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Zhong H, Dong J, Zhu L, Mao J, Dong J, Zhao Y, Zou Y, Guo M, Ding G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and models. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:387-399. [PMID: 38463579 PMCID: PMC10918142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex disease characterized by a massive accumulation of lipids in the liver, with a continuous progression of simple steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome; it is a severe public health risk and is currently the most common liver disease of the world. In addition to the fatty infiltration of the liver in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients, the field of liver transplantation faces similar obstacles. NAFLD and NASH primarily involve lipotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. However, the precise mechanisms and treatments remain unclear. Therapeutic approaches encompass exercise, weight control, as well as treatments targeting antioxidants and anti-inflammatory pathways. The role of animal models in research has become crucial as a key tool to explore the molecular mechanisms and potential treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Here, we summarized the current understanding of the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and discussed animal models commonly used in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiang Zhong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jiayong Dong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Liye Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation & Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Jiaxi Mao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Dong
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yuanyu Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - You Zou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation & Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Guoshan Ding
- Department of Liver Surgery and Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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Yang CR, Lin WJ, Shen PC, Liao PY, Dai YC, Hung YC, Lai HC, Mehmood S, Cheng WC, Ma WL. Phenotypic and metabolomic characteristics of mouse models of metabolic associated steatohepatitis. Biomark Res 2024; 12:6. [PMID: 38195587 PMCID: PMC10777576 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is metabolic disease that may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mouse models of diet-induced MASH, which is characterized by the high levels of fats, sugars, and cholesterol in diets, are commonly used in research. However, mouse models accurately reflecting the progression of MASH in humans remain to be established. Studies have explored the potential use of serological metabolites as biomarkers of MASH severity in relation to human MASH. METHODS We performed a comparative analysis of three mouse models of diet-induced MASH in terms of phenotypic and metabolomic characteristics; MASH was induced using different diets: a high-fat diet; a Western diet; and a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. Liver cirrhosis was diagnosed using standard clinical approaches (e.g., METAVIR score, hyaluronan level, and collagen deposition level). Mouse serum samples were subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolomic profiling followed by bioinformatic analyses. Metabolomic analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma was performed; the corresponding cirrhosis scores were also evaluated. RESULTS Using clinically relevant quantitative diagnostic methods, the severity of MASH was evaluated. Regarding metabolomics, the number of lipoprotein metabolites increased with both diet and MASH progression. Notably, the levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) significantly increased with fibrosis progression. During the development of diet-induced MASH in mice, the strongest upregulation of expression was noted for VLDL receptor. Metabolomic analysis of a retrospective cohort of patients with cirrhosis indicated lipoproteins (e.g., VLDL and LDL) as predominant biomarkers of cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide insight into the pathophysiology and metabolomics of experimental MASH and its relevance to human MASH. The observed upregulation of lipoprotein expression reveals a feedforward mechanism for MASH development that may be targeted for the development of noninvasive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cian-Ru Yang
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jen Lin
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Shen
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yin Liao
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chang Dai
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi City, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ching Hung
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Digestive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiraz Mehmood
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Program for Health Science and Industry, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and Department of Medicine, and Tumor Biology Center, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Department of Gastroenterology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Kakehashi A, Suzuki S, Wanibuchi H. Recent Insights into the Biomarkers, Molecular Targets and Mechanisms of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-Driven Hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4566. [PMID: 37760534 PMCID: PMC10527326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and steatohepatitis (NASH) are chronic hepatic conditions leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. According to the recent "multiple-parallel-hits hypothesis", NASH could be caused by abnormal metabolism, accumulation of lipids, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses and is found in obese and non-obese patients. Recent translational research studies have discovered new proteins and signaling pathways that are involved not only in the development of NAFLD but also in its progression to NASH, cirrhosis, and HCC. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of HCC developing from precancerous lesions have not yet been fully elucidated. Now, it is of particular importance to start research focusing on the discovery of novel molecular pathways that mediate alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, which leads to the development of liver steatosis. The role of mTOR signaling in NASH progression to HCC has recently attracted attention. The goals of this review are (1) to highlight recent research on novel genetic and protein contributions to NAFLD/NASH; (2) to investigate how recent scientific findings might outline the process that causes NASH-associated HCC; and (3) to explore the reliable biomarkers/targets of NAFLD/NASH-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kakehashi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan; (S.S.); (H.W.)
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Pandey B, Baral R, Kaundinnyayana A, Panta S. Promising hepatoprotective agents from the natural sources: a study of scientific evidence. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43066-023-00248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Natural bioactive components derived from plant secondary metabolites have been pronounced as valuable alternatives for anticipating and subsiding hepatotoxic effects and its chronic complications based on experimental verification. The focus of this review is to elucidate the commonly used modern medicine for the treatment of liver disease and how major phytoconstituents have been tested for hepatoprotective activity, mechanism of action of some promising agents from natural sources, and clinical trial data for treating in patients with different liver diseases by the aid of natural phytoconstituents.
Main text
The review shows fifteen major isolated phytoconstituents, their biological sources, chemical structures, utilized plant parts, type of extracts used, hepatoprotective assay method, and their possible mechanism of action on the hepatoprotection. Nine promising hepatoprotective leads from natural sources with their chemistry and hepatoprotective mechanism are mentioned briefly. The review further includes the recent clinical trial studies of some hepatoprotective leads and their clinical outcome with different liver disease patients. Scientific studies revealed that antioxidant properties are the central mechanism for the phytoconstituents to subside different disease pathways by upsurging antioxidant defense system of cells, scavenging free radicals, down surging lipid peroxidation, improving anti-inflammatory potential, and further protecting the hepatic cell injury. In this review, we summarize recent development of natural product-based hepatoprotective leads and their curative potential for various sort of liver diseases. Furthermore, the usefulness of hit and lead molecules from natural sources for significant clinical benefit to discover new drug molecule and downsizing the problems of medication and chemical-induced hepatotoxic effects is extrapolated.
Conclusion
Further research are encouraged to elucidate the pharmacological principle of these natural-based chemical agents which will stimulate future pharmaceutical development of therapeutically beneficial hepatoprotective regimens.
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Kamata S, Ishii I. 2D-DIGE Proteomic Analysis of Mouse Liver Within 1 Week. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2596:217-230. [PMID: 36378442 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2831-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several years have passed since LC (liquid chromatography)-MS (mass spectrometry) became the mainstream for proteomic analysis; however, conventional fluorescence two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) continues to be an important technology that enables rapid and direct visualization of hundreds to thousands of proteins and their quantitative analyses. We can get global proteomic views using 2D-DIGE within 3 days and then identify proteins with differential expression levels using MALDI-TOF/MS and MASCOT search engine. Here, we describe our routine 2D-DIGE proteomic analysis of the liver isolated from mice in pathological conditions within 1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Kamata
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Ishii
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Silva-Gaona OG, Guzmán-Flores JM, Hernández-Ortiz M, Vargas-Ortiz K, Ramírez-Emiliano J, Encarnación-Guevara S, Pérez-Vázquez V. Curcumin Reverts the Protein Differential Expression in the Liver of the Diabetic Obese db/db Mice. CURR PROTEOMICS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164618666210114112642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In type 2 diabetic mouse liver, hyperglycemia, and insulin modify gene expression. Curcumin is a
powerful antioxidant and antidiabetic agent that regulates the gene expression of different signaling pathways through
various transcription factors. Therefore, we hypothesized that curcumin modifies the protein expression profile in the liver
of diabetic db/db mice.
Objective:
To determine the effects of curcumin on the liver protein profile of diabetic db/db mice.
Methods:
db/db and wild type (WT) male mice were allocated in four groups, and they were fed for eight weeks. Three WT
and three diabetic db/db mice received a standard diet (SD; WT and db/db groups, respectively); three WT and three
diabetic db/db mice received a SD supplemented with 0.75 % (w/w) curcumin (WT+C and db/db+C groups, respectively).
Liver proteins were separated by 2D electrophoresis. Differential protein expression analysis was performed on
ImageMaster 2D Platinum software, and selected proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS and subjected to enrichment
analysis using STRING and DAVID databases.
Results:
Thirty-six proteins with differential expression due to the diabetic background and curcumin treatment were found;
these proteins participate in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Interestingly, the altered expression of
seven proteins was prevented in the liver of the diabetic mice that received curcumin.
Conclusions:
Among all differentially expressed proteins, curcumin reverted the altered expression of seven proteins. Thus,
although it was observed that curcumin did not affect the biochemical parameters, it does modify the expression of some
liver proteins in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Gerardo Silva-Gaona
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato., México
| | - Juan Manuel Guzmán-Flores
- Depto. de Salud, División de Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad
de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán, Jalisco, México
| | | | - Katya Vargas-Ortiz
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato., México
| | - Joel Ramírez-Emiliano
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato., México
| | - Sergio Encarnación-Guevara
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato., México
| | - Victoriano Pérez-Vázquez
- Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Campus León, Universidad de Guanajuato, León, Guanajuato., México
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Ren S, Ma X, Wang R, Liu H, Wei Y, Wei S, Jing M, Zhao Y. Preclinical Evidence of Berberine on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:742465. [PMID: 34566663 PMCID: PMC8458904 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.742465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As lifestyle and diet structure impact our health, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent all over the world. Some phytomedicines containing berberine (BBR) have been extensively used for centuries in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine. The goal of this systematic review is to investigate the preclinical evidence of BBR on NAFLD models. The following relevant databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase, were retrieved from inception to May 2021. The content involved BBR on different animal models for the treatment of NAFLD. The SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) Animal Experiment Bias Risk Assessment Tool was used to assess the methodological quality and RevMan 5.4 software was used to conduct the meta-analysis based on the Cochrane tool. A total of 31 studies involving 566 animals were included, of which five models and five animal breeds were reported. The results showed that TC, TG, ALT, AST, HDL-C, LDL-C, FBG, FINS, and FFA in the group treated with BBR were significantly restored compared with those in the model group. HOMA-IR had a significant downward trend, but the result was not significantly different (P = 0.08). The subgroup analysis of the different models and different animal breeds indicated that BBR could ameliorate the aforementioned indicator levels, although some results showed no significant difference. Finally, we summarized the molecular mechanisms by which berberine regulated NAFLD/NASH, mainly focusing on activating the AMPK pathway, improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, regulating mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, regulating cell death and ER stress, reducing DNA methylation, and regulating intestinal microenvironment and neurotoxicity. The preclinical evidence suggested that BBR might be an effective and promising drug for treating NAFLD/NASH. In addition, further studies with more well-designed researches are needed to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichen Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Manyi Jing
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Rouf R, Ghosh P, Uzzaman MR, Sarker DK, Zahura FT, Uddin SJ, Muhammad I. Hepatoprotective Plants from Bangladesh: A Biophytochemical Review and Future Prospect. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:1633231. [PMID: 34504532 PMCID: PMC8423546 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1633231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases are quite prevalant in many densely populated countries, including Bangladesh. The liver and its hepatocytes are targeted by virus and microbes, as well as by chemical environmental toxicants, causing wide-spread disruption of metabolic fuctions of the human body, leading to death from end-stage liver diseases. The aim of this review is to systematically explore and record the potential of Bangladeshi ethnopharmacological plants to treat liver diseases with focus on their sources, constituents, and therapeutic uses, including mechanisms of actions (MoA). A literature survey was carried out using Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus databases with articles reported until July, 2020. A total of 88 Bangladeshi hepatoprotective plants (BHPs) belonging to 47 families were listed in this review, including Euphorbiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Compositae families contained 20% of plants, while herbs were the most cited (51%) and leaves were the most consumed parts (23%) as surveyed. The effect of BHPs against different hepatotoxins was observed via upregulation of antioxidant systems and inhibition of lipid peroxidation which subsequently reduced the elevated liver biomarkers. Different active constituents, including phenolics, curcuminoids, cucurbitanes, terpenoids, fatty acids, carotenoids, and polysaccharides, have been reported from these plants. The hepatoameliorative effect of these constituents was mainly involved in the reduction of hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation through activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways. In summary, BHPs represent a valuable resource for hepatoprotective lead therapeutics which may offer new alternatives to treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razina Rouf
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Puja Ghosh
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Raihan Uzzaman
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Dipto Kumer Sarker
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Fatima Tuz Zahura
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Shaikh Jamal Uddin
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Ilias Muhammad
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Radhakrishnan S, Ke JY, Pellizzon MA. Targeted Nutrient Modifications in Purified Diets Differentially Affect Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Disease Development in Rodent Models. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa078. [PMID: 32494762 PMCID: PMC7250583 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex spectrum of disorders ranging from simple benign steatosis to more aggressive forms of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis. Although not every patient with NAFLD/NASH develops liver complications, if left untreated it may eventually lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Purified diets formulated with specific nutritional components can drive the entire spectrum of NAFLD in rodent models. Although they may not perfectly replicate the clinical and histological features of human NAFLD, they provide a model to gain further understanding of disease progression in humans. Owing to the growing demand of diets for NAFLD research, and for our further understanding of how manipulation of dietary components can alter disease development, we outlined several commonly used dietary approaches for rodent models, including mice, rats, and hamsters, time frames required for disease development and whether other metabolic diseases commonly associated with NAFLD in humans occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia-Yu Ke
- Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Nithyananthan S, Sushmaa D, Myrthong I, Valluru L, Guha S, Hassan Mir I, Behera J, Thirunavukkarasu C. Curcuma longa and Trigonella foenum graecum-enriched nutrient mixture from germinated Macrotyloma uniflorum and Vigna radiate ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases in rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13159. [PMID: 32017151 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver is increasing due to modern lifestyle. Germinated and dehulled Macrotyloma uniflorum and Vigna radiate were shown to have enhanced nutrients. Curcuma longa and Trigonella foenum graecum were proven hepatoprotective.The supplementation of the nutrient herbal mixture to the MCD diet-induced steatosis shows reduced hepatic fat accumulation and lipid profile, and liver injury markers in serum also reserved in normal. Increased serum albumin in the treatment group indicates that the liver function is enhanced than that of steatosis. The supplementation of the herbal mixture has preserved the hepatic antioxidant. Zymographic analysis of matrix metalloproteinase, western blot determination of α-SMA, and histological evolution (H&E, Sirius red) depicted reduced fibrosis and reveled management of hepatic stellate cells in quiescent form. The present study concludes that the herbal mixture has reduced hepatocyte fat accumulation in steatotic animals, and curtailed the oxidative stress, further it prevents the progression of steatohepatitis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Fatty liver diseases can be treated by modulating the diet composition such as consuming food rich in the nutrient herbal mixture. In this study, the nutrient mixture was made with dynamic food processing techniques such as germination, dehulling, and milling to augment the nutritional contents. Besides, Macrotyloma uniflorum, Vigna radiate, Curcuma longa, and Trigonella foenum graecum were used to improve the medicinal value and antioxidant. This formulation could target the various stages of NAFLD. This study revealed that the nutrient herbal mixture reduces the steatosis of the liver and curtailed the progression of steatohepatitis from hepatic steatosis. Since the edible foodstuff was used to make the nutrient mixture, it has excellent clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dangudubiyyam Sushmaa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Ibansiewdor Myrthong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Shreyoshi Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Ishfaq Hassan Mir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Jajnasenee Behera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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Neuronal growth regulator 1-deficient mice show increased adiposity and decreased muscle mass. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1769-1782. [PMID: 31086253 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal growth regulator 1 (NEGR1) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane protein that mediates neural cell communication and synapse formation. Multiple genome-wide association studies have reported that variations in NEGR1 are associated with human body weight control. Recently, we found that NEGR1 is involved in intracellular cholesterol trafficking, suggesting that it performs a non-central nervous system (CNS) function associated with human obesity. METHODS We compared peripheral tissues such as the adipose, liver, and skeletal muscle tissues of Negr1-/- and Negr1+/+ (wild-type [WT]) C57BL/6 mice (n = 5-14). Intracellular lipid content was measured, and lipid accumulation was visualized by staining tissue cross-sections with lipid-specific stains. Muscle capacity of the WT and Negr1-/- mice was determined by performing a treadmill endurance test, and muscle fiber size was examined. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured, and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. RESULTS The Negr1-/- mice showed a significant increase in fat mass (~1.5-fold increase in the epididymal white adipose tissue, p = 0.000002), with abnormally enlarged adipose cells, compared with the WT mice. Primary adipocytes of the Negr1-/- mice contained enlarged cytosolic lipid droplets (p = 0.049). Moreover, these mice showed significant hepatic lipid accumulation (~2.3-fold increase, p = 0.043). Although the Negr1-/- mice did not show a significant change in plasma lipoprotein level, they showed a >1.3-fold increase in a serum glucose (p = 0.0002) and insulin (p = 0.016) levels. Moreover, the Negr1-/- mice showed decreased muscle capacity, as indicated by a decrease in muscle mass (p = 0.000003). CONCLUSION These results indicate that NEGR1 deficiency induces abnormal fat deposition in various peripheral cells, especially fat and liver tissue cells, and suggest that NEGR1 is a potential molecular target for designing anti-obesity drugs to regulate body weight both centrally and peripherally.
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Ore A, Akinloye OA. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Biomarkers in Clinical and Experimental Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55020026. [PMID: 30682878 PMCID: PMC6410206 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a term that covers a range of hepatic disorders involving fat deposits in the liver. NAFLD begins with simple steatosis and progresses into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) characterised by inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction and release of adipokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Oxidative stress and antioxidants are known to play a vital role in the pathogenesis and severity of NAFLD/NASH. A number of oxidative stress and antioxidant markers are employed in the assessment of the pathological state and progression of the disease. In this article, we review several biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidants that have been measured at clinical and experimental levels. Also included is a comprehensive description of oxidative stress, sources and contribution to the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayokanmi Ore
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria.
| | - Oluseyi Adeboye Akinloye
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
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Lau JKC, Zhang X, Yu J. Animal Models of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases and Its Associated Liver Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1061:139-147. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8684-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Several years have passed since LC-MS(/MS) became the mainstream for proteomic analysis; however, conventional 2D DIGE (two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis) continues to be an important technology that enables rapid and direct visualization of hundreds to thousands of proteins and their quantitative analyses. We can get global proteomic views using 2D DIGE within 3 days, and then identify proteins with differential expression levels using MALDI-TOF/MS and MASCOT search engine within a week. Here, we describe our routine 2D DIGE proteomic analysis of the liver isolated from mice in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Kamata
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Isao Ishii
- Laboratory of Health Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan.
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Ahmed-Farid OAH, Nasr M, Ahmed RF, Bakeer RM. Beneficial effects of curcumin nano-emulsion on spermatogenesis and reproductive performance in male rats under protein deficient diet model: enhancement of sperm motility, conservancy of testicular tissue integrity, cell energy and seminal plasma amino acids content. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:66. [PMID: 28865467 PMCID: PMC5581923 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malnutrition resulting from protein and calorie deficiency continues to be a major concern worldwide especially in developing countries. Specific deficiencies in the protein intake can adversely influence reproductive performance. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of curcumin and curcumin nano-emulsion on protein deficient diet (PDD)-induced testicular atrophy, troubled spermatogenesis and decreased reproductive performance in male rats. Methods Juvenile rats were fed the protein deficient diet (PDD) for 75 days. Starting from day 60 the rats were divided into 4 groups and given the corresponding treatments for the last 15 days orally and daily as follows: 1st group; curcumin group (C) received 50 mg/kg curcumin p.o. 2ndgroup; curcumin nano-form low dose group (NCL) received 2.5 mg/kg nano-curcumin. 3rd group; curcumin nano-form high dose group (NCH) received 5 mg/kg nano-curcumin. 4th group served as malnutrition group (PDD group) receiving the protein deficient diet daily for 75 days and received distilled water ingestions (5 ml/kg p.o) daily for the last 15 days of the experiment. A normal control group was kept under the same conditions for the whole experiment and received normal diet according to nutrition requirement center daily for 75 days and received distilled water ingestions (5 ml/kg p.o) daily for the last 15 days of the experiment. Results PDD induced significant (P < 0.05) reduction in serum testosterone level, sperm motility, testicular GSH, CAT, SOD, testicular cell energy (ATP, ADP and AMP), essential and non-essential amino acids in seminal plasma, an increase in testicular MDA, NOx, GSSG and 8-OHDG. Data was confirmed by histological examination and revealed pathological alteration in the PDD group. Ingestion of curcumin (50 mg/kg) and curcumin nano-emulsion (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) showed significant (P< 0.05) amelioration effects against PDD-induced disrupted reproductive performance as well as biochemical and pathological alterations and the overall results of the nano-emulsion (5 mg/kg) were comparable to curcumin (50 mg/kg). Conclusions The present study suggests that administration of curcumin nano-emulsion as a daily supplement would be beneficial in malnutrition- induced troubled male reproductive performance and spermatogenesis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A H Ahmed-Farid
- Department of Physiology, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Maha Nasr
- Deparment of Pharmaceutics, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania F Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Rofanda M Bakeer
- Department of Pathology, Medical division, National Research Centre (ID: 60014618), Giza, Dokki, 12622, Egypt
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Hyperpolarized 13C Spectroscopic Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in a Rodent Model of Steatohepatitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46014. [PMID: 28425467 PMCID: PMC5397869 DOI: 10.1038/srep46014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become highly prevalent, now considered the most common liver disease in the western world. Approximately one-third of patients with NASH develop non-alchoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), histologically defined by lobular and portal inflammation, and accompanied by marked oxidative stress. Patients with NASH are at increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and diagnosis currently requires invasive biopsy. In animal models of NASH, particularly the methionine-choline deficient (MCD) model, profound changes are seen in redox enzymes and key intracellular antioxidants. To study antioxidant status in NASH non-invasively, we applied the redox probe hyperpolarized [1-13C] dehydroascorbic acid (HP DHA), which is reduced to Vitamin C (VitC) rapidly in the normal liver. In MCD mice, we observed a significant decrease in HP DHA to VitC conversion that accompanied hepatic fat deposition. When these animals were subsequently placed on a normal diet, resonance ratios reverted to those seen in control mice. These findings suggest that HP DHA, a potentially clinically translatable imaging agent, holds special promise in imaging NASH and other metabolic syndromes, to monitor disease progression and response to targeted therapies.
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Lee SJ, Lee DE, Kang JH, Nam MJ, Park JW, Kang BS, Lee DS, Lee HS, Kwon OS. New Potential Biomarker Proteins for Alcoholic Liver Disease Identified by a Comparative Proteomics Approach. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1189-1200. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Jin Lee
- School of Life Science BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Science; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Da Eun Lee
- School of Life Science BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Science; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Jeong Han Kang
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Rochester 55905 Minnesota
| | - Min-Jeong Nam
- School of Life Science BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Science; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Jeen-Woo Park
- School of Life Science BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Science; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Beom Sik Kang
- School of Life Science BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Science; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Science BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Science; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Hyun-Shik Lee
- School of Life Science BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Science; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Korea
| | - Oh-Shin Kwon
- School of Life Science BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group; College of Natural Science; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 Korea
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Lau JKC, Zhang X, Yu J. Animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current perspectives and recent advances. J Pathol 2016; 241:36-44. [PMID: 27757953 PMCID: PMC5215469 DOI: 10.1002/path.4829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a continuous spectrum of diseases characterized by excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. NAFLD progresses from simple liver steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and, in more severe cases, to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Because of its growing worldwide prevalence, various animal models that mirror both the histopathology and the pathophysiology of each stage of human NAFLD have been developed. The selection of appropriate animal models continues to be one of the key questions faced in this field. This review presents a critical analysis of the histopathology and pathogenesis of NAFLD, the most frequently used and recently developed animal models for each stage of NAFLD and NAFLD‐induced HCC, the main mechanisms involved in the experimental pathogenesis of NAFLD in different animal models, and a brief summary of recent therapeutic targets found by the use of animal models. Integrating the data from human disease with those from animal studies indicates that, although current animal models provide critical guidance in understanding specific stages of NAFLD pathogenesis and progression, further research is necessary to develop more accurate models that better mimic the disease spectrum, in order to provide both increased mechanistic understanding and identification/testing of novel therapeutic approaches. © 2016 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Ka Ching Lau
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.,Faculty of Medicine, SHHO College, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China
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Bourgoin-Voillard S, Goron A, Seve M, Moinard C. Regulation of the proteome by amino acids. Proteomics 2016; 16:831-46. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bourgoin-Voillard
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE; IAB; University Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie; CHU de Grenoble; Grenoble France
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE; IAB; INSERM; Grenoble France
| | - Arthur Goron
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA); University Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA); INSERM; Grenoble France
| | - Michel Seve
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE; IAB; University Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie; CHU de Grenoble; Grenoble France
- Plateforme de Protéomique PROMETHEE; IAB; INSERM; Grenoble France
| | - Christophe Moinard
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA); University Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Bioenergetics (LBFA); INSERM; Grenoble France
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