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Brandli C, Svalina F, Veršić Š, Novak D. "New Balls Please": Physical Load Imposed on Ball Boys during the Roland Garros 2022. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3793. [PMID: 36900801 PMCID: PMC10001300 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The process of becoming a ball kid at the French Open consists of different stages of selection and training. Selection and training of the ball kids is organized by the French Federation of Tennis (FFT) and is intended to be an immersive and educational experience. A sample was made up of ball kids participating at the 2022 French Open (Roland Garros). For this study, 26 ball kids were analyzed during several rotations of their activity on the court with different durations (N = 26; age = 15.00 ± 0.84; height = 169.03 ± 9.62; weight = 52.26 ± 7.35). Each ball kid participated in several analyzed rotations (data entry N = 94). Two groups are analyzed: ball kids at the net and in the back of the court. The result of the statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the variables: meters covered per minute on court (t = 6.85, p = 0.00), total number of decelerations per minute (t = 8.39, p = 0.00), walking and jogging meters per minute (t = 4.68, p = 0.00), and maximum velocity achieved (t = 3.02, p = 0.00). Participating as a ball kid during a professional tournament presents a unique experience for young athletes. Young people that are participating can improve their fitness, social skills, mental abilities, and well-being due to requests for the ball kids' duties during match play and out of play activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Brandli
- Research & Development, Holistic Tennis, 69340 Franchville, France
| | - Filip Svalina
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski Zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Šime Veršić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Ulica Nikole Tesle 6, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Dario Novak
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvaćanski Zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Morais JE, Bragada JA. Relationship between Oxygen Uptake Reserve and Heart Rate Reserve in Young Male Tennis Players: Implications for Physical Fitness Monitoring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15780. [PMID: 36497853 PMCID: PMC9735773 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (i) verify the relationship between reserve oxygen uptake (VOreserve) and reserve heart rate (HRreserve) in young male tennis players, and (ii) understand the relationship between oxygen uptake (VO2) measured at the end of a tennis drill and recovery heart rate (HRrecovery) after the tennis drill. Ten young male tennis players (16.64 ± 1.69 years; 62.36 ± 6.53 kg of body mass; 175.91 ± 5.26 cm of height) were recruited from the National Tennis Association. Players were instructed to perform a tennis drill based on an incremental intensity protocol. Afterward, three levels of intensity were used based on VO2reserve and HRreserve. A significant variance was observed between levels (VO2reserve and HRreserve = p < 0.001). VO2reserve presented a significant and high agreement with HRreserve. The mean data revealed non-significant differences (p > 0.05), a very high relationship of linear regression (R2 = 82.4%, p < 0.001), and high agreement in Bland Altman plots. VO2, at the highest level of intensity (>93%), presented a significant correlation with HRrecovery during the immediate 30 s after the drill (rs = 0.468, p = 0.028). Tennis coaches or instructors must be aware of the differences between monitoring or prescribing training intensities based on HRreserve or HRmax. They can also use HRrecovery for 30 s immediately after exercise to verify and understand the variation in their players' cardiorespiratory capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José A. Bragada
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
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Terraza-Rebollo M, Baiget E. Acute and delayed effects of strength training in ball velocity and accuracy in young competition tennis players. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260825. [PMID: 34882729 PMCID: PMC8659664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the acute and delayed effects of medicine ball throws and resistance training in ball velocity and accuracy of serve, forehand and backhand in young competition tennis players. A crossover-randomized design was used with 10 competition tennis players (6 girls and 4 boys between 14 and 18 years old). The subjects performed 6 stroke test sessions, 3 for each strength protocol. The velocity and accuracy of strokes were measured before (basal situation), 3 minutes, 24 and 48 hours after the protocol. Medicine ball throws protocol was performed by accomplishing 3 sets of 6 repetitions using a 2 kg ball, throwing it at maximal speed. Resistance training protocol was performed by accomplishing 3 sets of 6 repetitions at 75% one-repetition maximum, lifting the load at maximal speed of bench press, dead lift, one hand row and half squat. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in all strokes, regarding ball velocity and accuracy after each method and each recovery time, compared to the basal situation. These results suggest that medicine ball throws and resistance training methods have no acute and delayed detrimental effects on stroke velocity and accuracy in young competition tennis players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Terraza-Rebollo
- Balearic Islands High Performance Sports Center (CTEIB), Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ernest Baiget
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Colomar J, Baiget E, Corbi F, Muñoz J. Acute effects of in-step and wrist weights on change of direction speed, accuracy and stroke velocity in junior tennis players. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230631. [PMID: 32203526 PMCID: PMC7089532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of the use of a weighting set (Powerinstep®) on measures of stroke velocity (StV), accuracy and change of direction speed (CODS) in junior tennis players. A within-subjects design was used to evaluate seventeen (6 female and 11 male) tennis players (mean ± SD; 16.5 ± 1.3 years old; 1.75 ± 8.4 m; 67.0 ± 8.1 kg; 22.04 ± 1.8 kg/m2) on StV of three specific tennis actions (serve, forehand and backhand) and CODS for the following conditions: wearing a 50, 100, 150, 200 g weight or no weight at all (baseline). No significant differences were found between conditions for forehand (F = 0.412; p = 0.799), backhand (F = 0.269; p = 0.897) and serve (F = 0.541; p = 0.706) velocity and forehand (F = 1.688; p = 0.161), backhand (F = 0.567; p = 0.687) and serve (F = 2.382; p = 0.059) accuracy and CODS (F = 0.416; p = 0.797). Small-to-moderate effect sizes (ES) negatively affecting StV when using 200 g compared to the baseline (ES = 0.48, 0.35 and 0.45) could be observed. Moderate (ES = -0.49) and trivial (ES = -0.14 and -0.16) ES for a higher accuracy score were noticed in serve, forehand and backhand 100 g compared to the baseline. Moreover, small ES (ES = 0.41) for improvement in 200 g CODS comparing to baseline conditions were found. These results indicate that the use of a weighting set does not significantly affect StV or CODS respectively. Notwithstanding, small-to-moderate changes show impact in accuracy and no variance in velocity production when using 100 g alongside faster execution in CODS when using 200 g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Colomar
- National Institute of Sport and Physical Education (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports Science Department, Academia Sánchez-Casal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ernest Baiget
- Sport Performance Analysis Research Group (SPARG), University of Vic—Central University of Catalonia, Vic, Spain
| | - Francisco Corbi
- National Institute of Sport and Physical Education (INEFC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Joshua Muñoz
- National Institute of Sport and Physical Education (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Sports Science Department, Academia Sánchez-Casal, Barcelona, Spain
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Terraza-Rebollo M, Baiget E. Effects of Postactivation Potentiation on Tennis Serve Velocity and Accuracy. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:340-345. [PMID: 31188691 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the postactivation potentiation effect on serve velocity and accuracy in young competition tennis players using complex training, and comparing different upper and lower body heavy-load resistance exercises (HLRE). METHODS Fifteen competition tennis players (9 boys and 6 girls; age 15.6 [1.5] y) performed 1 control session and 3 experimental sessions using HLRE in a crossover randomized design: (1) bench press, (2) half squat, (3) bench press plus half squat, and (4) control trial. HLRE were performed by accomplishing 3 sets of 3 repetitions when bench press or half squat conditions were performed and 2 sets of 3 repetitions of each exercise when bench press plus half squat condition was performed at 80% 1-repetition maximum, lifting the load at maximum speed. To assess the serve velocity and accuracy, all participants performed 32 flat serves after the HLRE, divided into 4 sets of 8 serves (0, 5, 10, and 15 min postexercise), resting 20 seconds between serves, and 2 minutes and 40 seconds between sets. RESULTS There were no significant (P > .05) differences in ball velocity and accuracy following each recovery time and exercise, compared with the basal situation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that complex training using HLRE is not a useful method for eliciting the postactivation potentiation effect in tennis serve and does not have any effect in serve accuracy in young competition tennis players.
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Brechbuhl C, Millet G, Schmitt L. Accuracy and Reliability of a New Tennis Ball Machine. J Sports Sci Med 2016; 15:263-267. [PMID: 27274663 PMCID: PMC4879439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim was to evaluate the reliability of a newly-developed ball machine named 'Hightof', on the field and to assess its accuracy. The experiment was conducted in the collaboration of the 'Hawk-Eye' technology. The accuracy and reliability of this ball machine were assessed during an incremental test, with 1 min of exercise and 30 sec of recovery, where the frequency of the balls increased from 10 to 30 balls·min(-1). The initial frequency was 10 and increased by 2 until 22, then by 1 until 30 balls·min(-1). The reference points for the impact were 8.39m from the net and 2.70m from lateral line for the right side and 2.83m for the left side. The precision of the machine was similar on the right and left sides (0.63 ± 0.39 vs 0.63 ± 0.34 m). The distances to the reference point were 0.52 ± 0.42, 0.26 ± 0.19, 0.52 ± 0.37, 0.28 ± 0.19 m for the Y-right, X-right, Y-left and X-left impacts. The precision was constant and did not increase with the intensity. (e.g ball frequency). The ball velocity was 86.3 ± 1.5 and 86.5 ± 1.3 km·h(-1) for the right and the left side, respectively. The coefficient of variation for the velocity ranged between 1 and 2% in all stages (ball velocity ranging from 10 to 30 balls·min(-1)). CONCLUSION both the accuracy and the reliability of this new ball machine appear satisfying enough for field testing and training. Key pointsThe reliability and accuracy of a new ball machine named 'Hightof' were assessed.The impact point was reproducible and similar on the right and left sides (±0.63 m).The precision was constant and did not increase with the intensity (e.g ball frequency).The coefficient of variation of the ball velocity ranged between 1 and 2% in all stages (ball velocity ranging from 10 to 30 balls·min(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Brechbuhl
- French Tennis Federation, Stade Roland-Garros, 2 avenue Gordon Bennett, Paris, France; Institute of Sport Sciences (ISSUL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences (ISSUL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Institute of Sport Sciences (ISSUL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; National Centre of Nordic-Ski, Research and Performance, Premanon, France
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On the Use of a Test to Exhaustion Specific to Tennis (TEST) with Ball Hitting by Elite Players. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152389. [PMID: 27035342 PMCID: PMC4817983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to a) introduce a new Test to Exhaustion Specific to Tennis (TEST) and compare performance (test duration) and physiological responses to those obtained during the 20-m multistage shuttle test (MSST), and b) determine to which extent those variables correlate with performance level (tennis competitive ranking) for both test procedures. Methods Twenty-seven junior players (8 males, 19 females) members of the national teams of the French Tennis Federation completed MSST and TEST, including elements of the game (ball hitting, intermittent activity, lateral displacement), in a randomized order. Cardiorespiratory responses were compared at submaximal (respiratory compensation point) and maximal loads between the two tests. Results At the respiratory compensation point oxygen uptake (50.1 ± 4.7 vs. 47.5 ± 4.3 mL.min-1.kg-1, p = 0.02), but not minute ventilation and heart rate, was higher for TEST compared to MSST. However, load increment and physiological responses at exhaustion did not differ between the two tests. Players’ ranking correlated negatively with oxygen uptake measured at submaximal and maximal loads for both TEST (r = -0.41; p = 0.01 and -0.55; p = 0.004) and MSST (r = -0.38; P = 0.05 and -0.51; p = 0.1). Conclusion Using TEST provides a tennis-specific assessment of aerobic fitness and may be used to prescribe aerobic exercise in a context more appropriate to the game than MSST. Results also indicate that VO2 values both at submaximal and maximal load reached during TEST and MSST are moderate predictors of players competitive ranking.
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Guillot A, Di Rienzo F, Pialoux V, Simon G, Skinner S, Rogowski I. Implementation of Motor Imagery during Specific Aerobic Training Session in Young Tennis Players. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143331. [PMID: 26580804 PMCID: PMC4651510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of implementing motor imagery (MI) during specific tennis high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) sessions on groundstroke performance in young elite tennis players. Stroke accuracy and ball velocity of forehand and backhand drives were evaluated in ten young tennis players, immediately before and after having randomly performed two HIIT sessions. One session included MI exercises during the recovery phases, while the other included verbal encouragements for physical efforts and served as control condition. Results revealed that similar cardiac demand was observed during both sessions, while implementing MI maintained groundstroke accuracy. Embedding MI during HIIT enabled the development of physical fitness and the preservation of stroke performance. These findings bring new insight to tennis and conditioning coaches in order to fulfil the benefits of specific playing HIIT sessions, and therefore to optimise the training time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Guillot
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75000, Paris, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport–EA 647, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck Di Rienzo
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport–EA 647, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75000, Paris, France
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport–EA 647, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Germain Simon
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport–EA 647, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne, France
- Ligue du Lyonnais de Tennis, Bron, France
| | - Sarah Skinner
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport–EA 647, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Rogowski
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport–EA 647, UFRSTAPS, Villeurbanne, France
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