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Soni R, Dale C, Garfield V, Akhtar N. A cross-sectional observational study for ethno-geographical disparities in sleep quality, brain morphometry and cognition (a SOLACE study) in Indians residing in India, and South Asians and Europeans residing in the UK - a study protocol. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1294681. [PMID: 38450379 PMCID: PMC10914976 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1294681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction As individuals age, their sleep patterns change, and sleep disturbances can increase the risk of dementia. Poor sleep quality can be a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Epidemiological studies show a connection between sleep quality and cognitive changes, with brain imaging revealing grey matter volume reduction and amyloid beta accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. However, most research has focused on Europeans, with little attention to other ethnic groups. Methods This is a cross sectional study comparing effects across countries and ethnicities. Group 1 (n = 193) will be Indians residing in India (new participant recruitment), Group 2 will be South Asians residing in UK and group 3 will be Europeans residing in the UK. For group 2 and 3 (n = 193), data already collected by UK-based Southall and Brent REvisited (SABRE) tri-ethnic study will be used. For group 1, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI) will be used for assessment of sleep quality, Indian Council of Medical Research (Neurocognitive ToolBox) (ICMR-NCTB) for cognition testing and a 3 T MRI cerebral scan for brain morphometry. The data will be compared to sleep, cognitive function and brain MRI parameters from SABRE. Discussion Racial and ethnic differences can impact the relationships of cognitive function, sleep quality and brain structure in older adults. Earlier studies have highlighted higher prevalence of poor sleep among black individuals compared to white individuals. Genetic or epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to these variations. Socio-cultural and environmental factors, such as neighbourhood, migration, lifestyle, stress and perceived discrimination may influence sleep patterns. The aim of the study is to examine the ethnogeographic variations in sleep quality, cognitive performance and brain morphometry among Indians living in India, and South Asians and Europeans residing in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Soni
- Baldev Singh Sleep Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Caroline Dale
- Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Garfield
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nasreen Akhtar
- Baldev Singh Sleep Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Park J, Kang C, Min J, Kim E, Song I, Jang H, Kwon D, Oh J, Moon J, Kim H, Lee W. Association of long-term exposure to air pollution with chronic sleep deprivation in South Korea: A community-level longitudinal study, 2008-2018. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115812. [PMID: 37030407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Although there are many findings about the effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and sleep deprivation on health respectively, the association between PM2.5 and chronic sleep deprivation has rarely been investigated. Thus, we aimed to investigate this association using a nationwide survey in South Korea. METHOD We examined the association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 and chronic sleep deprivation using a national cross-sectional health survey covering the entire 226 districts in inland South Korea from 2008 to 2018, with a machine learning-based national air pollution prediction model with 1 km2 spatial resolution. RESULTS Chronic sleep deprivation was positively associated with PM2.5 in the total population (odds ratio (OR): 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-1.13) and sub-population (low, middle, high population density areas with OR: 1.127, 1.09, and 1.059, respectively). The association was consistently observed in both sexes (males with OR: 1.09, females with OR: 1.09)) and was more pronounced in the elderly population (OR: 1.12) than in the middle-aged (OR: 1.07) and young (OR: 1.09) populations. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the hypothesis regarding the relationship between long-term PM2.5 exposure and chronic sleep deprivation, and the study provides quantitative evidence for public health interventions to improve air quality that can affect chronic sleep conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Park
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cinoo Kang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jieun Min
- Department of Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 25 Magokdong-ro 2-gil, Ganseo-gu, Seoul, 07804, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ejin Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Insung Song
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dohoon Kwon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jieun Oh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeongmin Moon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whanhee Lee
- Data Science, School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, College of Information and Biomedical Engineering, Pusan National University, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50612, South Korea.
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Lim JYL, Boardman J, Dyche J, Anderson C, Dickinson DL, Drummond SPA. Sex moderates the effects of total sleep deprivation and sleep restriction on risk preference. Sleep 2022; 45:6603432. [PMID: 35667000 PMCID: PMC9453615 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep loss has been shown to alter risk preference during decision-making. However, research in this area has largely focussed on the effects of total sleep deprivation (TSD), while evidence on the effects of sleep restriction (SR) or the potentially moderating role of sex on risk preference remains scarce and unclear. The present study investigated risky decision-making in 47 healthy young adults who were assigned to either of two counterbalanced protocols: well-rested (WR) and TSD, or WR and SR. Participants were assessed on the Lottery Choice Task (LCT), which requires a series of choices between two risky gambles with varying risk levels. Analyses on the pooled dataset indicated across all sleep conditions, participants were generally more risk-seeking when trying to minimise financial loss (LOSSES) than while trying to maximise financial gain (GAINS). On GAINS trials, female participants were more risk-averse during TSD and SR, whereas male participants remained unchanged. On LOSSES trials, female participants remained unchanged during TSD and SR, whereas male participants became more risk-seeking during TSD. Our findings suggest the relationship between sleep loss and risk preference is moderated by sex, whereby changes in risk preference after TSD or SR differ in men and women depending on whether the decision is framed in terms of gains or losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeryl Y L Lim
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Johanna Boardman
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - Jeff Dyche
- Department of Psychology, James Madison University , Harrisonburg, VA , USA
| | - Clare Anderson
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David L Dickinson
- Department of Economics and CERPA, Appalachian State University , Boone, NC , USA
- Economics Science Institute, Chapman University , Orange, CA , USA
- Institute of Labor Economics , Bonn , Germany
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Lefter R, Cojocariu RO, Ciobica A, Balmus IM, Mavroudis I, Kis A. Interactions between Sleep and Emotions in Humans and Animal Models. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020274. [PMID: 35208598 PMCID: PMC8877042 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increased interest and efforts were observed in describing the possible interaction between sleep and emotions. Human and animal model studies addressed the implication of both sleep patterns and emotional processing in neurophysiology and neuropathology in suggesting a bidirectional interaction intimately modulated by complex mechanisms and factors. In this context, we aimed to discuss recent evidence and possible mechanisms implicated in this interaction, as provided by both human and animal models in studies. In addition, considering the affective component of brain physiological patterns, we aimed to find reasonable evidence in describing the two-way association between comorbid sleep impairments and psychiatric disorders. The main scientific literature databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science) were screened with keyword combinations for relevant content taking into consideration only English written papers and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, according to PRISMA guidelines. We found that a strong modulatory interaction between sleep processes and emotional states resides on the activity of several key brain structures, such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem nuclei. In addition, evidence suggested that physiologically and behaviorally related mechanisms of sleep are intimately interacting with emotional perception and processing which could advise the key role of sleep in the unconscious character of emotional processes. However, further studies are needed to explain and correlate the functional analysis with causative and protective factors of sleep impairments and negative emotional modulation on neurophysiologic processing, mental health, and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Lefter
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, B dul Carol I, no. 8, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Roxana Oana Cojocariu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, no 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, no 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, no 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei nr. 54, Sector 5, 050094 Bucuresti, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.-M.B.)
| | - Ioana-Miruna Balmus
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Alexandru Lapusneanu Street, no. 26, 700057 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.-M.B.)
| | - Ioannis Mavroudis
- Department of Neurology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
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Dickinson DL, Brookes J, Ferguson C, Drummond SPA. The impact of self-selected short sleep on monetary risk taking. J Sleep Res 2021; 31:e13529. [PMID: 34846092 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Risky choice has been widely studied in experimental settings, but there is a paucity of research examining the effects of self-selected sleep schedules on risky choices. The current study examined incentivised risky choices of 100 young, healthy adults whose self-selected (at-home) sleep schedules were tracked via actigraphy for 1 week prior to decision making. Average nightly sleep was 6.43 h/night. On each trial of the decision task, individuals chose between two monetary gambles, with separate blocks of trials presenting amounts to gain versus amounts to lose for each paired gamble choice. In general, participants were risk-averse when trying to maximise gains (GAINS) and risk-seeking when trying to minimise losses (LOSSES). These tendencies were amplified in trials where gambles differed more (vs less) in their riskiness. Response times were longer for real choices (vs. dummy trials of random choice), LOSS versus GAINS trials, and when gambles were more similar versus different in risk. Gamble choices were not impacted by actigraphy measured average sleep levels, which suggests self-selected moderate sleep deprivation does not affect risky monetary choices, as has been found in studies of experimentally induced sleep deprivation. However, our data showed that sleep variability increased risk-taking behaviour in the LOSS condition. Thus, risky decision-making may relate more to variability in sleep efficiency than to overall sleep duration or quality in naturalistic settings. The current study gives insight into how decision making in experimental sleep settings may or may not translate to more ecologically valid settings of self-directed sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Dickinson
- Department of Economic and CERPA, Appalachian State University; ESI; IZA, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jama Brookes
- Department of Psychology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cori Ferguson
- Department of Psychology, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean P A Drummond
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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Koop S, Oster H. Eat, sleep, repeat - endocrine regulation of behavioural circadian rhythms. FEBS J 2021; 289:6543-6558. [PMID: 34228879 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adaptation of organisms to a rhythmic environment is mediated by an internal timing system termed the circadian clock. In mammals, molecular clocks are found in all tissues and organs. This circadian clock network regulates the release of many hormones, which in turn influence some of the most vital behavioural functions. Sleep-wake cycles are under strict circadian control with strong influence of rhythmic hormones such as melatonin, cortisol and others. Food intake, in contrast, receives circadian modulation through hormones such as leptin, ghrelin, insulin and orexin. A third behavioural output covered in this review is mating and bonding behaviours, regulated through circadian rhythms in steroid hormones and oxytocin. Together, these data emphasize the pervasive influence of the circadian clock system on behavioural outputs and its mediation through endocrine networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koop
- Centre of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Centre of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, Germany
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Massar SAA. Sleep loss and risk-taking: new findings in a field that needs more clarity. Sleep 2021; 44:6205721. [PMID: 33835162 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn A A Massar
- Sleep and Cognition Laboratory, Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Giri S, Ranjan A, Kumar A, Amar M, Mallick BN. Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation impairs neuronal plasticity and reduces hippocampal neuronal arborization in male albino rats: Noradrenaline is involved in the process. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1815-1834. [PMID: 33819353 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) favors brain development and memory, while it is decreased in neurodegenerative diseases. REMS deprivation (REMSD) affects several physiological processes including memory consolidation; however, its detailed mechanism(s) of action was unknown. REMS reduces, while REMSD elevates noradrenaline (NA) level in the brain; the latter induces several deficiencies and disorders, including changes in neuronal cytomorphology and apoptosis. Therefore, we proposed that REMS- and REMSD-associated modulation of NA level might affect neuronal plasticity and affect brain functions. Male albino rats were REMS deprived by flower-pot method for 6 days, and its effects were compared with home cage and large platform controls as well as post-REMSD recovered and REMS-deprived prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist)-treated rats. We observed that REMSD reduced CA1 and CA3 neuronal dendritic length, branching, arborization, and spine density, while length of active zone and expressions of pre- as well as post-synaptic proteins were increased as compared to controls; interestingly, prazosin prevented most of the effects in vivo. Studies on primary culture of neurons from chick embryo brain confirmed that NA at lower concentration(s) induced neuronal branching and arborization, while higher doses were destructive. The findings support our contention that REMSD adversely affects neuronal plasticity, branching, and synaptic scaffold, which explain the underlying cytoarchitectural basis of REMSD-associated patho-physio-behavioral changes. Consolidation of findings of this study along with that of our previous reports suggest that the neuronal disintegration could be due to either withdrawal of direct protective and proliferative role of low dose of NA or indirect effect of high dose of NA or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatrunjai Giri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Ranjan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, India
| | - Awanish Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Megha Amar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Clark J, Dickinson DL. The effect of sleep on public good contributions and punishment: Experimental evidence. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240324. [PMID: 33119643 PMCID: PMC7595432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the effect of a full week of sleep restriction (SR) vs. well-restedness (WR) on contributions in a common public good experiment, the voluntary contributions mechanism (VCM). We examine the effect of sleep manipulation on decisions regarding both contributions and punishment of non-contributors. Actigraphy devices are used to confirm that our random assignment to sleep condition generates significant differences in objective nightly sleep duration and sleepiness. We find that when punishment is unavailable public good contributions do not differ by SR/WR assignment. When punishment is available, we find evidence that SR subjects contribute more than WR subjects, respond more to the availability of punishment than do WR subjects, and that the availability of punishment significantly increases the contributions of SR but not WR subjects. Yet SR subjects do not punish others more or less than WR subjects. Our main findings are robust when considering compliance and sample selection. However, some findings are not robust to an alternative but less objective sleep control measure that is based partly on participants' self-identified optimal sleep levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Clark
- Department of Economics and Finance, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David L. Dickinson
- Department of Economics and CERPA, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
- IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Bonn, Germany
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America
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Sleep State Classification Using Power Spectral Density and Residual Neural Network with Multichannel EEG Signals. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a classification framework for automatic sleep stage detection in both male and female human subjects by analyzing the electroencephalogram (EEG) data of polysomnography (PSG) recorded for three regions of the human brain, i.e., the pre-frontal, central, and occipital lobes. Without considering any artifact removal approach, the residual neural network (ResNet) architecture is used to automatically learn the distinctive features of different sleep stages from the power spectral density (PSD) of the raw EEG data. The residual block of the ResNet learns the intrinsic features of different sleep stages from the EEG data while avoiding the vanishing gradient problem. The proposed approach is validated using the sleep dataset of the Dreams database, which comprises of EEG signals for 20 healthy human subjects, 16 female and 4 male. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the ResNet based approach in identifying different sleep stages in both female and male subjects compared to state-of-the-art methods with classification accuracies of 87.8% and 83.7%, respectively.
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Salfi F, Lauriola M, Tempesta D, Calanna P, Socci V, De Gennaro L, Ferrara M. Effects of Total and Partial Sleep Deprivation on Reflection Impulsivity and Risk-Taking in Deliberative Decision-Making. Nat Sci Sleep 2020; 12:309-324. [PMID: 32547280 PMCID: PMC7261660 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s250586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of total and partial sleep deprivation on reflection impulsivity and risk-taking in tasks requiring deliberative decision-making processes. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Seventy-four healthy young adults were selected to participate in two independent experiments, each consisting of a crossover design. In Experiment 1, 32 participants were tested after one night of regular sleep (RS), and after one night of total sleep deprivation (TSD). In Experiment 2, 42 participants were tested following five nights of RS and after five nights of partial sleep deprivation (PSD), implying five hours of sleep per night. In both the experiments, two deliberative decision-making tasks were administered, involving different decision-making constructs. The Mosaic Task (MT) assessed reflection impulsivity, the tendency to gather information before making a decision. The Columbia Card Task cold version (CCTc) evaluated risk-taking propensity in a dynamic environment. RESULTS Unlike TSD, PSD led to an increment of reflection impulsivity and risk-taking. Nevertheless, analyses taking into account the individuals' baseline (RS) performance showed consistent results between the two experimental sleep manipulations. Participants who gathered more information to make decisions in the MT when well-rested, then relied on less evidence under sleep loss, and more cautious participants in the CCTc tended to make riskier decisions. CONCLUSION Results pointed to differential consequences of sleep deprivation depending on the habitual way to respond during decision-making involving deliberative reasoning processes. Results were interpreted according to a putative interaction between sleep loss effect and individual difference factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Salfi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco Lauriola
- Department of Social and Developmental Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Tempesta
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Calanna
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Socci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luigi De Gennaro
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Honma A, Revell VL, Gunn PJ, Davies SK, Middleton B, Raynaud FI, Skene DJ. Effect of acute total sleep deprivation on plasma melatonin, cortisol and metabolite rhythms in females. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 51:366-378. [PMID: 30929284 PMCID: PMC7027445 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Disruption to sleep and circadian rhythms can impact on metabolism. The study aimed to investigate the effect of acute sleep deprivation on plasma melatonin, cortisol and metabolites, to increase understanding of the metabolic pathways involved in sleep/wake regulation processes. Twelve healthy young female participants remained in controlled laboratory conditions for ~92 hr with respect to posture, meals and environmental light (18:00-23:00 hr and 07:00-09:00 hr <8 lux; 23:00-07:00 hr 0 lux (sleep opportunity) or <8 lux (continuous wakefulness); 09:00-18:00 hr ~90 lux). Regular blood samples were collected for 70 hr for plasma melatonin and cortisol, and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics. Timepoints between 00:00 and 06:00 hr for day 1 (baseline sleep), day 2 (sleep deprivation) and day 3 (recovery sleep) were analysed. Cosinor analysis and MetaCycle analysis were performed for detection of rhythmicity. Night-time melatonin levels were significantly increased during sleep deprivation and returned to baseline levels during recovery sleep. No significant differences were observed in cortisol levels. Of 130 plasma metabolites quantified, 41 metabolites were significantly altered across the study nights, with the majority decreasing during sleep deprivation, most notably phosphatidylcholines. In cosinor analysis, 58 metabolites maintained their rhythmicity across the study days, with the majority showing a phase advance during acute sleep deprivation. This observation differs to that previously reported for males. Our study is the first of metabolic profiling in females during sleep deprivation and recovery sleep, and offers a novel view of human sleep/wake regulation and sex differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Honma
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | | | - Pippa J. Gunn
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- Radcliffe Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sarah K. Davies
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
- Department of Surgery and CancerImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Benita Middleton
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Florence I. Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics UnitDivision of Cancer TherapeuticsThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUK
| | - Debra J. Skene
- ChronobiologyFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
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Mukherjee KK, Lee AY, Zhu L, Darvas M, Ladiges W. Sleep-deprived cognitive impairment in aging mice is alleviated by rapamycin. AGING PATHOBIOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2019; 1:5-9. [PMID: 35083443 PMCID: PMC8789090 DOI: 10.31491/apt.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation-induced cognitive impairment is a major health concern and an age-related risk factor for dementia. There is an urgent need to develop ways of preventing the adverse neurological effects of sleep deprivation, but current preclinical animal models of short-term sleep deprivation are not well described. METHODS C57BL6 mice of varying ages were sleep deprived for 4 hours a day for 4 days, and then tested with a Box maze navigation task. RESULTS Sleep deprived mice at young, middle and older ages showed learning impairment that varied by strain and gender. In general, females were more sensitive to sleep deprivation than males. To determine whether sleep deprivation-induced learning impairment would respond to therapeutic intervention, an independent cohort of mice was treated with rapamycin daily during the 4 days of sleep deprivation. Mice that were sleep deprived and treated with rapamycin showed significant improvement in learning time suggesting that the cognitive impairment might be associated in part with molecular and cellular mechanisms targeted by rapamycin. CONCLUSIONS The observations from this study suggest that aging mice would be productive models to study pathobiology and therapeutic intervention of cognitive impairment triggered by age-related sleeping disorders in people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore K. Mukherjee
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104, USA
| | - Amanda Y. Lee
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104, USA
| | - Lida Zhu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104, USA
| | - Martin Darvas
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104, USA
| | - Warren Ladiges
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98104, USA
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14
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Ranum BM, Wichstrøm L, Pallesen S, Falch-Madsen J, Halse M, Steinsbekk S. Association Between Objectively Measured Sleep Duration and Symptoms of Psychiatric Disorders in Middle Childhood. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e1918281. [PMID: 31880797 PMCID: PMC6991225 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.18281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance The long-term association between sleep duration and mental health in children is currently unknown. Objective To investigate the prospective associations between sleep duration and symptoms of emotional and behavioral disorders at ages 6, 8, 10, and 12 years. Design, Setting, and Participants This population-based cohort study obtained data from the Trondheim Early Secure Study in Trondheim, Norway. A representative, stratified random sample of children born between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2004, were invited to participate. Participants were followed up biennially from age 4 years (2007-2008) to 12 years (2013-2014). Data analysis was conducted from January 2, 2019, to May 28, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Sleep duration was assessed with 1 week of continuous use of a triaxial accelerometer. Symptoms of emotional (anxiety and depression) and behavioral (oppositional defiant, conduct, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity) disorders were measured by semistructured clinical interviews (using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment) with parents (at all ages) and children (from age 8 years). Results The analytical sample comprised 799 children (mean [SD] age at time point 2, 6.0 [0.2] years; 405 [50.7%] boys; and 771 [96.5%] Norwegian). Shorter sleep duration at age 6 years (β [unstandardized regression coefficient] = -0.44; 95% CI, -0.80 to -0.08; P = .02) and 8 years (β = -0.47; 95% CI, -0.83 to -0.11; P = .01) forecasted symptoms of emotional disorders 2 years later. Comparatively short sleep duration at age 8 years (β = -0.65; 95% CI, -1.22 to -0.08; P = .03) and 10 years (β = -0.58; 95% CI, -1.07 to -0.08; P = .02) was associated with symptoms of behavioral disorders 2 years later among boys but not among girls at age 8 years (β = -0.14; 95% CI,- 0.52 to 0.24; P = .48) or 10 years (β = -0.05; 95% CI, = -0.49 to 0.40; P = .84). These associations were statistically significant among boys compared with girls at age 8 years (Δχ21 = 13.26; P < .001) and 10 years (Δχ21 = 10.25; P = .001). Symptoms of psychiatric disorders did not forecast sleep duration at any age. Conclusions and Relevance This study found an association between short sleep duration and increased risk of future occurrence of emotional disorder symptoms in both boys and girls and between reduced sleep and behavioral disorder symptoms in boys. These results suggest that improving sleep in children may help protect against the development of symptoms of common psychiatric disorders and may be advantageous in the treatment of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bror M. Ranum
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lars Wichstrøm
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- NTNU Social Research, Human Development Department, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonas Falch-Madsen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marte Halse
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Silje Steinsbekk
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Segovia MS, Palma MA, Nayga RM. The effect of food anticipation on cognitive function: An eye tracking study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223506. [PMID: 31609981 PMCID: PMC6791586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
By randomizing the order in which participants perform a cognitive test and a food choice task in a controlled experiment, we investigate whether cognitive capacity can be enhanced by the simple act of anticipating food intake. Our findings show that overweight and obese participants exhibit an anticipatory food reward effect, which helped enhance their mental resources and improve their performance in a cognitive test. However, we find no anticipation effect among normal weight participants. Furthermore, eye tracking data reveal that food temptation, in the form of visual attention and emotional arousal is higher for overweight and obese individuals when they are cognitively impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S. Segovia
- Division of Applied Social Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marco A. Palma
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rodolfo M. Nayga
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
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16
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Framing effect, probability distortion, and gambling tendency without feedback are resistant to two nights of experimental sleep restriction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8554. [PMID: 31189964 PMCID: PMC6561965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that sleep deprivation affects risky decision making. However, most of these are confounded by feedback given after each decision, indicating that decisions may be based on suboptimal feedback-learning rather than risk evaluation. Furthermore, few studies have investigated the effect of sleep loss on aspects of prospect theory, specifically the framing effect and probability distortion. In this within-subjects design, 25 people had (i) two nights of an 8 h sleep opportunity, and (ii) two nights of a 4 h sleep opportunity, in a counter-balanced order. Following the two nights, they performed a gambling task with no immediate feedback; for each round, they could either gamble for a full amount, or take a settlement framed as a gain or a loss for part of the amount. Sleep restriction did not significantly affect the tendency to gamble, the framing effect, or probability distortion, as compared to normal sleep. These results indicate that two nights of sleep restriction affects neither general gambling tendency, nor two of the main predictions of prospect theory. This resilience may be due to a less extreme sleep loss than in previous studies, but also indicates that learning components and risk biases should be separated when assessing the effect of sleep loss on risky behaviour.
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17
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Murad Z, Stavropoulou C, Cookson G. Incentives and gender in a multi-task setting: An experimental study with real-effort tasks. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213080. [PMID: 30870457 PMCID: PMC6417700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the behavioural effects of competitive, social-value and social-image incentives on men's and women's allocation of effort in a multi-task environment. Specifically, using two real-effort laboratory tasks, we investigate how competitive prizes, social-value generation and public awards affect effort allocation decisions between the tasks. We find that all three types of incentives significantly focus effort allocation towards the task they are applied in, but the effect varies significantly between men and women. The highest effort distortion lies with competitive incentives, which is due to the effort allocation decision of men. Women exert similar amount of effort across the three incentive conditions, with slightly lower effort levels in the social-image incentivized tasks. Our results inform how and why genders differences may persist in competitive workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Murad
- Economics and Finance, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Graham Cookson
- Office of Health Economics, Southside, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Hajali V, Andersen ML, Negah SS, Sheibani V. Sex differences in sleep and sleep loss-induced cognitive deficits: The influence of gonadal hormones. Horm Behav 2019; 108:50-61. [PMID: 30597139 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Males and females can respond differentially to the same environmental stimuli and experimental conditions. Chronic sleep loss is a frequent and growing problem in many modern societies and has a broad variety of negative outcomes for health and well-being. While much has been done to explore the deleterious effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on cognition in both human and animal studies over the last few decades, very little attention has been paid to the part played by sex differences and gonadal steroids in respect of changes in cognitive functions caused by sleep loss. The effects of gonadal hormones on sleep regulation and cognitive performances are well established. Reduced gonadal function in menopausal women and elderly men is associated with sleep disturbances and cognitive decline as well as dementia, which suggests that sex steroids play a key role in modulating these conditions. Finding out whether there are sex differences in respect of the effect of insufficient sleep on cognition, and how neuroendocrine mediators influence cognitive impairment induced by SD could provide valuable insights into the best therapies for each sex. In this review, we aim to highlight the involvement of sex differences and gonadal hormone status on the severity of cognitive deficits induced by sleep deficiency in both human and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Hajali
- Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Monica L Andersen
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Brazil
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Sheibani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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19
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Galentino A, Bonini N, Savadori L. Positive Arousal Increases Individuals' Preferences for Risk. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2142. [PMID: 29312030 PMCID: PMC5732211 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the effect of negative arousal on decision making, but little is known about the effect of positive arousal. In this study, we manipulated positive arousal and measured individual choices under risk using an incentivized task. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low arousal or a high arousal condition and asked to choose between pairs of two-outcome monetary lotteries with the same expected value but different risk in terms of outcome variance. The probability was set at 50% for each lottery. Participants in the high arousal group selected the riskier lottery more often and took more time to make choices than participants in the low arousal group. This finding shows that introducing a pleasant arousing cue as part of the decision context shifts an individual’s preferences toward the risky economic option and away from the safer one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Galentino
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - Nicolao Bonini
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Lucia Savadori
- Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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20
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Ahlskog R. Moral Enhancement Should Target Self-Interest and Cognitive Capacity. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2017; 10:363-373. [PMID: 28890738 PMCID: PMC5569152 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-017-9331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current suggestions for capacities that should be targeted for moral enhancement has centered on traits like empathy, fairness or aggression. The literature, however, lacks a proper model for understanding the interplay and complexity of moral capacities, which limits the practicability of proposed interventions. In this paper, I integrate some existing knowledge on the nature of human moral behavior and present a formal model of prosocial motivation. The model provides two important results regarding the most friction-free route to moral enhancement. First, we should consider decreasing self-interested motivation rather than increasing prosociality directly. Second, this should be complemented with cognitive enhancement. These suggestions are tested against existing and emerging evidence on cognitive capacity, mindfulness meditation and the effects of psychedelic drugs and are found to have sufficient grounding for further theoretical and empirical exploration. Furthermore, moral effects of the latter two are hypothesized to result from a diminished sense of self with subsequent reductions in self-interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ahlskog
- Department of Government, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Glimcher PW, Tymula A. Let the sunshine in? The effects of luminance on economic preferences, choice consistency and dominance violations. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181112. [PMID: 28783734 PMCID: PMC5544238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Weather, in particular the intensity and duration of sunshine (luminance), has been shown to significantly affect financial markets. Yet, because of the complexity of market interactions we do not know how human behavior is affected by luminance in a way that could inform theoretical choice models. In this paper, we use data from a field study using an incentive-compatible, decision task conducted daily over a period of two years and from the US Earth System Research Laboratory luminance sensor to investigate the impact of luminance on risk preferences, ambiguity preferences, choice consistency and dominance violations. We find that luminance levels affect all of these. Age and gender influence the strength of some of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Glimcher
- Institute for the Study of Decision Making, New York University, New York, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka Tymula
- Institute for the Study of Decision Making, New York University, New York, United States of America
- School of Economics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Jeddi S, Asl AN, Asgari A, Ghasemi A. The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Cardiac Function and Tolerance to Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Male Rats. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 106:41-8. [PMID: 26559853 PMCID: PMC4728594 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20150137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation (SD) is strongly associated with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of SD on basal hemodynamic functions and tolerance to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in male rats. METHOD SD was induced by using the flowerpot method for 4 days. Isolated hearts were perfused with Langendorff setup, and the following parameters were measured at baseline and after IR: left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP); heart rate (HR); and the maximum rate of increase and decrease of left ventricular pressure (± dp/dt). Heart NOx level, infarct size and coronary flow CK-MB and LDH were measured after IR. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured at start and end of study. RESULTS In the SD group, the baseline levels of LVDP (19%), +dp/dt (18%), and -dp/dt (21%) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower, and HR (32%) was significantly higher compared to the controls. After ischemia, hearts from SD group displayed a significant increase in HR together with a low hemodynamic function recovery compared to the controls. In the SD group, NOx level in heart, coronary flow CK-MB and LDH and infarct size significantly increased after IR; also SD rats had higher SBP after 4 days. CONCLUSION Hearts from SD rats had lower basal cardiac function and less tolerance to IR injury, which may be linked to an increase in NO production following IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Nezami Asl
- Aerospace Medicine Research Center, Medical Faculty of Aerospace and subaquatic Medicine, AJA Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Asgari
- Aerospace Medicine Research Center, Medical Faculty of Aerospace and subaquatic Medicine, AJA Medical Sciences University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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