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Yao D, Jiang Y, Daroch M, Tang J. Effect of light conditions on phycoerythrin accumulation by thermophilic cyanobacterium Leptothermofonsia sichuanensis and characterization of pigment stability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 413:131542. [PMID: 39341424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Phycoerythrin (C-PE) is a cyanobacterial phycobiliprotein with extensive applications. This work sought to investigate the effects of various light conditions on C-PE accumulation by thermophilic Leptothermofonsia sichuanensis and characterize its C-PE stability and purity. Accumulation of C-PE as the predominant phycobiliprotein was significantly affected by light regime and light colours, reaching the highest C-PE accumulation (21.92 mg/gDCW) under blue light. Importantly, the results suggested the superior C-PE thermostability of Leptothermofonsia than the mesophilic counterparts and good pH stability at a range of 4 to 7. Additionally, C-PE indicated advantageous potential for preservation as revealed by photostability experiments. Moreover, sorbitol, sucrose, and NaCl can further stabilise C-PE at 60 °C, of which 10 % sorbitol is the most effective. The extraction process herein resulted in a C-PE purity of 2.68, much higher than the food grade. Collectively, this work demonstrates the Leptothermofonsia strain as a promising bioresource for thermostable C-PE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
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Zhang Y, Yang T, Zhao X, Xin H, Liu D, Wang Q, Zhou A, Wen Z, Zhang K, Xie J. Comprehensive Analysis of Phycoerythrin 545 Stability and the Apoptotic Impact of Its Degradation Products on HT29 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39316102 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the properties and potential applications of phycoerythrin 545, a naturally occurring light-harvesting pigment protein from Rhodomonas salina. Phycoerythrin 545, characterized by its bright red color and maximum absorption wavelength at 545 nm, was extracted using freeze-thawing methods, further purified, and analyzed using chromatographic, spectroscopic techniques, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phycoerythrin 545 consists of two subunits, primarily α and β, but lacks the γ subunit, and is stable at 4 °C within a pH range of 3-10. To further characterize it, its susceptibility to degradation by trypsin was assessed. The biological activity of phycoerythrin 545 and its degradation products were investigated in HT29 human colon cancer cells. The results showed that the degradation products, particularly those within 3-10 kDa, significantly decreased the viability of HT29 cells by inducing apoptosis. Mechanistic studies indicated these effects were mediated through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases and MAPK/c-Jun N-terminal Kinase signaling pathways and involved the regulation of key apoptotic proteins such as p53, Bim, Bad, Bak, and Bax, leading to the activation of the Caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. These findings contribute to understanding the structural and functional properties of phycoerythrin 545, laying a foundation for its exploration in food industry applications and cancer therapy supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Tan Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Huijie Xin
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Danting Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Qing Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, United States
| | - Zhiyou Wen
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Kunsheng Zhang
- College of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Junbo Xie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Ramu Ganesan A, Kannan M, Karthick Rajan D, Pillay AA, Shanmugam M, Sathishkumar P, Johansen J, Tiwari BK. Phycoerythrin: a pink pigment from red sources (rhodophyta) for a greener biorefining approach to food applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10928-10946. [PMID: 35648055 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2081962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phycoerythrin (PE) is a photosensitive red pigment from phycobiliprotein family predominantly present in the red algae. The concentration of PE depends on photon flux density (PFD) and the quality of light absorbed by the algae tissue. This necessitates robust techniques to extract PE from the embedded cell-wall matrix of the algal frond. Similarly, PE is sensitive to various factors which influence its stability and purity of PE. The PE is extracted from Red algae through different extraction techniques. This review explores an integrative approach of fractionating PE for the scaling-up process and commercialization. The mechanism for stabilizing PE pigment in food was critically evaluated for further retaining this pigment within the food system. The challenges and possibilities of employing efficient extraction for industrial adoption are meticulously estimated. The techniques involved in the sustainable way of extracting PE pigments improved at a laboratory scale in the past decade. Although, the complexity of industrial-scale biorefining was found to be a bottleneck. The extraction of PE using benign chemicals would be safe for food applications to promote health benefits. The precise selection of encapsulation technique with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity of the membrane would bring better stability of PE in the food matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- Division of Food Production and Society, Biomarine Resource Valorisation, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Torggården, Bodø, Norway
| | - Mohan Kannan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Durairaj Karthick Rajan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arti A Pillay
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Technology (CEST), Fiji National University, Nasinu, Fiji
| | - Munisamy Shanmugam
- Research and Development Division (DSIR- Lab), Aquagri Processing Private Limited, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Johan Johansen
- Division of Food Production and Society, Biomarine Resource Valorisation, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Torggården, Bodø, Norway
| | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- Food Chemistry & Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Ulagesan S, Nam TJ, Choi YH. Extraction and Purification of R-Phycoerythrin Alpha Subunit from the Marine Red Algae Pyropia Yezoensis and Its Biological Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216479. [PMID: 34770894 PMCID: PMC8587297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Phycoerythrin is a major light-harvesting pigment of red algae and cyanobacteria that is widely used as a fluorescent probe or as a colorant in the food and cosmetic industries. In this study, phycoerythrin was extracted from the red algae Pyropia yezoensis and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and various chromatography methods. The purified phycoerythrin was analyzed by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. The isolated pigment had the typical spectrum of R-phycoerythrin, with a trimmer state with absorbance maxima at 497, 536, and 565 nm. It was further purified and identified by LC-MS/MS and Mascot search. It showed a 100% sequence similarity with the R-phycoerythrin alpha subunit of Pyropia yezoensis. The molecular mass was 17.97 kDa. The antioxidant activity of the purified R-phycoerythrin alpha subunit was analyzed. It showed significant antioxidant activity in ABTS and FRAP assays and had significant cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumari Ulagesan
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Gijang-gun, Busan 46041, Korea;
| | - Youn-Hee Choi
- Department of Marine Bio-Materials & Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea;
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Gijang-gun, Busan 46041, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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Enzyme-Assisted Method for Phycobiliproteins Extraction from Porphyra and Evaluation of Their Bioactivity. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the poor protein availability of algae in their unprocessed form, development of extraction methods for phycobiliproteins is of great significance. This study aimed to extract phycoerythrin (PE) and phycocyanin (PC) from Porphyra via bacterial enzymatic hydrolysis and to evaluate their bioactivity. To induce enzyme production, Porphyra powder was added into the culture medium of two marine bacterial strains. The pH and enzyme activity of the cultured supernatant, namely crude enzyme solution, were significantly raised. For PE and PC extraction, Porphyra were incubated within crude enzyme solution with homogenization and ultrasonication followed by ultrafiltration process. After distinguishing by fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC), three major fractions were observed and identified as R-PE, R-PC and small molecular PE by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis. With respect to bioactivity, these three fractions exhibited free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities in a various degree. In addition, the angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of both R-PE and R-PC fractions was observed in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, the employed process of bacterial enzymatic hydrolysis is suggested to be a feasible method to obtain PE and PC from Porphyra without limiting their bioactivity.
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Cotas J, Leandro A, Pacheco D, Gonçalves AMM, Pereira L. A Comprehensive Review of the Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Applications of Red Seaweeds (Rhodophyta). Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E19. [PMID: 32110890 PMCID: PMC7151636 DOI: 10.3390/life10030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The red seaweed group (Rhodophyta) is one of the phyla of macroalgae, among the groups Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyta, brown and green seaweeds, respectively. Nowadays, all groups of macroalgae are getting the attention of the scientific community due to the bioactive substances they produce. Several macroalgae products have exceptional properties with nutraceutical, pharmacological, and biomedical interest. The main compounds studied are the fatty acids, pigments, phenols, and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are the most exploited molecules, which are already widely used in various industries and are, presently, entering into more advanced applications from the therapeutic point of view. The focuses of this review are the red seaweeds' compounds, its proprieties, and its uses. Moreover, this work discusses new possible applications of the compounds of the red seaweeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Cotas
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (A.M.M.G.)
| | - Adriana Leandro
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (A.M.M.G.)
| | - Diana Pacheco
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (A.M.M.G.)
| | - Ana M. M. Gonçalves
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (A.M.M.G.)
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Leonel Pereira
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.L.); (D.P.); (A.M.M.G.)
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Kaldmäe M, Sahin C, Saluri M, Marklund EG, Landreh M. A strategy for the identification of protein architectures directly from ion mobility mass spectrometry data reveals stabilizing subunit interactions in light harvesting complexes. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1024-1030. [PMID: 30927297 PMCID: PMC6511732 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnological applications of protein complexes require detailed information about their structure and composition, which can be challenging to obtain for proteins from natural sources. Prominent examples are the ring-shaped phycoerythrin (PE) and phycocyanin (PC) complexes isolated from the light-harvesting antennae of red algae and cyanobacteria. Despite their widespread use as fluorescent probes in biotechnology and medicine, the structures and interactions of their noncrystallizable central subunits are largely unknown. Here, we employ ion mobility mass spectrometry to reveal varying stabilities of the PC and PE complexes and identify their closest architectural homologues among all protein assemblies in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Our results suggest that the central subunits of PC and PE complexes, although absent from the crystal structures, may be crucial for their stability, and thus of unexpected importance for their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Kaldmäe
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cagla Sahin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mihkel Saluri
- School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Narva mnt 25, 10120, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Erik G Marklund
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Landreh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Tumour and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23A, SE-171 65, Stockholm, Sweden
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Vásquez-Suárez A, Lobos-González F, Cronshaw A, Sepúlveda-Ugarte J, Figueroa M, Dagnino-Leone J, Bunster M, Martínez-Oyanedel J. The γ 33 subunit of R-phycoerythrin from Gracilaria chilensis has a typical double linked phycourobilin similar to β subunit. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195656. [PMID: 29634783 PMCID: PMC5892909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phycobilisomes (PBS) are accessory light harvesting protein complexes formed mainly by phycobiliproteins (PBPs). The PBPs absorb light that is efficiently transferred to Photosystems due to chromophores covalently bound to specific cysteine residues. Besides phycobiliproteins (PE), the PBS contains linker proteins responsible for assembly and stabilization of the whole complex and the tuning of energy transfer steps between chromophores. The linker (γ33) from Gracilaria chilensis, is a chromophorylated rod linker associated to (αβ)6 hexamers of R-phycoerythrin (R-PE). Its role in the energy transfer process is not clear yet. Structural studies as well as the composition and location of the chromophores are essential to understand their involvement in the energy transfer process in PBS. To achieve this, the coding gene of γ33 was cloned and sequenced. The sequence was analyzed by informatics tools, to obtain preliminary information which leaded the next experiments. The protein was purified from R-phycoerythrin, and the sequence confirmed by mass spectrometry. The coding sequence analysis revealed a protein of 318 aminoacid residues containing a chloroplastidial transit peptide (cTP) of 39 aminoacids at the N-terminus. The conservation of cysteines revealed possible chromophorylation sites. Using α and β R-PE subunits as spectroscopic probes in denaturation assays, we deduced a double bonded phycourobilin (PUB) on γ33 subunit that were confirmed between Cys62 and Cys73 (DL-PUB62/73) by mass spectrometry. The cysteines involved in the double link are located in a helical region, in a conformation that reminds the position of the DL-PUB50/61 in the β subunit of R-PE. The position of single linked PUB at Cys95 and a single linked PEB at Cys172 were also confirmed. Spectroscopic studies show the presence of both types of chromophores and that there are not energy transfer by FRET among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleikar Vásquez-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Francisco Lobos-González
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrew Cronshaw
- Michael Swann Building, Kings’ Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - José Sepúlveda-Ugarte
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maximiliano Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge Dagnino-Leone
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marta Bunster
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- * E-mail: (MB); (JM-O)
| | - José Martínez-Oyanedel
- Laboratorio de Biofísica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- * E-mail: (MB); (JM-O)
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Ge B, Lin X, Chen Y, Wang X, Chen H, Jiang P, Huang F. Combinational biosynthesis of dual-functional streptavidin-phycobiliproteins for high-throughput-compatible immunoassay. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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R-Phycoerythrin Induces SGC-7901 Apoptosis by Arresting Cell Cycle at S Phase. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14090166. [PMID: 27626431 PMCID: PMC5039537 DOI: 10.3390/md14090166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
R-Phycoerythrin (R-PE), one of the chemical constituents of red algae, could produce singlet oxygen upon excitation with the appropriate radiation and possibly be used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Documents reported that R-PE could inhibit cell proliferation in HepG2 and A549 cells, which was significative for cancer therapy. This is due to the fact that R-PE could kill cancer cells directly as well as by PDT. However, little is known about the cytotoxicity of R-PE to the SGC-7901 cell. In this study, it has been found that R-PE could inhibit SGC-7901 proliferation and induce cell apoptosis, which was achieved by arresting the SGC-7901 cell at S phase. CyclinA, CDK2 and CDC25A are proteins associated with the S phase, and it was found that R-PE could increase the expression of cyclin A protein and decrease the expression of CDK2 and CDC25A proteins. Thus, it was concluded that R-PE reduced the CDK2 protein activated through decreasing the CDC25A factor, which reduced the formation of Cyclin-CDK complex. The reduction of Cyclin-CDK complex made the SGC-7901 cells arrest at the S phase. Therefore, R-PE induced apoptosis by arresting the SGC-7901 cell at S phase was successful, which was achieved by the expression of the CDC25A protein, which reduced the CDK2 protein actived and the formation of Cyclin-CDK complex.
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