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Darmasaputra GS, van Rijnberk LM, Galli M. Functional consequences of somatic polyploidy in development. Development 2024; 151:dev202392. [PMID: 38415794 PMCID: PMC10946441 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Polyploid cells contain multiple genome copies and arise in many animal tissues as a regulated part of development. However, polyploid cells can also arise due to cell division failure, DNA damage or tissue damage. Although polyploidization is crucial for the integrity and function of many tissues, the cellular and tissue-wide consequences of polyploidy can be very diverse. Nonetheless, many polyploid cell types and tissues share a remarkable similarity in function, providing important information about the possible contribution of polyploidy to cell and tissue function. Here, we review studies on polyploid cells in development, underlining parallel functions between different polyploid cell types, as well as differences between developmentally-programmed and stress-induced polyploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella S. Darmasaputra
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte M. van Rijnberk
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matilde Galli
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Nozaki T, Tasaki E, Matsuura K. Cell type specific polyploidization in the royal fat body of termite queens. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2023; 9:20. [PMID: 37821917 PMCID: PMC10566149 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-023-00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific endopolyploidy is widespread among plants and animals and its role in organ development and function has long been investigated. In insects, the fat body cells of sexually mature females produce substantial amounts of egg yolk precursor proteins (vitellogenins) and exhibit high polyploid levels, which is considered crucial for boosting egg production. Termites are social insects with a reproductive division of labor, and the fat bodies of mature termite queens exhibit higher ploidy levels than those of other females. The fat bodies of mature termite queens are known to be histologically and cytologically specialized in protein synthesis. However, the relationship between such modifications and polyploidization remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the relationship among cell type, queen maturation, and ploidy levels in the fat body of the termite Reticulitermes speratus. We first confirmed that the termite fat body consists of two types of cells, that is, adipocytes, metabolically active cells, and urocytes, urate-storing cells. Our ploidy analysis using flow cytometry has shown that the fat bodies of actively reproducing queens had more polyploid cells than those of newly emerged and pre-reproductive queens, regardless of the queen phenotype (adult or neotenic type). Using image-based analysis, we found that not urocytes, but adipocytes became polyploid during queen differentiation and subsequent sexual maturation. These results suggest that polyploidization in the termite queen fat body is associated with sexual maturation and is regulated in a cell type-specific manner. Our study findings have provided novel insights into the development of insect fat bodies and provide a basis for future studies to understand the functional importance of polyploidy in the fat bodies of termite queens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Nozaki
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Eisuke Tasaki
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-No-Cho, Nishi-Ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuura
- Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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3
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Variability of polyteny of giant chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster salivary glands. Genetica 2023; 151:75-86. [PMID: 36163579 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-022-00168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyteny is an effective mechanism for accelerating growth and enhancing gene expression in eukaryotes. The purpose of investigation was to study the genetic variability of polyteny degree of giant chromosomes in the salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster Meig. in relation to the differential fitness of different genotypes. 16 strains, lines and hybrids of fruit flies were studied. This study demonstrates the significant influence of hereditary factors on the level of polytenization of giant chromosomes in Drosophila. This is manifested in the differences between strains and lines, the effect of inbreeding, chromosome isogenization, hybridization, adaptively significant selection, sexual differences, and varying degrees of individual variability of a trait in different strains, lines, and hybrids. The genetic component in the variability of the degree of chromosome polyteny in Drosophila salivary glands was 45.3%, the effect of sex was 9.5%. It has been shown that genetic distances during inbreeding, outbreeding or hybridization, which largely determine the selective value of different genotypes, also affect polyteny patterns. Genetic, humoral, and epigenetic aspects of endocycle regulation, which may underlie the variations in the degree of chromosome polyteny, as well as the biological significance of the phenomenon of endopolyploidy, are discussed.
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Autophagy Is Required to Sustain Increased Intestinal Cell Proliferation during Phenotypic Plasticity Changes in Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031926. [PMID: 36768248 PMCID: PMC9916008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue phenotypic plasticity facilitates rapid adaptation of organisms to biotic and/or abiotic pressure. The reproductive capacity of honey bee workers (Apis mellifera) is plastic and responsive to pheromones produced by broods and the queen. Egg laying workers (ELWs), which could reactivate their ovaries and lay haploid eggs upon queen lost, have been commonly discussed from many aspects. However, it remains unclear whether midgut homeostasis in ELWs is affected during plastic changes. Here, we found that the expression of nutrition- and autophagy-related genes was up-regulated in the midguts of ELWs, compared with that in nurse workers (NWs) by RNA-sequencing. Furthermore, the area and number of autophagosomes were increased, along with significantly increased cell death in the midguts of ELWs. Moreover, cell cycle progression in the midguts of ELWs was increased compared with that in NWs. Consistent with the up-regulation of nutrition-related genes, the body and midgut sizes, and the number of intestinal proliferation cells of larvae reared with royal jelly (RJ) obviously increased more than those reared without RJ in vitro. Finally, cell proliferation was dramatically suppressed in the midguts of ELWs when autophagy was inhibited. Altogether, our data suggested that autophagy was induced and required to sustain cell proliferation in ELWs' midguts, thereby revealing the critical role of autophagy played in the intestines during phenotypic plasticity changes.
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Pang C, Dong K, Guo Y, Ding G, Lu Y, Guo Z, Wu J, Huang J. Effects of Three Types of Pollen on the Growth and Development of Honey Bee Larvae (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.870081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollen serves as an essential protein source for honey bee larvae. The nutrients in pollen greatly influence larval growth and development. Here, the survival, prepupal weight, developmental stage, pollen digestibility and midgut cells in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae were evaluated by performing in vitro and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays on larvae reared on three single pollens (Brassica napus L., Armeniaca sibirica L., and Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) and a pollen mixture (mixture of the three pollens in equal proportions). The results showed that the survival rate of larvae fed 10 mg of rape pollen was lowest (P < 0.05), but there were no notable differences in the survival rate among the groups receiving the other types and doses of pollen (P > 0.05). The prepupal weight of larvae fed apricot pollen was significantly lower than those of the other groups (P < 0.05). The digestibility of rape pollen and the pollen mixture were dramatically higher than those of apricot and pear pollen (P < 0.05). Pear and mixed pollen exerted negative effects on the nuclear area of midgut cells in the early larval stage (P < 0.05). In conclusion, detection of larval midgut cells using the EdU assay might be an effective method to assess the pollen nutritive value in honey bees. Compared to apricot and pear pollen, rape pollen was more beneficial in larval honey bee growth and development.
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Ren D, Song J, Ni M, Kang L, Guo W. Regulatory Mechanisms of Cell Polyploidy in Insects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:361. [PMID: 32548115 PMCID: PMC7272692 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy cells undergo the endocycle to generate DNA amplification without cell division and have important biological functions in growth, development, reproduction, immune response, nutrient support, and conferring resistance to DNA damage in animals. In this paper, we have specially summarized current research progresses in the regulatory mechanisms of cell polyploidy in insects. First, insect hormones including juvenile hormone and 20-hydroxyecdysone regulate the endocycle of variant cells in diverse insect species. Second, cells skip mitotic division in response to developmental programming and conditional stimuli such as wound healing, regeneration, and aging. Third, the reported regulatory pathways of mitotic to endocycle switch (MES), including Notch, Hippo, and JNK signaling pathways, are summarized and constructed into genetic network. Thus, we think that the studies in crosstalk of hormones and their effects on canonical pathways will shed light on the mechanism of cell polyploidy and elucidate the evolutionary adaptions of MES through diverse insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Flying High-Muscle-Specific Underreplication in Drosophila. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030246. [PMID: 32111003 PMCID: PMC7140820 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila underreplicate the DNA of thoracic nuclei, stalling during S phase at a point that is proportional to the total genome size in each species. In polytene tissues, such as the Drosophila salivary glands, all of the nuclei initiate multiple rounds of DNA synthesis and underreplicate. Yet, only half of the nuclei isolated from the thorax stall; the other half do not initiate S phase. Our question was, why half? To address this question, we use flow cytometry to compare underreplication phenotypes between thoracic tissues. When individual thoracic tissues are dissected and the proportion of stalled DNA synthesis is scored in each tissue type, we find that underreplication occurs in the indirect flight muscle, with the majority of underreplicated nuclei in the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLM). Half of the DNA in the DLM nuclei stall at S phase between the unreplicated G0 and fully replicated G1. The dorsal ventral flight muscle provides the other source of underreplication, and yet, there, the replication stall point is earlier (less DNA replicated), and the endocycle is initiated. The differences in underreplication and ploidy in the indirect flight muscles provide a new tool to study heterochromatin, underreplication and endocycle control.
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Nozaki T, Matsuura K. Evolutionary relationship of fat body endoreduplication and queen fecundity in termites. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11684-11694. [PMID: 31695878 PMCID: PMC6822035 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoreduplication or nuclear genome replication without cell division is widely observed in the metabolically active tissues of plants and animals. The fat body cells of adult female insects produce abundant yolk proteins and become polyploid, which is assumed to accelerate egg production. Recently, it was reported that in termites, endopolyploidy in the fat body occurs only in queens but not in the other females; however, the relationship between the fecundity and ploidy level in the fat body remains unclear. Termite queens exhibit a huge variation in their egg-producing capacity among different species; queens in the species with a foraging lifestyle, in which workers leave the nest to forage outside, are much more fecund than those in the species living in a single piece of wood. In this study, we conducted ploidy analyses on three foragings and three wood-dwelling termites via flow cytometry. In all the species, the fat body of queens contained significantly more polyploid cells than that of other nonreproductive females, considering their body size effect. However, the male fat body, which is not involved in yolk production, did not show consistency in polyploid cell numbers among the species studied. Moreover, highly fecund queens in foraging termites exhibit higher levels of endopolyploidy in their fat body than those with less fecundity in wood-dwelling termites. These results suggest that endopolyploidy in the fat body of termite queens can boost their egg production, and the level of endopolyploidy in their fat body is linked to their fecundity. Our study provides a novel insight into the evolutionary relationship between endoreduplication and caste specialization in social insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Nozaki
- Laboratory of Insect EcologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
- Center for the Development of New Model OrganismsNational Institute for Basic BiologyOkazakiJapan
| | - Kenji Matsuura
- Laboratory of Insect EcologyGraduate School of AgricultureKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
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Johnston JS, Bernardini A, Hjelmen CE. Genome Size Estimation and Quantitative Cytogenetics in Insects. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1858:15-26. [PMID: 30414107 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8775-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With care, it is possible using flow cytometry to create a precise and accurate estimate of the genome size of an insect that is useful for genomics, genetics, molecular/cell biology, or systematics. Genome size estimation is a useful first step in a complete genome sequencing project. The number of sequencing reads required to produce a given level of coverage depends directly upon the 1C amount of DNA per cell, while an even more critical need is an accurate 1C genome size estimate to compare against the final assembly. Here we present a detailed protocol to estimate genome size using flow cytometry. Published genome size estimates should be submitted to genomesize.com so that they are available to all.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spencer Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Angelina Bernardini
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Carl E Hjelmen
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Viable Triploid Honey Bees ( Apis mellifera capensis) Are Reliably Produced in the Progeny of CO 2 Narcotised Queens. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:3357-3366. [PMID: 30139764 PMCID: PMC6169382 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The haplodiploid system of sex determination of Hymenoptera acts as an exaptation for species to evolve novel forms of asexual reproduction including thelytoky (clonal offspring of the mother). During normal reproduction in Hymenoptera, three of the four products of meiosis that are present in newly-laid eggs are lost as polar bodies, while the remaining pronucleus either develops as a haploid male or fuses with a sperm nucleus to produce a diploid zygote. In contrast, in thelytokous reproduction, which is uncommon but taxonomically widespread, two of the four products of meiosis fuse, as if one acted as a sperm. Queenless workers of Apis mellifera capensis, a subspecies of honey bee from South Africa, routinely reproduce thelytokously. Unmated A. m. capensis queens can also be induced to lay thelytokously by narcosis with carbon dioxide, but mated queens are never thelytokous. We artificially inseminated A. m. capensis queens using CO2 narcosis. Up to 1/3 of offspring workers carried two maternal alleles and an allele of one father whereas no three-allele progeny were seen in control queens of the arrhenotokous (unfertilized eggs result in males) subspecies A. m. scutellata. Flow cytometry of three-allele individuals revealed that they were triploid and arose from the fertilization of a thelytokous fusion nucleus. We then reared six queens from a narcotized A. m. capensis queen and determined the ploidy of the offspring queens based on microsatellites. One of the five daughters was triploid. Following artificial insemination, this queen produced unfertilized thelytokous diploid eggs at high frequency, and unfertilized triploid eggs at much lower frequency. If fertilized, thelytokous diploid eggs were non-viable, even though triploidy in itself does not impede normal development. In contrast, when the rarer triploid eggs were fertilized, a proportion developed into viable tetraploids. Our study highlights the extraordinary developmental flexibility of haplo-diploid systems.
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Barkla BJ, Rhodes T, Tran KNT, Wijesinghege C, Larkin JC, Dassanayake M. Making Epidermal Bladder Cells Bigger: Developmental- and Salinity-Induced Endopolyploidy in a Model Halophyte. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:615-632. [PMID: 29724770 PMCID: PMC6001328 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Endopolyploidy occurs when DNA replication takes place without subsequent mitotic nuclear division, resulting in cell-specific ploidy levels within tissues. In plants, endopolyploidy plays an important role in sustaining growth and development, but only a few studies have demonstrated a role in abiotic stress response. In this study, we investigated the function of ploidy level and nuclear and cell size in leaf expansion throughout development and tracked cell type-specific ploidy in the halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum In addition to developmental endopolyploidy, we examined the effects of salinity stress on ploidy level. We focused specifically on epidermal bladder cells (EBC), which are modified balloon-like trichomes, due to their large size and role in salt accumulation. Our results demonstrate that ploidy increases as the leaves expand in a similar manner for each leaf type, and ploidy levels up to 512C were recorded for nuclei in EBC of leaves of adult plants. Salt treatment led to a significant increase in ploidy levels in the EBC, and these cells showed spatially related differences in their ploidy and nuclear and cell size depending on the positions on the leaf and stem surface. Transcriptome analysis highlighted salinity-induced changes in genes involved in DNA replication, cell cycle, endoreduplication, and trichome development in EBC. The increase in cell size and ploidy observed in M. crystallinum under salinity stress may contribute to salt tolerance by increasing the storage capacity for sodium sequestration brought about by higher metabolic activity driving rapid cell enlargement in the leaf tissue and EBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn J Barkla
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Timothy Rhodes
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Kieu-Nga T Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Chathura Wijesinghege
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - John C Larkin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Maheshi Dassanayake
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
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12
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Strachecka A, Chobotow J, Paleolog J, Łoś A, Schulz M, Teper D, Kucharczyk H, Grzybek M. Insights into the biochemical defence and methylation of the solitary bee Osmia rufa L: A foundation for examining eusociality development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176539. [PMID: 28448564 PMCID: PMC5407852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined age-related biochemical and histological changes in the fat bodies and hemolymph of Osmia rufa males and females. We analysed solitary bees during diapause, in October and in April; as well as the flying insects following diapause, in May and June. The trophocyte sizes, as well as the numbers of lipid droplets were the greatest at the beginning of diapause. Subsequently, they decreased along with age. Triglyceride and glucose concentrations systematically decreased in fat body cells but increased in the hemolymph from October to June. Concentrations/activities of (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) antioxidant and proteolytic systems, as well as phenoloxidase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were constant during the diapause, usually lower in the males than the females. Prior to the diapause/overwintering, the concentrations/activities of all the compounds were higher in the fat bodies than in the hemolymph. Later in the spring and in the summer, they increased in the hemolymph and on the body surfaces, while decreasing in the fat bodies. The global DNA methylation levels increased with age. Higher levels were always observed in the males than in the females. The study will promote better understanding of bee evolution and will be useful for the protection and management of solitary bees, with benefits to the environment and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Strachecka
- Department of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Chobotow
- Zoological Museum/Laboratory, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Paleolog
- Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology & Wildlife Management, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Łoś
- Department of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Schulz
- Department of Biological Basis of Animal Production, Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Teper
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Apicultural Division in Pulawy, Kazimierska 2, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Halina Kucharczyk
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, Lublin, Poland
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, Lublin, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Science in Jastrzebiec, Postepu 36A, Magdalenka, Poland
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