributes less to erythropoiesis in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yamazaki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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4
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Huang Z, Xu W, Wu J, Chen S, Chen X. The role of PI3-K/Akt signal pathway in the antagonist effect of CEPO on CHF rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5161-5165. [PMID: 30542471 PMCID: PMC6257438 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signal pathway in the antagonist effect of carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) on chronic heart failure (CHF) in rats was investigated. Twenty of 120 rats were randomly selected as the control group, and the remaining rats as the model group. Rats in the model group received intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol, those in the control group underwent intraperitoneal injection of equivalent normal saline. Rats with successful model establishment were divided into 4 groups, i.e. CHF group, CEPO group, LY294002 (LY) group and CEPO + LY group. Rats in the CEPO group underwent intraperitoneal injection of CEPO, while those in the CHF group received intraperitoneal injection of equivalent normal saline at the same time, those in the LY group received intraperitoneal injection of LY after model establishment, and those in the CEPO + LY group received the combined intraperitoneal injection of CEPO and LY simultaneously. Indicators for hemodynamics were determined using BL-410S bio-functional experiment system, including heart rate (HR), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and maximal increased rate of left ventricular pressure (LVP)/maximal reduced rate of LVP (±dp/dtmax). Western blotting assay was utilized to determine the changes in activity of PI3-K/Akt signal pathway. LVSP and ±dp/dtmax in the CHF, the CEPO, the CEPO + LY and the LY groups were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); LVSP and ±dp/dtmax in the CEPO group were also elevated significantly compared with CHF, LY and CEPO + LY groups (P<0.05) with significant decreases in LVEDP and HR (P<0.05); compared with the CHF group, LVSP and ±dp/dtmax in the LY group were each significantly decreased (P<0.05), in the LY group, pAkt level was significantly lower than that in the CHF group (P<0.05). In conclusion, CEPO can generate the antagonist effect on CHF in rats through activation of PI3-K/Akt signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Jinlei Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hexian Memorial Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Shengqiang Chen
- Institute for Neurological Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, P.R. China
| | - Ximing Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
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Corbett MSP, Poger D, Mark AE. Revisiting the scissor-like mechanism of activation for the erythropoietin receptor. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3083-8. [PMID: 27490140 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An interpretation of alternative crystal structures of the erythropoietin receptor, with and without ligand, led to the proposal of a scissor-like mechanism of activation. This model has been propagated in the literature and is still being used to interpret crystal structures of related type-I cytokine receptors. Here, we assess whether the model remains compatible with current knowledge on the family of type-I cytokine receptors, and consider whether the model, as initially presented, is truly supported by the crystal structures on which it was originally based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S P Corbett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Poger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alan E Mark
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Papayannopoulou T, Kaushansky K. Evolving insights into the synergy between erythropoietin and thrombopoietin and the bipotent erythroid/megakaryocytic progenitor cell. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:664-8. [PMID: 26773569 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the synergy between erythropoietin and thrombopoietin has previously been pointed out, the clonal demonstration of a human bipotent erythroid/megakaryocytic progenitor (MEP) was first published in Experimental Hematology (Papayannopoulou T, Brice M, Farrer D, Kaushansky K. Exp Hematol. 1996;24:660-669) and later in the same year in Blood (Debili N, Coulombel L, Croisille L, et al. Blood. 1996;88:1284-1296). This demonstration, and the fact that both bipotent and monopotent erythroid or megakaryocytic progenitors co-express markers of both lineages and respond to both lineage-specific transcription factors, has provided a background for the extensive use of MEP assessment by fluorescence-activated cell sorting in many subsequent studies. Beyond this, the demonstration of shared regulatory elements and the presence of single mutations affecting both lineages have inspired further studies to decipher how the shift in transcription factor networks occurs from one lineage to the other. Furthermore, in addition to shared effects, erythropoietin and thrombopoietin have additional independent effects. Most notable for thrombopoietin is its effect on hematopoietic stem cells illustrated by in vitro and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth Kaushansky
- Office of the Senior Vice President for Health Sciences and Dean, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
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Bonomini M, Del Vecchio L, Sirolli V, Locatelli F. New Treatment Approaches for the Anemia of CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 67:133-42. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nagree MS, López-Vásquez L, Medin JA. Towards in vivo amplification: Overcoming hurdles in the use of hematopoietic stem cells in transplantation and gene therapy. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1233-1250. [PMID: 26730268 PMCID: PMC4691692 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i11.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of safer and more efficient gene transfer methods, gene therapy has become a viable solution for many inherited and acquired disorders. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are a prime cell compartment for gene therapy aimed at correcting blood-based disorders, as well as those amenable to metabolic outcomes that can effect cross-correction. While some resounding clinical successes have recently been demonstrated, ample room remains to increase the therapeutic output from HSC-directed gene therapy. In vivo amplification of therapeutic cells is one avenue to achieve enhanced gene product delivery. To date, attempts have been made to provide HSCs with resistance to cytotoxic drugs, to include drug-inducible growth modules specific to HSCs, and to increase the engraftment potential of transduced HSCs. This review aims to summarize amplification strategies that have been developed and tested and to discuss their advantages along with barriers faced towards their clinical adaptation. In addition, next-generation strategies to circumvent current limitations of specific amplification schemas are discussed.
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Suzuki N, Yamamoto M. Roles of renal erythropoietin-producing (REP) cells in the maintenance of systemic oxygen homeostasis. Pflugers Arch 2015; 468:3-12. [PMID: 26452589 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-015-1740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietic induction is critical for enhancing the efficiency of oxygen delivery during the chronic phase of the systemic hypoxia response. The erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (Epo) triggers the erythropoietic induction through the activation of erythroid genes related to cell survival, differentiation, and iron metabolism. Because Epo is produced in renal Epo-producing (REP) cells in a hypoxia-inducible manner, REP cells serve as a control center for the systemic hypoxia response. In fact, the loss of Epo production in REP cells causes chronic severe anemia in genetically modified mice, and REP cell-specific inactivation of PHD2 (prolyl-hydroxylase domain enzyme 2) results in erythrocytosis via overexpression of the Epo gene due to the constitutive activation of HIF2α (hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 2α). REP cells are located in the interstitial spaces between renal tubules and capillaries, where the oxygen supply is low but oxygen consumption is high, for the highly sensitive detection of decreased oxygen supplies to the body. Under disease conditions, REP cells transform to myofibroblasts and lose their Epo-producing ability. Therefore, elucidation of Epo gene regulation and REP cell features directly contributes to understanding the pathology of chronic kidney disease. To further analyze REP cells, we introduce a newly established mouse line in which REP cells are efficiently labeled with fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Suzuki
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Oxygen Medicine, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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Chemically induced dimerization: reversible and spatiotemporal control of protein function in cells. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 28:194-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Suzuki N. Erythropoietin gene expression: developmental-stage specificity, cell-type specificity, and hypoxia inducibility. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 235:233-40. [PMID: 25786542 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.235.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Erythrocytes play an essential role in the delivery of oxygen from the lung to every organ; a decrease in erythrocytes (anemia) causes hypoxic stress and tissue damage. To maintain oxygen homeostasis in adult mammals, when the kidney senses hypoxia, it secretes an erythroid growth factor, erythropoietin (Epo), which stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. Recently, studies using genetically modified mice have shown that the in vivo expression profile of the Epo gene changes dramatically during development. The first Epo-producing cells emerge in the neural crest and neuroepithelium of mid-stage embryos and support primitive erythropoiesis in the yolk sac. Subsequently, Epo from the hepatocytes stimulates erythropoiesis in the fetal liver of later stage embryos in a paracrine manner. In fact, erythroid lineage cells comprise the largest cell population in the fetal liver, and hepatocytes are distributed among the erythroid cell clusters. Adult erythropoiesis in the bone marrow requires Epo that is secreted by renal Epo-producing cells (REP cells). REP cells are widely distributed in the renal cortex and outer medulla. Hypoxia-inducible Epo production both in hepatocytes and REP cells is controlled at the gene transcription level that is mainly mediated by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (HIF) pathway. These mouse studies further provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of the cell-type specific, hypoxia-inducible expression of the Epo gene, which involves multiple sets of cis- and trans-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Suzuki
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Oxygen Medicine, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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