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M. Sheta N, A. El-Gazar A, M. Ragab G, A. Essa M, M. Abdel-Haleem K, El-Dahmy RM. Transcending Traditional Treatment: The Therapeutical Potential of Nanovesicles for Transdermal Baclofen Delivery in Repeated Traumatic Brain Injury. Adv Pharm Bull 2024; 14:346-363. [PMID: 39206406 PMCID: PMC11347745 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2024.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The repositioning of previously approved drugs is occupying the researchers' plans. Baclofen (Bac) was our candidate for its established neuroprotective capacity, with a proposal of efficient drug delivery as non-ionic surfactant-based nanovesicles (NISNV) formulae against mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (mRTBI) in rats, thus reducing the number of orally or injected medications, especially in severely comatose patients or pediatrics. Methods A (23) factorial design was implemented for confining Bac-loaded NISNV formulae, where a bunch of variables were inspected. An in-vivo experiment was done to test the prepared formula's efficacy transdermally. The following parameters were measured: brain expression of gamma amino butyric acid B (GABAB), protein kinase C- α (PKC-α), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), TNF-α and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and histopathology. Results The particle size (PS) and entrapment efficiency percent (EE%) speckled from 60.40±0.28% to 88.02±0.01% for the former and 174.64±0.93 to 1174.50±3.54 nm for the latter. In vitro release% after 8 hours ranged from 63.25±5.47% to 84.79±3.75%. The optimized formula (F4) illustrated desirability=1, with 630.09±3.53 µg/cm2 of Bac permeated over 8 hours, which equates to 100% of Bac. Bac post-trauma treatment restored brain expression of GABAB and PKC-α, while decreasing FAK. Besides enhancing the histological findings, the anti-inflammatory effect was clear by decreasing TNF-α and NF-κB p65. Consequently, significant antioxidant sequelae were revealed herein by diminishing MDA levels and restoring SOD activity. Conclusion Transdermal delivery of Bac-loaded niosomes confirmed neuroprotection and succeeded in surpassing skin-to-brain barriers, which makes it a promising therapeutic option for repeated traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermin M. Sheta
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amira A. El-Gazar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ghada M. Ragab
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science & Technology (MUST), Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Essa
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
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The GABA and GABA-Receptor System in Inflammation, Anti-Tumor Immune Responses, and COVID-19. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020254. [PMID: 36830790 PMCID: PMC9953446 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA and GABAA-receptors (GABAA-Rs) play major roles in neurodevelopment and neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). There has been a growing appreciation that GABAA-Rs are also present on most immune cells. Studies in the fields of autoimmune disease, cancer, parasitology, and virology have observed that GABA-R ligands have anti-inflammatory actions on T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), while also enhancing regulatory T cell (Treg) responses and shifting APCs toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes. These actions have enabled GABAA-R ligands to ameliorate autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated inflammation in preclinical models. Conversely, antagonism of GABAA-R activity promotes the pro-inflammatory responses of T cells and APCs, enhancing anti-tumor responses and reducing tumor burden in models of solid tumors. Lung epithelial cells also express GABA-Rs, whose activation helps maintain fluid homeostasis and promote recovery from injury. The ability of GABAA-R agonists to limit both excessive immune responses and lung epithelial cell injury may underlie recent findings that GABAA-R agonists reduce the severity of disease in mice infected with highly lethal coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 and MHV-1). These observations suggest that GABAA-R agonists may provide off-the-shelf therapies for COVID-19 caused by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as novel beta-coronaviruses, which evade vaccine-induced immune responses and antiviral medications. We review these findings and further advance the notions that (1) immune cells possess GABAA-Rs to limit inflammation in the CNS, and (2) this natural "braking system" on inflammatory responses may be pharmacologically engaged to slow the progression of autoimmune diseases, reduce the severity of COVID-19, and perhaps limit neuroinflammation associated with long COVID.
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Glutamine-Driven Metabolic Adaptation to COVID-19 Infection. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:83-93. [PMID: 35431470 PMCID: PMC8992789 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is known to be transmitted by direct contact, droplets or feces/orally. There are many factors which determines the clinical progression of the disease. Aminoacid disturbance in viral disease is shown in many studies. İn this study we aimed to evaluate the change of aminoacid metabolism especially the aspartate, glutamine and glycine levels which have been associated with an immune defence effect in viral disease. Methods Blood samples from 35 volunteer patients with COVID-19, concretized diagnosis was made by oropharyngeal from nazofaringeal swab specimens and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and 35 control group were analyzed. The amino acid levels were measured with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technology. Two groups were compared by Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis, Kruskal-Wallis and the Mann-Whitney U. The square test was used to evaluate the tests obtained by counting, and the error level was taken as 0.05. Results The average age of the patient and control group were 48.5 ± 14.9 and 48.8 ± 14.6 years respectively. The decrease in aspartate (p = 5.5 × 10-9) and glutamine levels (p = 9.0 × 10-17) were significiantly in COVID group, whereas Glycine (p = 0.243) increase was not significiant. Conclusions Metabolic pathways, are affected in rapidly dividing cells in viral diseases which are important for immun defence. We determined that aspartate, glutamine and glycine levels in Covid 19 patients were affected by the warburg effect, malate aspartate shuttle, glutaminolysis and pentose phosphate pathway. Enteral or parenteral administration of these plasma amino acid levels will correct the duration and pathophysiology of the patients' stay in hospital and intensive care.
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Tian J, Dillion BJ, Henley J, Comai L, Kaufman DL. A GABA-receptor agonist reduces pneumonitis severity, viral load, and death rate in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007955. [PMID: 36389819 PMCID: PMC9640739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABA-receptors (GABA-Rs) form a major neurotransmitter system in the brain. GABA-Rs are also expressed by 1) cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and act to inhibit their inflammatory activities, and 2) lung epithelial cells and GABA-R agonists/potentiators have been observed to limit acute lung injuries. These biological properties suggest that GABA-R agonists may have potential for treating COVID-19. We previously reported that GABA-R agonist treatments protected mice from severe disease induced by infection with a lethal mouse coronavirus (MHV-1). Because MHV-1 targets different cellular receptors and is biologically distinct from SARS-CoV-2, we sought to test GABA therapy in K18-hACE2 mice which develop severe pneumonitis with high lethality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We observed that GABA treatment initiated immediately after SARS-CoV-2 infection, or 2 days later near the peak of lung viral load, reduced pneumonitis severity and death rates in K18-hACE2 mice. GABA-treated mice had reduced lung viral loads and displayed shifts in their serum cytokine/chemokine levels that are associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Thus, GABA-R activation had multiple effects that are also desirable for the treatment of COVID-19. The protective effects of GABA against two very different beta coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 and MHV-1) suggest that it may provide a generalizable off-the-shelf therapy to help treat diseases induced by new SARS-CoV-2 variants and novel coronaviruses that evade immune responses and antiviral medications. GABA is inexpensive, safe for human use, and stable at room temperature, making it an attractive candidate for testing in clinical trials. We also discuss the potential of GABA-R agonists for limiting COVID-19-associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Barbara J. Dillion
- High Containment Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jill Henley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lucio Comai
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel L. Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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GABA A-Receptor Agonists Limit Pneumonitis and Death in Murine Coronavirus-Infected Mice. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060966. [PMID: 34071034 PMCID: PMC8224554 DOI: 10.3390/v13060966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new approaches to limit the severity of coronavirus infections. Many cells of the immune system express receptors for the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and GABA-receptor (GABA-R) agonists have anti-inflammatory effects. Lung epithelial cells also express GABA-Rs, and GABA-R modulators have been shown to limit acute lung injuries. There is currently, however, no information on whether GABA-R agonists might impact the course of a viral infection. Here, we assessed whether clinically applicable GABA-R agonists could be repurposed for the treatment of a lethal coronavirus (murine hepatitis virus 1, MHV-1) infection in mice. We found that oral GABA administration before, or after the appearance of symptoms, very effectively limited MHV-1-induced pneumonitis, severe illness, and death. GABA treatment also reduced viral load in the lungs, suggesting that GABA-Rs may provide a new druggable target to limit coronavirus replication. Treatment with the GABAA-R-specific agonist homotaurine, but not the GABAB-R-specific agonist baclofen, significantly reduced the severity of pneumonitis and death rates in MHV-1-infected mice, indicating that the therapeutic effects were mediated primarily through GABAA-Rs. Since GABA and homotaurine are safe for human consumption, they are promising candidates to help treat coronavirus infections.
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Miyajima M. Amino acids: key sources for immunometabolites and immunotransmitters. Int Immunol 2020; 32:435-446. [PMID: 32383454 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-cell activation and functional plasticity are closely linked to metabolic reprogramming that is required to supply the energy and substrates for such dynamic transformations. During such processes, immune cells metabolize many kinds of molecules including nucleic acids, sugars and lipids, which is called immunometabolism. This review will mainly focus on amino acids and their derivatives among such metabolites and describe the functions of these molecules in the immune system. Although amino acids are essential for, and well known as, substrates for protein synthesis, they are also metabolized as energy sources and as substrates for functional catabolites. For example, glutamine is metabolized to produce energy through glutaminolysis and tryptophan is consumed to supply nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, whereas arginine is metabolized to produce nitric acid and polyamine by nitric oxide synthase and arginase, respectively. In addition, serine is catabolized to produce nucleotides and to induce methylation reactions. Furthermore, in addition to their intracellular functions, amino acids and their derivatives are secreted and have extracellular functions as immunotransmitters. Many amino acids and their derivatives have been classified as neurotransmitters and their functions are clear as transmitters between nerve cells, or between nerve cells and immune cells, functioning as immunotransmitters. Thus, this review will describe the intracellular and external functions of amino acid from the perspective of immunometabolism and immunotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Miyajima
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Tian J, Middleton B, Kaufman DL. GABA administration prevents severe illness and death following coronavirus infection in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.10.04.325423. [PMID: 33024975 PMCID: PMC7536896 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.04.325423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new treatments to prevent and ameliorate severe illness and death induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 patients. The coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-1 causes pneumonitis in mice which shares many pathological characteristics with human SARS-CoV infection. Previous studies have shown that the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has anti-inflammatory effects. We tested whether oral treatment with GABA could modulate the MHV-1 induced pneumonitis in susceptible A/J mice. As expected, MHV-1-inoculated control mice became severely ill (as measured by weight loss, clinical score, and the ratio of lung weight to body weight) and >60% of them succumbed to the infection. In contrast, mice that received GABA immediately after MHV-1 inoculation became only mildly ill and all of them recovered. When GABA treatment was initiated after the appearance of illness (3 days post-MHV-1 infection), we again observed that GABA treatment significantly reduced the severity of illness and greatly increased the frequency of recovery. Therefore, the engagement of GABA receptors (GABA-Rs) prevented the MHV-1 infection-induced severe pneumonitis and death in mice. Given that GABA-R agonists, like GABA and homotaurine, are safe for human consumption, stable, inexpensive, and available worldwide, they are promising candidates to help prevent severe illness stemming from SARS-CoV-2 infection and other coronavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jide Tian
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Blake Middleton
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel L Kaufman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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Liu F, Zhang YY, Song N, Lin J, Liu MK, Huang CL, Zhou C, Wang H, Wang M, Shen JF. GABA B receptor activation attenuates inflammatory orofacial pain by modulating interleukin-1β in satellite glial cells: Role of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:240-250. [PMID: 31034945 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial inflammation could activate satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) to produce interleukin 1β (IL-1β) which plays crucial roles in the development of inflammatory pain. Recent studies have shown that gamma-amino butyric acid-B (GABAB) receptor could modulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord. The objective of this study was to investigate whether GABAB receptors in TG SGCs attenuate inflammatory facial pain via mediating IL-1β following inflammation and its mechanisms. Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) was injected into the whisker pad of rats to induce inflammation in vivo. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was added to culture medium to activate SGCs in vitro. Behavioral measures showed that microinjection of baclofen (a selective GABAB receptor agonist) into the TG ameliorated the mechanical allodynia of CFA-treated rats. Interestingly, baclofen pretreatment inhibited SGC activation and IL-1β production, however, preserved the decreased expression of GABAB receptors in SGCs activated by CFA in vivo and LPS in vitro. In addition, baclofen suppressed the increased expression of p-NF- κ B p65, p-I κ Bα, and p-p38 MAPK, while reversed the decreased production of I κ Bα, and further enhanced the increased expression of p-ERK(1/2) in LPS-treated SGCs in vitro. Finally, those effects of baclofen were abolished by saclofen (a specific GABAB receptor antagonist) co-administration. Altogether, these results demonstrated for the first time that activation of GABAB receptor might inhibit IL-1β production by suppressing NF- κ B and p38 MAPK signaling pathway activation and restore GABAB receptor expression in SGCs to attenuate inflammatory facial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Ning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Jiu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Meng-Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Chao-Lan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory of Anesthesia & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
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Malfussi H, Santana IV, Gasparotto J, Righy C, Tomasi CD, Gelain DP, Bozza FA, Walz R, Dal-Pizzol F, Ritter C. Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoantibody Is an Independent Predictor of Hospital Mortality but Not Brain Dysfunction in Septic Patients. Front Neurol 2019; 10:221. [PMID: 30930837 PMCID: PMC6428735 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies against neuronal cell surface or synaptic proteins and their relationship to autoimmune encephalitis have recently been characterized. These autoantibodies have been also reported in other pathologic conditions; however, their role during sepsis is not known. This study detected the presence of autoantibodies against neuronal cell surface or synaptic proteins in the serum of septic patients and determined their relationship to the occurrence of brain dysfunction and mortality. This prospective, observational cohort study was performed in four Brazilian intensive care units (ICUs). Sixty patients with community-acquired severe sepsis or septic shock admitted to the ICU were included. Blood samples were collected from patients within 24 h of ICU admission. Antibodies to six neuronal proteins were assessed, including glutamate receptors (types NMDA, AMPA1, and AMPA2); voltage-gated potassium channel complex (VGKC) proteins, leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI1), and contactin-associated protein-2 (Caspr2), as well as the GABAB1 receptor. There was no independent association between any of the measured autoantibodies and the occurrence of brain dysfunction (delirium or coma). However, there was an independent and significant relationship between anti-NMDAR fluorescence intensity and hospital mortality. In conclusion, anti-NMDAR was independently associated with hospital mortality but none of the measured antibodies were associated with brain dysfunction in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamilton Malfussi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Iara Vidigal Santana
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Juciano Gasparotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cassia Righy
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Damiani Tomasi
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Gestão do Cuidado, Integralidade e Educação na Saúde (GECIES) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rua Diniz Cordeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Serviço de Neurologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Centro de Cirurgia de Epilepsia de Santa Catarina (CEPESC), Centro de Neurociências Aplicadas (CeNAp), Hospital Universitário (HU), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.,Hospital São José, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Ritter
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.,Hospital São José, Criciúma, Brazil
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Fu P, Wu Q, Hu J, Li T, Gao F. Baclofen Protects Primary Rat Retinal Ganglion Cells from Chemical Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis Through the Akt and PERK Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:255. [PMID: 27867349 PMCID: PMC5095369 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) consume large quantities of energy to convert light information into a neuronal signal, which makes them highly susceptible to hypoxic injury. This study aimed to investigate the potential protection by baclofen, a GABAB receptor agonist of RGCs against hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) was applied to mimic hypoxia. Primary rat RGCs were subjected to CoCl2 with or without baclofen treatment, and RNA interference techniques were used to knock down the GABAB2 gene in the primary RGCs. The viability and apoptosis of RGCs were assessed using cell viability and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assays, Hoechst staining, and flow cytometry. The expression of cleaved caspase-3, bcl-2, bax, Akt, phospho-Akt, protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like ER kinase (PERK), phospho-PERK, eIF2α, phospho-eIF2α, ATF-4 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) were measured using western blotting. GABAB2 mRNA expression was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. Our study revealed that CoCl2 significantly induced RGC apoptosis and that baclofen reversed these effects. CoCl2-induced reduction of Akt activity was also reversed by baclofen. Baclofen prevented the activation of the PERK pathway and the increase in CHOP expression induced by CoCl2. Knockdown of GABAB2 and the inactivation of the Akt pathway by inhibitors reduced the protective effect of baclofen on CoCl2-treated RGCs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that baclofen protects RGCs from CoCl2-induced apoptosis by increasing Akt activity and by suppressing the PERK pathway and CHOP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Jianyan Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai, China
| | - Fengjuan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital Shanghai, China
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Lee JW, Park JW, Shin NR, Park SY, Kwon OK, Park HA, Lim Y, Ryu HW, Yuk HJ, Kim JH, Oh SR, Ahn KS. Picrasma quassiodes (D. Don) Benn. attenuates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:834-44. [PMID: 27431288 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Picrasma quassiodes (D.Don) Benn. (PQ) is a medicinal herb belonging to the family Simaroubaceae and is used as a traditional herbal remedy for various diseases. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PQ on airway inflammation using a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and LPS-stimulated raw 264.7 cells. ALI was induced in C57BL/6 mice by the intranasal administration of LPS, and PQ was administered orally 3 days prior to exposure to LPS. Treatment with PQ significantly attenuated the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). PQ also decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in BALF. In addition, PQ inhibited airway inflammation by reducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and by increasing the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the lungs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PQ blocked the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the lungs of mice with LPS-induced ALI. In the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, PQ inhibited the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the mRNA expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Treatment with PQ decreased the translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB to the nucleus, and increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and the expression of HO-1. PQ also inhibited the activation of p38 in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that PQ exerts anti-inflammatory effects against LPS-induced ALI, and that these effects are associated with the modulation of iNOS, HO-1, NF-κB and MAPK signaling. Therefore, we suggest that PQ has therapeutic potential for use in the treatment of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Rae Shin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyoung Kwon
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ah Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Yourim Lim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Joo Yuk
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungju-si, Chungbuk 363‑883, Republic of Korea
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Ma X, Lubin H, Ioja E, Kékesi O, Simon Á, Apáti Á, Orbán TI, Héja L, Kardos J, Markó IE. Straightforward and effective synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid transporter subtype 2-selective acyl-substituted azaspiro[4.5]decanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:417-423. [PMID: 26706177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Supply of major metabolites such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), β-alanine and taurine is an essential instrument that shapes signalling, proper cell functioning and survival in the brain and peripheral organs. This background motivates the synthesis of novel classes of compounds regulating their selective transport through various fluid-organ barriers via the low-affinity γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter subtype 2 (GAT2). Natural and synthetic spirocyclic compounds or therapeutics with a range of structures and biological activity are increasingly recognised in this regard. Based on pre-validated GABA transport activity, straightforward and efficient synthesis method was developed to provide an azaspiro[4.5]decane scaffold, holding a variety of charge, substituent and 3D constrain of spirocyclic amine. Investigation of the azaspiro[4.5]decane scaffold in cell lines expressing the four GABA transporter subtypes led to the discovery of a subclass of a GAT2-selective compounds with acyl-substituted azaspiro[4.5]decane core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Ma
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hodney Lubin
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Enikő Ioja
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kékesi
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Simon
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágota Apáti
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Enzimology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás I Orbán
- Biomembrane Research Group, Institute of Enzimology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Héja
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Kardos
- Functional Pharmacology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - István E Markó
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratories, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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