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Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Strub MP, Taraska JW. Crosstalk of growth factor receptors at plasma membrane clathrin-coated sites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.594559. [PMID: 38903101 PMCID: PMC11188102 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.594559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Cellular communication is regulated at the plasma membrane by the interactions of receptor, adhesion, signaling, exocytic, and endocytic proteins. Yet, the composition and control of these nanoscale complexes in response to external cues remain unclear. Here, we use high-resolution and high-throughput fluorescence imaging to map the localization of growth factor receptors and related proteins at single clathrin-coated structures across the plasma membrane of human squamous HSC3 cells. We find distinct protein signatures between control cells and cells stimulated with ligands. Clathrin sites at the plasma membrane are preloaded with some receptors but not others. Stimulation with epidermal growth factor induces a capture and concentration of epidermal growth factor-, fibroblast growth factor-, and low-density lipoprotein-receptors (EGFR, FGFR, and LDLR). Regulatory proteins including ubiquitin ligase Cbl, the scaffold Grb2, and the mechanoenzyme dynamin2 are also recruited. Disrupting FGFR or EGFR individually with drugs prevents the recruitment of both EGFR and FGFR. Our data reveals novel crosstalk between multiple unrelated receptors and regulatory factors at clathrin-coated sites in response to stimulation by a single growth factor, EGF. This behavior integrates growth factor signaling and allows for complex responses to extracellular cues and drugs at the plasma membrane of human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Alfonzo-Méndez
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marie-Paule Strub
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Justin W. Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 50, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
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2
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Martínez-Morales JC, González-Ruiz KD, Romero-Ávila MT, Rincón-Heredia R, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPA 1 trafficking and interaction with Rab proteins, as evidenced by Förster resonance energy transfer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 570:111930. [PMID: 37054840 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
LPA1 internalization to endosomes was studied employing Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) in cells coexpressing the mCherry-lysophosphatidic acid LPA1 receptors and distinct eGFP-tagged Rab proteins. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced internalization was rapid and decreased afterward: phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) action was slower and sustained. LPA stimulated LPA1-Rab5 interaction rapidly but transiently, whereas PMA action was rapid but sustained. Expression of a Rab5 dominant-negative mutant blocked LPA1-Rab5 interaction and receptor internalization. LPA-induced LPA1-Rab9 interaction was only observed at 60 min, and LPA1-Rab7 interaction after 5 min with LPA and after 60 min with PMA. LPA triggered immediate but transient rapid recycling (i.e., LPA1-Rab4 interaction), whereas PMA action was slower but sustained. Agonist-induced slow recycling (LPA1-Rab11 interaction) increased at 15 min and remained at this level, whereas PMA action showed early and late peaks. Our results indicate that LPA1 receptor internalization varies with the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karla D González-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - M Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ruth Rincón-Heredia
- Unidad de Imagenología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ap. Postal 70-600, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, 07360, Mexico
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3
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Wijaya LK, Morici MV, Stumbles PA, Finch PM, Drummond PD. Stimulation of alpha-1 adrenoceptors may intensify cutaneous inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2023; 164:771-781. [PMID: 35994594 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alpha-1 adrenoceptors are overexpressed in the epidermis of a subgroup of patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Activating α 1 -adrenoceptors in epidermal cells increases production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), a mediator of inflammation. To investigate whether this might exacerbate inflammation in CRPS, primary keratinocytes or dermal fibroblasts were cultured from skin biopsies obtained from the affected limb of 25 patients and a similar site in 28 controls. The fundamental proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, was administered for 24 hours to initiate inflammation. After this, cells were incubated for 6 hours with the α 1 -adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. Exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha induced proinflammatory cytokine mRNA production and protein secretion in keratinocytes and fibroblasts and enhanced α 1B -adrenoceptor mRNA expression in keratinocytes. Additional stimulation of α 1 adrenoceptors with phenylephrine increased the production of IL-6 mRNA and protein secretion in both cell types. Under all conditions, gene and protein α 1 -adrenoceptor levels and cytokine gene expression and protein secretion were similar, overall, in patients and controls, except for abnormally high α 1 -adrenoceptor protein levels in the keratinocytes of 3 of 17 patients. These findings suggest that persistent inflammation in CRPS is not due to dysfunction of skin cells but is a normal response to extrinsic signals. After α 1 -adrenoceptor stimulation of keratinocytes, increases in IL-6 mRNA but not protein were proportional to basal α 1 -adrenoceptor protein levels. Skin cells play an important role in persistent inflammation in CRPS. Potentially, a positive feedback loop between α 1 -adrenoceptors and IL-6 production in skin cells contributes to this inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Wijaya
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael V Morici
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Philip M Finch
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter D Drummond
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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4
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Spencer SA, Suárez-Pozos E, Verdugo JS, Wang H, Afshari FS, Li G, Manam S, Yasuda D, Ortega A, Lister JA, Ishii S, Zhang Y, Fuss B. Lysophosphatidic acid signaling via LPA 6 : A negative modulator of developmental oligodendrocyte maturation. J Neurochem 2022; 163:478-499. [PMID: 36153691 PMCID: PMC9772207 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The developmental process of central nervous system (CNS) myelin sheath formation is characterized by well-coordinated cellular activities ultimately ensuring rapid and synchronized neural communication. During this process, myelinating CNS cells, namely oligodendrocytes (OLGs), undergo distinct steps of differentiation, whereby the progression of earlier maturation stages of OLGs represents a critical step toward the timely establishment of myelinated axonal circuits. Given the complexity of functional integration, it is not surprising that OLG maturation is controlled by a yet fully to be defined set of both negative and positive modulators. In this context, we provide here first evidence for a role of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling via the G protein-coupled receptor LPA6 as a negative modulatory regulator of myelination-associated gene expression in OLGs. More specifically, the cell surface accessibility of LPA6 was found to be restricted to the earlier maturation stages of differentiating OLGs, and OLG maturation was found to occur precociously in Lpar6 knockout mice. To further substantiate these findings, a novel small molecule ligand with selectivity for preferentially LPA6 and LPA6 agonist characteristics was functionally characterized in vitro in primary cultures of rat OLGs and in vivo in the developing zebrafish. Utilizing this approach, a negative modulatory role of LPA6 signaling in OLG maturation could be corroborated. During development, such a functional role of LPA6 signaling likely serves to ensure timely coordination of circuit formation and myelination. Under pathological conditions as seen in the major human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS), however, persistent LPA6 expression and signaling in OLGs can be seen as an inhibitor of myelin repair. Thus, it is of interest that LPA6 protein levels appear elevated in MS brain samples, thereby suggesting that LPA6 signaling may represent a potential new druggable pathway suitable to promote myelin repair in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Spencer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Edna Suárez-Pozos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jazmín Soto Verdugo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Huiqun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Fatemah S Afshari
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Susmita Manam
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Daisuke Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - James A Lister
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Pharmacy, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Martínez-Morales JC, Solís KH, Romero-Ávila MT, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Cell Trafficking and Function of G Protein-coupled Receptors. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:451-460. [PMID: 35835604 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are plasma membrane proteins that function as sensors of changes in the internal and external milieux and play essential roles in health and disease. They are targets of hormones, neurotransmitters, local hormones (autacoids), and a large proportion of the drugs currently used as therapeutics and for "recreational" purposes. Understanding how these receptors signal and are regulated is fundamental for progress in areas such as physiology and pharmacology. This review will focus on what is currently known about their structure, the molecular events that trigger their signaling, and their trafficking to endosomal compartments. GPCR phosphorylation and its role in desensitization (signaling switching) are also discussed. It should be mentioned that the volume of information available is enormous given the large number and variety of GPCRs. However, knowledge is fragmentary even for the most studied receptors, such as the adrenergic receptors. Therefore, we attempt to present a panoramic view of the field, conscious of the risks and limitations (such as oversimplifications and incorrect generalizations). We hope this will provoke further research in the area. It is currently accepted that GPCR internalization plays a role signaling events. Therefore, the processes that allow them to internalize and recycle back to the plasma membrane are briefly reviewed. The functions of cytoskeletal elements (mainly actin filaments and microtubules), the molecular motors implicated in receptor trafficking (myosin, kinesin, and dynein), and the GTPases involved in GPCR internalization (dynamin) and endosomal sorting (Rab proteins), are discussed. The critical role phosphoinositide metabolism plays in regulating these events is also depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Martínez-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - K Helivier Solís
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.
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6
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Martínez-Morales JC, Romero-Ávila MT, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Roles of receptor phosphorylation and Rab proteins in G protein-coupled receptor function and trafficking. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 101:144-153. [PMID: 34969830 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The G Protein-Coupled Receptors form the most abundant family of membrane proteins and are crucial physiological players in the homeostatic equilibrium, which we define as health. They also participate in the pathogenesis of many diseases and are frequent targets of therapeutic intervention. Considering their importance, it is not surprising that different mechanisms regulate their function, including desensitization, resensitization, internalization, recycling to the plasma membrane, and degradation. These processes are modulated in a highly coordinated and specific way by protein kinases and phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, protein adaptors, interaction with multifunctional complexes, molecular motors, phospholipid metabolism, and membrane distribution. This review describes significant advances in the study of the regulation of these receptors by phosphorylation and endosomal traffic (where signaling can take place); we revisited the bar code hypothesis and include two additional observations: a) that different phosphorylation patterns seem to be associated with internalization and endosome sorting for recycling or degradation, and b) that, surprisingly, phosphorylation of some G protein-coupled receptors appears to be required for proper receptor insertion into the plasma membrane. Significance Statement G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation is an early event in desensitization/ signaling switching, endosomal traffic, and internalization. These events seem crucial for receptor responsiveness, cellular localization, and fate (recycling/ degradation) with important pharmacological/ therapeutic implications. Phosphorylation sites vary depending on the cells in which they are expressed and on the stimulus that leads to such covalent modification. Surprisingly, evidence suggests that phosphorylation also seems to be required for proper insertion into the plasma membrane for some receptors.
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Renkhold L, Kollmann R, Inderwiedenstraße L, Kienitz MC. PKC-isoform specific regulation of receptor desensitization and KCNQ1/KCNE1 K + channel activity by mutant α 1B-adrenergic receptors. Cell Signal 2021; 91:110228. [PMID: 34958868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of a specific protein kinase C (PKC) isoform during stimulation of Gq protein-coupled receptors (GqPCRs) is determined by homologous receptor desensitization that controls the spatiotemporal formation of downstream Gq signalling molecules. Furthermore, GqPCR-activated PKC isoforms specifically regulate receptor activity via a negative feedback mechanism. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of several phosphorylation sites in the α1B-adrenergic receptor (α1B-AR) for PKC and G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) to homologous receptor desensitization and effector modulation. We analyzed signalling events downstream to human wildtype α1B-ARs and α1B-ARs lacking PKC or GRK2 phosphorylation sites (Δ391-401, α1B-ΔPKC-AR and Δ402-520, α1B-ΔGRK-AR) by means of FRET-based biosensors in HEK293 that served as online-assays of receptor activity. K+ currents through KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels (IKs), which are regulated by both phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-depletion and/or phosphorylation by PKC, were measured as a functional readout of wildtype and mutant α1B-AR receptor activity. As a novel finding, we provide evidence that deletion of PKC and GRK2 phosphorylation sites in α1B-ARs abrogates the contribution of PKCα to homologous receptor desensitization. Instead, the time course of mutant receptor activity was specifically modulated by PKCβ. Mutant α1B-ARs displayed pronounced homologous receptor desensitization that was abolished by PKCβ-specific pharmacological inhibitors. IKs modulation during stimulation of wildtype and mutant α1B-ARs displayed transient inhibition and current facilitation after agonist withdrawal with reduced capability of mutant α1B-ARs to induce IKs inhibition. Pharmacological inhibition of the PKCβ isoform did not augment IKs reduction by mutant α1B-ARs, but shifted IKs modulation towards current facilitation. Coexpression of an inactive (dominant-negative) PKCδ isoform (DN-PKCδ) abolished IKs facilitation in α1B-ΔGRK-AR-expressing cells, but not in α1B-ΔPKC-AR-expressing cells. The data indicate that the differential modulation of IKs activity by α1B-ΔGRK- and α1B-ΔPKC-receptors is attributed to the activation of entirely distinct novel PKC isoforms. To summarize, specific phosphorylation sites within the wildtype and mutant α1B-adrenergic receptors are targeted by different PKC isoforms, resulting in differential regulation of receptor desensitization and effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Renkhold
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 58, D-48149 Münster, Deutschland, Germany
| | - Rike Kollmann
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Leonie Inderwiedenstraße
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marie-Cecile Kienitz
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
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8
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Flores-Espinoza E, Meizoso-Huesca A, Villegas-Comonfort S, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid, phorbol myristate acetate, and insulin on the interaction of the FFA4 (short isoform) receptor with Rab proteins. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 889:173595. [PMID: 32986985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were co-transfected with plasmids for the expression of mCherry fluorescent protein-tagged FFA4 receptors and the enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged Rab proteins involved in retrograde transport and recycling, to study their possible interaction through Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), under the action of agents that induce FFA4 receptor phosphorylation and internalization through different processes, i.e., the agonist, docosahexaenoic acid, the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate, and insulin. Data indicate that FFA4 receptor internalization varied depending on the agent that induced the process. Agonist activation (docosahexaenoic acid) induced an association with early endosomes (as suggested by interaction with Rab5) and rapid recycling to the plasma membrane (as indicated by receptor interaction with Rab4). More prolonged agonist stimulation also appears to allow the FFA4 receptors to interact with late endosomes (interaction with Rab9), slow recycling (interaction with Rab 11), and target to degradation (Rab7). Phorbol myristate acetate, triggered a rapid association with early endosomes (Rab5), slow recycling to the plasma membrane (Rab11), and some receptor degradation (Rab7). Insulin-induced FFA4 receptor internalization appears to be associated with interaction with early endosomes (Rab5) and late endosomes (Rab9) and fast and slow recycling to the plasma membrane (Rab4, Rab11). Additionally, we observed that agonist- and PMA-induced FFA4 internalization was markedly reduced by paroxetine, which suggests a possible role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Flores-Espinoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aldo Meizoso-Huesca
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sócrates Villegas-Comonfort
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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9
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de-Los-Santos-Cocotle G, Martínez-Morales JC, Romero-Ávila MT, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Effects of agonists and phorbol esters on α 1A-adrenergic receptor-Rab protein interactions. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173423. [PMID: 32750368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a cell line, stably expressing α1A-adrenoceptors fused to the mCherry red fluorescent protein, noradrenaline, methoxamine, and oxymetazoline induced concentration-dependent increases in intracellular calcium. All of these agents increase α1A-adrenoceptor phosphorylation and internalization. Transient co-expression of these receptors with Rab proteins tagged with the enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein was employed to estimate α1A-adrenoceptor-Rab interaction using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer. Noradrenaline and methoxamine increased α1A-adrenoceptor interaction with Rab5 and Rab7 but did not modify it with Rab9. Oxymetazoline induced adrenoceptor interaction with Rab5 and Rab9 and only an insignificant increase in Rab7 signal. Phorbol myristate acetate increased α1A-adrenoceptor interaction with Rab5 and Rab9 but did not modify it with Rab7. The agonists and the active phorbol ester, all of which induce receptor phosphorylation and internalization, favor receptor interaction with Rab5, i.e., association with early endosomes. Cell stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate induced the α1A-adrenoceptors to interact with the late endosomal marker, Rab9, suggesting that the receptors are directed to slow recycling endosomes once they have transited to the Trans-Golgi network to be retrieved to the plasma membrane. The agonists noradrenaline and methoxamine likely induce a faster recycling and might direct some of the adrenoceptors toward degradation and/or very slow recycling to the plasma membrane. Oxymetazoline produced a mixed pattern of interaction with the Rab proteins. These data indicate that α1A-adrenoceptor agonists can trigger different vesicular traffic and receptor fates within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de-Los-Santos-Cocotle
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Martínez-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CINVESTAV, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508; Col, San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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10
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Roles of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and Rab5 in α 1B-adrenergic receptor function and internalization. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 867:172846. [PMID: 31811856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells expressing eGFP-tagged Rab5 (wild-type or the GDP-Rab5 mutant) and the DsRed-tagged α1B-adrenergic receptors were employed and the roles of GRK2 were studied utilizing paroxetine and the dominant-negative mutant of GRK2 (DN-GRK2). The following parameters were studied: a) FRET (as an index of α1B-adrenergic receptor-Rab5 interaction): b) intracellular accumulation of DsRed fluorescence (receptor internalization); c) α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, and d) noradrenaline-induced increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Noradrenaline increased α1B-adrenergic receptor-Rab5 interaction, which was blocked by paroxetine and by expression of the dominant-negative GRK2 mutant. Similarly, paroxetine and expression of the DN-GRK2 or the GDP-Rab5 mutants markedly decreased receptor internalization, α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, and attenuated the ability of the adrenergic agonist to induce homologous desensitization (calcium signaling). The S406, 410,412A α1B-adrenergic receptor mutant did not reproduce the actions of GRK2 inhibition. The data indicate that GRK2 and Rab5 play key roles in α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and desensitization. The possibility that Rab5 might form part of a signaling complex is suggested, as well as that GDP-Rab5 might interfere with the ability of GRK2 to catalyze α1B-adrenergic receptor phosphorylation.
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Moretta D, Papamatheakis DG, Morris DP, Giri PC, Blood Q, Murray S, Ramzy M, Romero M, Vemulakonda S, Lauw S, Longo LD, Zhang L, Wilson SM. Long-Term High-Altitude Hypoxia and Alpha Adrenoceptor-Dependent Pulmonary Arterial Contractions in Fetal and Adult Sheep. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1032. [PMID: 31555139 PMCID: PMC6723549 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autonomic innervation of the pulmonary vasculature triggers vasomotor contractility predominately through activation of alpha-adrenergic receptors (α-ARs) in the fetal circulation. Long-term hypoxia (LTH) modulates pulmonary vasoconstriction potentially through upregulation of α1-AR in the vasculature. Our study aimed to elucidate the role of α-AR in phenylephrine (PE)-induced pulmonary vascular contractility, comparing the effects of LTH in the fetal and adult periods on α-AR subtypes and PE-mediated Ca2+ responses and contractions. To address this, we performed wire myography, Ca2+ imaging, and mRNA analysis of pulmonary arteries from ewes and fetuses exposed to LTH or normoxia. Postnatal maturation depressed PE-mediated contractile responses. α2-AR activation contracted fetal vessels; however, this was suppressed by LTH. α1A- and α1B-AR subtypes contributed to arterial contractions in all groups. The α1D-AR was also important to contractility in fetal normoxic vessels and LTH mitigated its function. Postnatal maturity increased the number of myocytes with PE-triggered Ca2+ responses while LTH decreased the percentage of fetal myocytes reacting to PE. The difference between myocyte Ca2+ responsiveness and vessel contractility suggests that fetal arteries are sensitized to changes in Ca2+. The results illustrate that α-adrenergic signaling and vascular function change during development and that LTH modifies adrenergic signaling. These changes may represent components in the etiology of pulmonary vascular disease and foretell the therapeutic potential of adrenergic receptor antagonists in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Moretta
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | | | - Daniel P Morris
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Paresh C Giri
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Quintin Blood
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Samuel Murray
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Marian Ramzy
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Monica Romero
- Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Core, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Srilakshmi Vemulakonda
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Sidney Lauw
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Lawrence D Longo
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Sean M Wilson
- Lawrence D. Longo MD Center for Perinatal Biology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Advanced Imaging and Microscopy Core, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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12
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Hernández-Espinosa DA, Carmona-Rosas G, Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Alcántara-Hernández R, García-Sáinz JA. Sites phosphorylated in human α 1B-adrenoceptors in response to noradrenaline and phorbol myristate acetate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1509-1519. [PMID: 31325464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the human α1B-adrenergic receptor (fused with the green fluorescent protein) was studied employing the inducible Flp-ln HEK293 T-Rex system for expression. Serine/alanine substitutions were performed in five sites corresponding to those previously identified as phosphorylation targets in the hamster ortholog. Desensitization was decreased in these mutants but receptor phosphorylation was still clearly detected. The protein phosphorylation of the wild-type receptor (fused to the green fluorescent protein) was studied, using mass spectrometry, under baseline and stimulated conditions (noradrenaline or phorbol myristate acetate). Basal phosphorylation was detected at sites located at the intracellular loop 3 and carboxyl terminus, and the number of sites detected increased under agonist activation and stimulation of protein kinase C. The phosphorylation patterns differed under the distinct conditions. Three of the phosphorylation sites detected in this work corresponded to those observed in the hamster receptor. The phosphorylation sites detected included the following: a) at the intracellular loop 3: serines 246, 248, 257, 267, and 277; and threonines 252, 264, and 268, and b) at the carboxyl terminus: serines 396, 400, 402, 406, 423, 425, 427, 455, and 470, and threonines 387, 392, 420, and 475. Our data indicate that complex phosphorylation patterns exist and suggest the possibility that such differences could be relevant in receptor function and subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hernández-Espinosa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Carmona-Rosas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Marco A Alfonzo-Méndez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Rocío Alcántara-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal 70-248, Ciudad de México CP 04510, Mexico.
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13
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Akinaga J, García-Sáinz JA, S Pupo A. Updates in the function and regulation of α 1 -adrenoceptors. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2343-2357. [PMID: 30740663 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α1 -Adrenoceptors are seven transmembrane domain GPCRs involved in numerous physiological functions controlled by the endogenous catecholamines, noradrenaline and adrenaline, and targeted by drugs useful in therapeutics. Three separate genes, whose products are named α1A -, α1B -, and α1D - adrenoceptors, encode these receptors. Although the existence of multiple α1 -adrenoceptors has been acknowledged for almost 25 years, the specific functions regulated by each subtype are still largely unknown. Despite the limited comprehension, the identification of a single class of subtype-selective ligands for the α1A - adrenoceptors, the so-called α-blockers for prostate dysfunction, has led to major improvement in therapeutics, demonstrating the need for continued efforts in the field. This review article surveys the tissue distribution of the three α1 -adrenoceptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system, genitourinary system, and CNS, highlighting the functions already identified as mediated by the predominant activation of specific subtypes. In addition, this review covers the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of each of the α1 -adrenoceptor subtypes by phosphorylation and interaction with proteins involved in their desensitization and internalization. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors-New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Akinaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - André S Pupo
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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14
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S1P 1 receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and interaction with Rab proteins: effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate, FTY720-P, phorbol esters, and paroxetine. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181612. [PMID: 30366961 PMCID: PMC6294635 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) and FTY720-phosphate (FTYp) increased intracellular calcium in cells expressing S1P1 mCherry-tagged receptors; the synthetic agonist was considerably less potent. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) blocked these effects. The three agents induced receptor phosphorylation and internalization, with the action of FTYp being more intense. S1P1 receptor–Rab protein (GFP-tagged) interaction was studied using FRET. The three agents were able to induce S1P1 receptor–Rab5 interaction, although with different time courses. S1P1 receptor–Rab9 interaction was mainly increased by the phorbol ester, whereas S1P1 receptor–Rab7 interaction was only increased by FTYp and after a 30-min incubation. These actions were not observed using dominant negative (GDP-bound) Rab protein mutants. The data suggested that the three agents induce interaction with early endosomes, but that the natural agonist induced rapid receptor recycling, whereas activation of protein kinase C favored interaction with late endosome and slow recycling and FTYp triggered receptor interaction with vesicles associated with proteasomal/lysosomal degradation. The ability of bisindolylmaleimide I and paroxetine to block some of these actions suggested the activation of protein kinase C was associated mainly with the action of PMA, whereas G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 2 (GRK2) was involved in the action of the three agents.
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15
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Distinct phosphorylation sites/clusters in the carboxyl terminus regulate α 1D-adrenergic receptor subcellular localization and signaling. Cell Signal 2018; 53:374-389. [PMID: 30419287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human α1D-adrenergic receptor is a seven transmembrane-domain protein that mediates many of the physiological actions of adrenaline and noradrenaline and participates in the development of hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. We recently reported that different phosphorylation patterns control α1D-adrenergic receptor desensitization. However, to our knowledge, there is no data regarding the role(s) of this receptor's specific phosphorylation residues in its subcellular localization and signaling. In order to address this issue, we mutated the identified phosphorylated residues located on the third intracellular loop and carboxyl tail. In this way, we experimentally confirmed α1D-AR phosphorylation sites and identified, in the carboxyl tail, two groups of residues in close proximity to each other, as well as two individual residues in the proximal (T442) and distal (S543) regions. Our results indicate that phosphorylation of the distal cluster (T507, S515, S516 and S518) favors α1D-AR localization at the plasma membrane, i. e., substitution of these residues for non-phosphorylatable amino acids results in the intracellular localization of the receptors, whereas phospho-mimetic substitution allows plasma membrane localization. Moreover, we found that T442 phosphorylation is necessary for agonist- and phorbol ester-induced receptor colocalization with β-arrestins. Additionally, we observed that substitution of intracellular loop 3 phosphorylation sites for non-phosphorylatable amino acids resulted in sustained ERK1/2 activation; additional mutations in the phosphorylated residues in the carboxyl tail did not alter this pattern. In contrast, mobilization of intracellular calcium and receptor internalization appear to be controlled by the phosphorylation of both third-intracellular-loop and carboxyl terminus-domain residues. In summary, our data indicate that a) both the phosphorylation sites present in the third intracellular loop and in the carboxyl terminus participate in triggering calcium signaling and in turning-off α1D-AR-induced ERK activation; b) phosphorylation of the distal cluster appears to play a role in receptor's plasma membrane localization; and c) T442 appears to play a critical role in receptor phosphorylation and receptor-β-arrestin colocalization.
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16
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Carmona-Rosas G, Alcántara-Hernández R, Hernández-Espinosa DA. The role of β-arrestins in G protein-coupled receptor heterologous desensitization: A brief story. Methods Cell Biol 2018; 149:195-204. [PMID: 30616820 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are transmembrane proteins that have an important impact in a myriad of cellular functions. Posttranslational modifications on GPCRs are a key processes that allow these proteins to recruit other intracellular molecules. Among these modifications, phosphorylation is the most important way of desensitization of these receptors. Several research groups have described two different desensitization mechanisms: heterologous and homologous desensitization. The first one involves the phosphorylation of the receptors by protein kinases, such as PKC, following the desensitization and internalization of the receptor, while the second one involves the phosphorylation of the receptors by GRKs, allowing for the receptor to recruit β-arrestins to be desensitized and internalized. Interestingly, a few number of studies have described the participation of β-arrestins during the heterologous desensitization process. Hence, the aim of this review is to briefly explore the role that β-arrestins play during the heterologous desensitization of several GPCRs.
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17
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Meizoso‐Huesca A, Villegas‐Comonfort S, Romero‐Ávila MT, García‐Sáinz JA. Free fatty acid receptor 4 agonists induce lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (
LPA
1
) desensitization independent of
LPA
1
internalization and heterodimerization. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2612-2623. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Meizoso‐Huesca
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo Instituto de Fisiología Celular Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico
| | - Sócrates Villegas‐Comonfort
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo Instituto de Fisiología Celular Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico
| | - M. Teresa Romero‐Ávila
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo Instituto de Fisiología Celular Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico
| | - J. Adolfo García‐Sáinz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo Instituto de Fisiología Celular Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico
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18
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Wang G, Wei Z, Wu G. Role of Rab GTPases in the export trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors. Small GTPases 2018; 9:130-135. [PMID: 28125329 PMCID: PMC5902197 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1277000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute a superfamily of cell surface receptors that regulate a variety of cell functions. As the cell surface is the functional destination for most GPCRs, the cell surface targeting process represents a crucial checkpoint in controlling the functionality of the receptors. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the cell surface delivery of newly synthesized GPCRs remain poorly understood. In this review, we will highlight the role of Rab GTPases in GPCR cell surface transport, particularly post-Golgi traffic, and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guansong Wang
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Guangyu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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19
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Tóth AD, Prokop S, Gyombolai P, Várnai P, Balla A, Gurevich VV, Hunyady L, Turu G. Heterologous phosphorylation-induced formation of a stability lock permits regulation of inactive receptors by β-arrestins. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:876-892. [PMID: 29146594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Arrestins are key regulators and signal transducers of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The interaction between receptors and β-arrestins is generally believed to require both receptor activity and phosphorylation by GPCR kinases. In this study, we investigated whether β-arrestins are able to bind second messenger kinase-phosphorylated, but inactive receptors as well. Because heterologous phosphorylation is a common phenomenon among GPCRs, this mode of β-arrestin activation may represent a novel mechanism of signal transduction and receptor cross-talk. Here we demonstrate that activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol myristate acetate, Gq/11-coupled GPCR, or epidermal growth factor receptor stimulation promotes β-arrestin2 recruitment to unliganded AT1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R). We found that this interaction depends on the stability lock, a structure responsible for the sustained binding between GPCRs and β-arrestins, formed by phosphorylated serine-threonine clusters in the receptor's C terminus and two conserved phosphate-binding lysines in the β-arrestin2 N-domain. Using improved FlAsH-based serine-threonine clusters β-arrestin2 conformational biosensors, we also show that the stability lock not only stabilizes the receptor-β-arrestin interaction, but also governs the structural rearrangements within β-arrestins. Furthermore, we found that β-arrestin2 binds to PKC-phosphorylated AT1R in a distinct active conformation, which triggers MAPK recruitment and receptor internalization. Our results provide new insights into the activation of β-arrestins and reveal their novel role in receptor cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- András D Tóth
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - Susanne Prokop
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary
| | - Pál Gyombolai
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary.,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
| | - Péter Várnai
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary.,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
| | - András Balla
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary.,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- the Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | - László Hunyady
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, .,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
| | - Gábor Turu
- From the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary.,the MTA-SE Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest H-1094, Hungary, and
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20
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Alfonzo-Méndez MA, Hernández-Espinosa DA, Carmona-Rosas G, Romero-Ávila MT, Reyes-Cruz G, García-Sáinz JA. Protein Kinase C Activation Promotes α 1B-Adrenoceptor Internalization and Late Endosome Trafficking through Rab9 Interaction. Role in Heterologous Desensitization. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:296-306. [PMID: 28082304 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon agonist stimulation, α1B-adrenergic receptors couple to Gq proteins, calcium signaling and protein kinase C activation; subsequently, the receptors are phosphorylated, desensitized, and internalized. Internalization seems to involve scaffolding proteins, such as β-arrestin and clathrin. However, the fine mechanisms that participate remain unsolved. The roles of protein kinase C and the small GTPase, Rab9, in α1B-AR vesicular traffic were investigated by studying α1B-adrenergic receptor-Rab protein interactions, using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), confocal microscopy, and intracellular calcium quantitation. In human embryonic kidney 293 cells overexpressing Discosoma spp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed)-tagged α1B-ARs and enhanced green fluorescent protein--tagged Rab proteins, pharmacological protein kinase C activation mimicked α1B-AR traffic elicited by nonrelated agents, such as sphingosine 1-phosphate (i.e., transient α1B-AR-Rab5 FRET signal followed by a sustained α1B-AR-Rab9 interaction), suggesting brief receptor localization in early endosomes and transfer to late endosomes. This latter interaction was abrogated by blocking protein kinase C activity, resulting in receptor retention at the plasma membrane. Similar effects were observed when a dominant-negative Rab9 mutant (Rab9-GDP) was employed. When α1B-adrenergic receptors that had been mutated at protein kinase C phosphorylation sites (S396A, S402A) were used, phorbol ester-induced desensitization of the calcium response was markedly decreased; however, interaction with Rab9 was only partially decreased and internalization was observed in response to phorbol esters and sphingosine 1-phosphate. Finally, Rab9-GDP expression did not affect adrenergic-mediated calcium response but abolished receptor traffic and altered desensitization. Data suggest that protein kinase C modulates α1B-adrenergic receptor transfer to late endosomes and that Rab9 regulates this process and participates in G protein-mediated signaling turn-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Alfonzo-Méndez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México (M.A.A.-M., D.A.H.-E., G.C.-R., M.T.R.-A., J.A.G.-S.) and Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CINVESTAV, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México (G.R.-C.)
| | - David A Hernández-Espinosa
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México (M.A.A.-M., D.A.H.-E., G.C.-R., M.T.R.-A., J.A.G.-S.) and Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CINVESTAV, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México (G.R.-C.)
| | - Gabriel Carmona-Rosas
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México (M.A.A.-M., D.A.H.-E., G.C.-R., M.T.R.-A., J.A.G.-S.) and Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CINVESTAV, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México (G.R.-C.)
| | - M Teresa Romero-Ávila
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México (M.A.A.-M., D.A.H.-E., G.C.-R., M.T.R.-A., J.A.G.-S.) and Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CINVESTAV, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México (G.R.-C.)
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Cruz
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México (M.A.A.-M., D.A.H.-E., G.C.-R., M.T.R.-A., J.A.G.-S.) and Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CINVESTAV, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México (G.R.-C.)
| | - J Adolfo García-Sáinz
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México (M.A.A.-M., D.A.H.-E., G.C.-R., M.T.R.-A., J.A.G.-S.) and Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CINVESTAV, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México (G.R.-C.)
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21
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Kienitz MC, Vladimirova D, Müller C, Pott L, Rinne A. Receptor Species-dependent Desensitization Controls KCNQ1/KCNE1 K+ Channels as Downstream Effectors of Gq Protein-coupled Receptors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:26410-26426. [PMID: 27834678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.746974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Gq protein-coupled receptors (GqPCRs) might induce divergent cellular responses, related to receptor-specific activation of different branches of the Gq signaling pathway. Receptor-specific desensitization provides a mechanism of effector modulation by restricting the spatiotemporal activation of signaling components downstream of Gq We quantified signaling events downstream of GqPCR activation with FRET-based biosensors in CHO and HEK 293 cells. KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels (IKs) were measured as a functional readout of receptor-specific activation. Activation of muscarinic M1 receptors (M1-Rs) caused robust and reversible inhibition of IKs. In contrast, activation of α1B-adrenergic receptors (α1B-ARs) induced transient inhibition of IKs, which turned into delayed facilitation after agonist withdrawal. As a novel finding, we demonstrate that GqPCR-specific kinetics of IKs modulation are determined by receptor-specific desensitization, evident at the level of Gαq activation, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) depletion, and diacylglycerol production. Sustained IKs inhibition during M1-R stimulation is attributed to robust membrane PIP2 depletion, whereas the rapid desensitization of α1B-AR delimits PIP2 reduction and augments current activation by protein kinase C (PKC). Overexpression of Ca2+-independent PKCδ did not affect the time course of α1B-AR-induced diacylglycerol formation, excluding a contribution of PKCδ to α1B-AR desensitization. Pharmacological inhibition of Ca2+-dependent PKC isoforms abolished fast α1B receptor desensitization and augmented IKs reduction, but did not affect IKs facilitation. These data indicate a contribution of Ca2+-dependent PKCs to α1B-AR desensitization, whereas IKs facilitation is induced by Ca2+-independent PKC isoforms. In contrast, neither inhibition of Ca2+-dependent/Ca2+-independent isoforms nor overexpression of PKCδ induced M1 receptor desensitization, excluding a contribution of PKC to M1-R-induced IKs modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile Kienitz
- From the Institute of Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dilyana Vladimirova
- From the Institute of Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- From the Institute of Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lutz Pott
- From the Institute of Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Rinne
- From the Institute of Physiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Abstract
A multitude of physiological processes regulated by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling are accomplished by the participation of active rearrangements of the cytoskeleton. In general, it is common that a cross talk occurs among networks of microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in order to reach specific cell responses. In particular, actin-cytoskeleton dynamics regulate processes such as cell shape, cell division, cell motility, and cell polarization, among others. This chapter describes the current knowledge about the regulation of actin-cytoskeleton dynamic by diverse GPCR signaling pathways, and also includes some protocols combining immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy for the visualization of the different rearrangements of the actin-cytoskeleton. We report how both the S1P-GPCR/G12/13/Rho/ROCK and glucagon-GPCR/Gs/cAMP axes induce differential actin-cytoskeleton rearrangements in epithelial cells. We also show that specific actin-binding molecules, like phalloidin and LifeAct, are very useful to analyze F-actin reorganization by confocal microscopy, and also that both molecules show similar results in fixed cells, whereas the anti-actin antibody is useful to detect both the G- and F-actin, as well as their compartmentalization. Thus, it is highly recommended to utilize different approaches to investigate the regulation of actin dynamics by GPCR signaling, with the aim to get a better picture of the phenomenon under study.
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Phosphorylation and Internalization of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140583. [PMID: 26473723 PMCID: PMC4608732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Results The lysophosphatidic acid receptors LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 were individually expressed in C9 cells and their signaling and regulation were studied. Agonist-activation increases intracellular calcium concentration in a concentration-dependent fashion. Phorbol myristate acetate markedly inhibited LPA1- and LPA3-mediated effect, whereas that mediated by LPA2 was only partially diminished; the actions of the phorbol ester were inhibited by bisindolylmaleimide I and by overnight incubation with the protein kinase C activator, which leads to down regulation of this protein kinase. Homologous desensitization was also observed for the three LPA receptors studied, with that of LPA2 receptors being consistently of lesser magnitude; neither inhibition nor down-regulation of protein kinase C exerted any effect on homologous desensitization. Activation of LPA1–3 receptors induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation; this effect was markedly attenuated by inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity, suggesting growth factor receptor transactivation in this effect. Lysophosphatidic acid and phorbol myristate acetate were able to induce LPA1–3 phosphorylation, in time- and concentration-dependent fashions. It was also clearly observed that agonists and protein kinase C activation induced internalization of these receptors. Phosphorylation of the LPA2 subtype required larger concentrations of these agents and its internalization was less intense than that of the other subtypes. Conclusion Our data show that these three LPA receptors are phosphoproteins whose phosphorylation state is modulated by agonist-stimulation and protein kinase C-activation and that differences in regulation and cellular localization exist, among the subtypes.
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