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Ai YY, Liu Q, Hu HX, Shen T, Mo YX, Wu XF, Li JL, Dossa GG, Song L. Terrestrial and epiphytic orchids exhibit different diversity and distribution patterns along an elevation gradient of Mt. Victoria, Myanmar. Glob Ecol Conserv 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
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2
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Berdugo MB, Gradstein SR, Guérot L, León‐Yánez S, Bendix J, Bader MY. Diversity patterns of epiphytic bryophytes across spatial scales: Species‐rich crowns and beta‐diverse trunks. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica B. Berdugo
- Ecological Plant Geography, Faculty of Geography University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - S. Robbert Gradstein
- Meise Botanic Garden Meise Belgium
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205) Paris France
| | - Louise Guérot
- Ecological Plant Geography, Faculty of Geography University of Marburg Marburg Germany
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205) Paris France
| | - Susana León‐Yánez
- Herbario QCA Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Geography University of Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Maaike Y. Bader
- Ecological Plant Geography, Faculty of Geography University of Marburg Marburg Germany
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Couto DR, Francisco TM, Nascimento MT. Commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks in woody vegetation of tropical inselbergs: Patterns of organization and structure. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayvid Rodrigues Couto
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia Campos dos Goytacazes 28013‐602 Brazil
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA) Avenida José Ruschi, 4, Centro Santa Teresa 29650‐000 Brazil
| | - Talitha Mayumi Francisco
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA) Avenida José Ruschi, 4, Centro Santa Teresa 29650‐000 Brazil
| | - Marcelo Trindade Nascimento
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia Campos dos Goytacazes 28013‐602 Brazil
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Rapid Assessment of Cerambycid Beetle Biodiversity in a Tropical Rainforest in Yunnan Province, China, Using a Multicomponent Pheromone Lure. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040277. [PMID: 33805014 PMCID: PMC8063944 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The Cerambycidae comprise a diverse (>35,000 species) family of wood-boring beetles. Many are of concern as invasive species because their long-lived larvae are readily transported around the world concealed in wooden products and packing materials. Over the past two decades, our understanding of cerambycid pheromone chemistry has advanced rapidly, with pheromone structures now described for several hundred species. Furthermore, mixtures of cerambycid pheromones have been shown to potentially act as effective multispecies lures. In this study, traps baited with generic lures deployed at ground level and in the tree canopy in 22 randomly located permanent plots in a nature reserve in Yunnan, China, captured 4541 beetles of 71 species. Using Hierarchical Modeling of Species Communities, we developed informative models for 18 species and demonstrated that trap height, slope, elevation, and leaf-area index were important determinants of cerambycid beetle distribution. Our results demonstrate the potential for using generic lures to detect and monitor cerambycid populations at ports of entry, and for the study of cerambycid beetle ecology. Abstract The Cerambycidae comprise a large and ecologically important family of wood-boring beetles. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a generic lure as a potential monitoring tool. Working in a subtropical forest in southwest China, we set traps baited with generic lures at ground level (1 m) and canopy height (~18 m) across 22 randomly located forest plots (12 regenerating forest, 10 mature forest). Three stations were established per plot and each plot was trapped for 7 days in May–June 2013. In total, 4541 beetles of 71 species were caught, including 26 species with 10 or more individuals. We used Hierarchical Modeling of Species Communities (HMSC) to analyze the data and produced informative models for 18 species, showing that trap height, slope, elevation, and leaf-area index were important determinants of cerambycid distribution. Our results demonstrate the potential for using generic lures to detect and monitor cerambycid populations, both for regulatory purposes and for the study of cerambycid beetle ecology. Further research should focus on refining lure blends, and on repeated sampling to determine temporal and spatial dynamics of cerambycid communities.
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Chen H, Geekiyanage N, Wen B, Cao KF, Goodale UM. Regeneration responses to water and temperature stress drive recruitment success in hemiepiphytic fig species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:358-370. [PMID: 33238308 PMCID: PMC7948827 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms for surviving water and temperature stress in epiphytes are essential adaptations for successful regeneration in forest canopies. Hemiepiphytes start their life cycle as epiphytes, eventually establishing aerial root connections to the ground. This strategy allows for greater light capture, while benefitting from minimized risk of fire, flooding and damage by terrestrial herbivores, but exposes the vulnerable seedling stage to heat and drought stress. However, the response to temperature and water stress during early regeneration in hemiepiphytes is not known. In this study, we tested the effect of temperature (15/5, 25/15 and 35/25 °C; day/night diurnal variation) and water availability, as substrate moisture (0.00, -0.20 and -0.35 MPa) and water vapor (18.5-99.5% relative humidity), on seed germination, seedling emergence and survival in six hemiepiphytic and nine non-hemiepiphytic Ficus species. Under high-temperature conditions (35/25 °C), hemiepiphytes had higher gemination and seedling survival, achieved peak germination slower and extended germination. Greater water stress (-0.35 MPa) in the growth substrate resulted in higher germination of non-hemiepiphytes; hemiepiphytes, in contrast, took a shorter time to complete germination, but had higher seedling emergence and survival. Hemiepiphytes germinated at 99.5% relative humidity more readily compared with non-hemiepiphytes. These findings provide the first comprehensive evidence that hemiepiphytic Ficus species are better adapted to drier and warmer conditions during the critical transition from seed to seedling. Through greater flexibility in achieving peak germination and duration of regeneration activity, hemiepiphytes modulate their recruitment process to be more resilient under abiotic stressors. This may allow them to be more successful in regenerating in forest canopies under ambient conditions that are transient. These results support previous work showing greater drought tolerance of hemiepiphytic Ficus species in larger size classes and extend this finding to show that physiological adaptations for drought and heat tolerance start from the early seedling emergence stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayang Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 China
- Seed Conservation Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature
| | - Nalaka Geekiyanage
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura 50000 Sri Lanka
| | - Bin Wen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 China
| | - Uromi Manage Goodale
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forestry Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 China
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004 China
- Seed Conservation Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature
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Zarate-García AM, Noguera-Savelli E, Andrade-Canto SB, Zavaleta-Mancera HA, Gauthier A, Alatorre-Cobos F. Bark water storage capacity influences epiphytic orchid preference for host trees. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2020; 107:726-734. [PMID: 32346866 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Of all orchid species described, 70% live on phorophytes. Trees offer a vital space with characteristics that influence the successful establishment and life cycle of orchids. Field inventory and distribution analysis suggest that phorophyte selection is biased to certain tree species that would serve as better hosts. Phorophyte bark is known as an important factor that influences this preference, but the chemical and physical properties of bark that contribute to creating a favorable space for orchids are still poorly understood. In this work, the effect of bark physical characteristics on phorophyte preference of tropical orchids was studied. METHODS Orchids and their phorophytes were counted and identified along transects inside two natural reserves in Southeast Mexico. A rhytidome classification was used to describe the bark decoration patterns of the phorophytes. To quantify bark fissuring, we developed a new protocol based on image processing of light micrographs using free-access software. Bark topology characterization was complemented with scanning electronic microscopy. Maximum and minimum water content was also determined. RESULTS Analyses of bark decorations and bark fissuring were not enough to explain the preference found for some tropical trees. In contrast, a positive relationship was found among water-storage capacity, bark porosity, and phorophyte preference. The host trees preferred by most orchids have bark with higher pore density and higher water retention after draining. CONCLUSIONS Unexpectedly, the phorophytes preferred by orchids are not those with more fissured bark but those with a higher ability to retain minimum water content after draining, which is a bark property positively correlated with higher pore density. Our data indicate that the bark microenvironment, determined by topology and water storage capacity, has a pivotal role in phorophyte specificity, a key factor that affects orchid diversity and distribution in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Zarate-García
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450, Municipio de Champotón, Campeche, México
| | - Eliana Noguera-Savelli
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzna km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450, Municipio de Champotón, Campeche, México
| | - Silvia B Andrade-Canto
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No.130 x 32 y 34, Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Merida, Yucatán, México
| | - Hilda A Zavaleta-Mancera
- Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillos, Km. 36.5, Mexico 136 5, Montecillo, 56230, Montecillo, México
| | - Adrien Gauthier
- UniLaSalle - AGHYLE research unit UP 2018.C101, 3 rue du Tronquet - CS 40118-76134, Mont-Saint-Aignan, Cedex, France
| | - Fulgencio Alatorre-Cobos
- CONACYT Research Fellow-Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Campeche, Carretera Haltunchen-Edzná km 17.5, Sihochac, 24450, Municipio de Champotón, Campeche, México
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Could epiphytes be xenophobic? Evaluating the use of native versus exotic phorophytes by the vascular epiphytic community in an urban environment. COMMUNITY ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42974-020-00001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Francisco TM, Couto DR, Garbin ML, Muylaert RL, Ruiz‐Miranda CR. Low modularity and specialization in a commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte network in a tropical cloud forest. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Talitha M. Francisco
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
| | - Dayvid R. Couto
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas ‐ Botânica Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Mário L. Garbin
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Vila Velha Vila Velha ES Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Alegre ES Brazil
| | - Renata L. Muylaert
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” Rio Claro SP Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Ruiz‐Miranda
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
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Communities and Attachment Networks Associated with Primary, Secondary and Alternative Foundation Species; A Case Study of Stressed and Disturbed Stands of Southern Bull Kelp. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d11040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Southern bull kelps (Durvillaea spp., Fucales) are ‘primary’ foundation species that control community structures and ecosystem functions on temperate wave-exposed rocky reefs. However, these large foundation species are threatened by disturbances and stressors, including invasive species, sedimentation and heatwaves. It is unknown whether ‘alternative’ foundation species can replace lost southern bull kelps and its associated communities and networks. We compared community structure (by quantifying abundances of different species) and attachment-interaction networks (by quantifying which species were attached to other species) among plots dominated by Durvillaea spp. and plots where Durvillaea spp. were lost either through long-term repeated experimental removals or by recent stress from a marine heatwave. Long-term experimental removal plots were dominated by ‘alternative’ foundation species, the canopy-forming Cystophora spp. (Fucales), whereas the recent heatwave stressed plots were dominated by the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Laminariales). A network analysis of attachment interactions showed that communities differed among plots dominated by either Durvillaea spp., Cystophora spp. or U. pinnatifida, with different relationships between the primary, or alternative, foundation species and attached epiphytic ‘secondary’ foundation species. For example, native Cystophora spp. were more important as hosts for secondary foundation species compared to Durvillaea spp. and U. pinnatifida. Instead, Durvillaea spp. facilitated encrusting algae, which in turn provided habitat for gastropods. We conclude that (a) repeated disturbances and strong stressors can reveal ecological differences between primary and alternative foundation species, (b) analyses of abundances and attachment-networks are supplementary methods to identify linkages between primary, alternative and secondary foundation species, and (c) interspersed habitats dominated by different types of foundation species increase system-level biodiversity by supporting different species-abundance patterns and species-attachment networks.
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Naranjo C, Iriondo JM, Riofrio ML, Lara-Romero C. Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz011. [PMID: 30996861 PMCID: PMC6462211 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Epiphytic vascular plants comprise an essential part of the tropical flora and are a key component for ecosystem functioning. Some recent studies have used a network approach to investigate the interaction of epiphytes with host phorophytes at the community level. However, knowledge on commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte network structure still lags behind with regard to other biotic interaction networks. Our goal was to provide a more complete overall perspective on commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte interaction and its placement with respect to other better studied mutualistic interactions. We hypothesized that the intensity of the fitness effect of the different types of biotic interactions would determine the degree of specialization of the interacting organisms. Thus, commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte interactions would have lower specialization than mutualistic interactions. We compiled and analysed the structural properties (nestedness, network specialization and modularity) of 12 commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte networks and compared them with the same metrics to 11 ant-myrmecophyte, 86 pollination and 13 seed dispersal mutualistic networks. Epiphyte-phorophyte networks were nested and modular with regard to the corresponding null models and had greater nestedness than mutualistic networks, whereas specialization and modularity were significantly lower. Commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte networks of interactions are both nested and modular, and hence, are structured in a similar way to most other types of networks that involve co-evolutionary interactions. Nevertheless, the nature and intensity of the ecological processes involved in the generation of these patterns is likely to differ. The lower values of modularity in commensalistic epiphyte-phorophyte networks are probably due to the low levels of specialization and the lack of co-evolutionary processes between the interacting partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Naranjo
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja, Ecuador
| | - José M Iriondo
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, School of Experimental Sciences (ESCET), Rey Juan Carlos University (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Riofrio
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Loja, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Lara-Romero
- Biodiversity and Conservation Area, School of Experimental Sciences (ESCET), Rey Juan Carlos University (URJC), Madrid, Spain
- Global Change Research Group, Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC–IUB), Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
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Zotarelli HGS, Molina JMP, Ribeiro JELS, Sofia SH. A commensal network of epiphytic orchids and host trees in an Atlantic Forest remnant: A case study revealing the important role of large trees in the network structure. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrique G. S. Zotarelli
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecologia Animal; Departamento de Biologia Geral; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid; km 380, 10011, 86057-
970 Londrina Brazil
| | - José M. P. Molina
- Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina Brazil
| | - José E. L. S. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Londrina Brazil
| | - Silvia H. Sofia
- Laboratório de Genética e Ecologia Animal; Departamento de Biologia Geral; Centro de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Estadual de Londrina; Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid; km 380, 10011, 86057-
970 Londrina Brazil
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Francisco TM, Couto DR, Evans DM, Garbin ML, Ruiz-Miranda CR. Structure and robustness of an epiphyte-phorophyte commensalistic network in a neotropical inselberg. AUSTRAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Talitha M. Francisco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais; Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28035-200 Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
| | - Dayvid R. Couto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica); Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; São Cristóvão RJ Brazil
| | - Darren M. Evans
- School of Biology; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Mário L. Garbin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ecossistemas; Laboratório de Ecologia Vegetal; Universidade Vila Velha; Vila Velha ES Brazil
| | - Carlos R. Ruiz-Miranda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais; Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais; Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro; Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, 28035-200 Campos dos Goytacazes RJ Brazil
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Tatsumi S, Ohgue T, Azuma W, Tuovinen V, Imada Y, Mori AS, Thor G, Ranlund Å. Tree hollows can affect epiphyte species composition. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-017-1468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Interaction network of vascular epiphytes and trees in a subtropical forest. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang X, Long W, Schamp BS, Yang X, Kang Y, Xie Z, Xiong M. Vascular Epiphyte Diversity Differs with Host Crown Zone and Diameter, but Not Orientation in a Tropical Cloud Forest. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158548. [PMID: 27391217 PMCID: PMC4938396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular epiphytes are important components of biological diversity in tropical forests. We measured the species richness and abundance of vascular epiphytes along four vertical crown zones and five horizontal orientations on 376 trees, as well as the diameter at breast height (DBH) of host trees in tropical cloud forests in Bawangling, Hainan, China. The relationship between vascular epiphyte species richness and host tree DBH was assessed using a generalized linear model. There were 1,453 vascular individual epiphytes attributed to 9 families, 24 genera and 35 species, with orchids and pteridophytes dominating. Both the species richness and abundance of epiphytes significantly differed among the four crown zones for all collections and each host tree, suggesting that vertical microhabitats contribute to the distribution of epiphytes on host trees. Neither epiphyte abundance nor species richness differed among the eastern, southern, western, and northern orientations for all host trees; however, both richness and abundance were significantly higher for epiphytes that encircled host tree trunks. This suggests that morphological and physiological characteristics of the tree, but not microclimates probably contribute to the distribution of epiphytes on host trees. Epiphyte species richness was positively correlated with tree DBH across the six host tree species studied, with increases in DBH among smaller trees resulting in larger increases in richness, while increases in DBH among larger host trees resulting in more modest increases in ephiphyte richness. Our findings contribute support for a positive relationship between epiphyte species richness and host tree DBH and provide important guidance for future surveys of epiphyte community development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Long
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Brandon S. Schamp
- Department of Biology, Algoma University, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2G4 Canada
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Menghui Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Development Utilization of Tropical Crop Germplasm Resource, Ministry of Education; College of Horticulture and Landscape Agriculture, Hainan University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China
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Orchid Species Richness along Elevational and Environmental Gradients in Yunnan, China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142621. [PMID: 26555336 PMCID: PMC4640717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Orchidaceae is not only one of the most diverse families of flowering plants, but also one of the most endangered plant taxa. Therefore, understanding how its species richness varies along geographical and environmental gradients is essential for conservation efforts. However, such knowledge is rarely available, especially on a large scale. We used a database extracted from herbarium records to investigate the relationships between orchid species richness and elevation, and to examine how elevational diversity in Yunnan Province, China, might be explained by mid-domain effect (MDE), species–area relationship (SAR), water–energy dynamics (WED), Rapoport’s Rule, and climatic variables. This particular location was selected because it is one of the primary centers of distribution for orchids. We recorded 691 species that span 127 genera and account for 88.59% of all confirmed orchid species in Yunnan. Species richness, estimated at 200-m intervals along a slope, was closely correlated with elevation, peaking at 1395 to 1723 m. The elevational pattern of orchid richness was considerably shaped by MDE, SAR, WED, and climate. Among those four predictors, climate was the strongest while MDE was the weakest for predicting the elevational pattern of orchid richness. Species richness showed parabolic responses to mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP), with maximum richness values recorded at 13.7 to 17.7°C for MAT and 1237 to 1414 mm for MAP. Rapoport’s Rule also helped to explain the elevational pattern of species richness in Yunnan, but those influences were not entirely uniform across all methods. These results suggested that the elevational pattern of orchid species richness in Yunnan is collectively shaped by several mechanisms related to geometric constraints, size of the land area, and environments. Because of the dominant role of climate in determining orchid richness, our findings may contribute to a better understanding of the potential effects of climate change on orchid diversity, and the development of conservation strategies for orchids.
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