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Slika H, Karimov Z, Alimonti P, Abou-Mrad T, De Fazio E, Alomari S, Tyler B. Preclinical Models and Technologies in Glioblastoma Research: Evolution, Current State, and Future Avenues. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16316. [PMID: 38003507 PMCID: PMC10671665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary central nervous system tumor and one of the most debilitating cancers. The prognosis of patients with glioblastoma remains poor, and the management of this tumor, both in its primary and recurrent forms, remains suboptimal. Despite the tremendous efforts that are being put forward by the research community to discover novel efficacious therapeutic agents and modalities, no major paradigm shifts have been established in the field in the last decade. However, this does not mirror the abundance of relevant findings and discoveries made in preclinical glioblastoma research. Hence, developing and utilizing appropriate preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate the characteristics and behavior of human glioblastoma is of utmost importance. Herein, we offer a holistic picture of the evolution of preclinical models of glioblastoma. We further elaborate on the commonly used in vitro and vivo models, delving into their development, favorable characteristics, shortcomings, and areas of potential improvement, which aids researchers in designing future experiments and utilizing the most suitable models. Additionally, this review explores progress in the fields of humanized and immunotolerant mouse models, genetically engineered animal models, 3D in vitro models, and microfluidics and highlights promising avenues for the future of preclinical glioblastoma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Slika
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Ziya Karimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Paolo Alimonti
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Tatiana Abou-Mrad
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon;
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Emerson De Fazio
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy; (P.A.); (E.D.F.)
| | - Safwan Alomari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
| | - Betty Tyler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (H.S.); (Z.K.); (S.A.)
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2
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Tritz ZP, Ayasoufi K, Wolf DM, Owens CA, Malo CS, Himes BT, Fain CE, Goddery EN, Yokanovich LT, Jin F, Hansen MJ, Parney IF, Wang C, Moynihan KD, Irvine DJ, Wittrup KD, Marcano RMD, Vile RG, Johnson AJ. Anti-PD-1 and Extended Half-life IL2 Synergize for Treatment of Murine Glioblastoma Independent of Host MHC Class I Expression. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:763-776. [PMID: 36921098 PMCID: PMC10239322 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults, responsible for approximately 225,000 deaths per year. Despite preclinical successes, most interventions have failed to extend patient survival by more than a few months. Treatment with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) monotherapy has been beneficial for malignant tumors such as melanoma and lung cancers but has yet to be effectively employed in GBM. This study aimed to determine whether supplementing anti-PD-1 ICB with engineered extended half-life IL2, a potent lymphoproliferative cytokine, could improve outcomes. This combination therapy, subsequently referred to as enhanced checkpoint blockade (ECB), delivered intraperitoneally, reliably cures approximately 50% of C57BL/6 mice bearing orthotopic GL261 gliomas and extends median survival of the treated cohort. In the CT2A model, characterized as being resistant to CBI, ECB caused a decrease in CT2A tumor volume in half of measured animals similar to what was observed in GL261-bearing mice, promoting a trending survival increase. ECB generates robust immunologic responses, features of which include secondary lymphoid organ enlargement and increased activation status of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. This immunity is durable, with long-term ECB survivors able to resist GL261 rechallenge. Through employment of depletion strategies, ECB's efficacy was shown to be independent of host MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation but reliant on CD4 T cells. These results demonstrate ECB is efficacious against the GL261 glioma model through an MHC class I-independent mechanism and supporting further investigation into IL2-supplemented ICB therapies for tumors of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Courtney S. Malo
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN
| | - Benjamin T. Himes
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN
- Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery, Rochester, MN
| | - Cori E. Fain
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN
| | - Emma N. Goddery
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Ian F. Parney
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN
- Mayo Clinic Department of Neurologic Surgery, Rochester, MN
| | - Chensu Wang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kelly D. Moynihan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| | - K. Dane Wittrup
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Richard G. Vile
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN
- Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Aaron J. Johnson
- Mayo Clinic Department of Immunology, Rochester, MN
- Mayo Clinic Department of Molecular Medicine, Rochester, MN
- Mayo Clinic Department of Neurology, Rochester, MN
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3
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Rapid and label-free histological imaging of unprocessed surgical tissues via dark-field reflectance ultraviolet microscopy. iScience 2022; 26:105849. [PMID: 36647380 PMCID: PMC9839964 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine examination for intraoperative histopathologic assessment is lengthy and laborious. Here, we present the dark-field reflectance ultraviolet microscopy (DRUM) that enables label-free imaging of unprocessed and thick tissues with subcellular resolution and a high signal-to-background ratio. To the best of our knowledge, DRUM provides image results for pathological assessment with the shortest turnaround time (2-3 min in total from sample preparation to tissue imaging). We also proposed a virtual staining process to convert DRUM images into pseudo-colorized images and enhance the image familiarity of pathologists. By imaging various tissues, we found DRUM can resolve cell nuclei and some extranuclear features, which are comparable to standard H&E images. Furthermore, the essential diagnostic features of intraoperatively excised tumor tissues also can be revealed by DRUM, demonstrating its potential as an additional aid for intraoperative histopathology.
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4
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Wouters R, Bevers S, Riva M, De Smet F, Coosemans A. Immunocompetent Mouse Models in the Search for Effective Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E19. [PMID: 33374542 PMCID: PMC7793150 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive intrinsic brain tumor in adults. Despite maximal therapy consisting of surgery and radio/chemotherapy, GBM remains largely incurable with a median survival of less than 15 months. GBM has a strong immunosuppressive nature with a multitude of tumor and microenvironment (TME) derived factors that prohibit an effective immune response. To date, all clinical trials failed to provide lasting clinical efficacy, despite the relatively high success rates of preclinical studies to show effectivity of immunotherapy. Various factors may explain this discrepancy, including the inability of a single mouse model to fully recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of GBM. It is therefore critical to understand the features and limitations of each model, which should probably be combined to grab the full spectrum of the disease. In this review, we summarize the available knowledge concerning immune composition, stem cell characteristics and response to standard-of-care and immunotherapeutics for the most commonly available immunocompetent mouse models of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Wouters
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- Oncoinvent, A.S., 0484 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sien Bevers
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Matteo Riva
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mont-Godinne Hospital, UCL Namur, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Smet
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - An Coosemans
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.W.); (S.B.); (M.R.)
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5
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Different T-cell subsets in glioblastoma multiforme and targeted immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:134-143. [PMID: 33022290 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor with a high mortality rate. Surgical resection combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the standard treatment for GBM patients, but the 5-year survival rate of patients despite this treatment is low. Immunotherapy has attracted increasing attention in recent years. As the pioneer and the main effector cells of immunotherapy, T cells play a key role in tumor immunotherapy. However, the T cells in GBM microenvironment are inhibited by the highly immunosuppressive environment of GBM, posing huge challenges to T cell-based GBM immunotherapy. This review summarizes the effects of the GBM microenvironment on the infiltration and function of different T-cell subsets and the possible strategies to overcome immunosuppression, and thus enhance the effectiveness of GBM immunotherapy.
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6
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Targeting Glioblastoma: Advances in Drug Delivery and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Sanchez VE, Lynes JP, Walbridge S, Wang X, Edwards NA, Nwankwo AK, Sur HP, Dominah GA, Obungu A, Adamstein N, Dagur PK, Maric D, Munasinghe J, Heiss JD, Nduom EK. GL261 luciferase-expressing cells elicit an anti-tumor immune response: an evaluation of murine glioma models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11003. [PMID: 32620877 PMCID: PMC7335060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical models that reliably recapitulate the immunosuppressive properties of human gliomas are essential to assess immune-based therapies. GL261 murine glioma cells are widely used as a syngeneic animal model of glioma, however, it has become common practice to transfect these cells with luciferase for fluorescent tumor tracking. The aim of this study was to compare the survival of mice injected with fluorescent or non-fluorescent GL261 cells and characterize the differences in their tumor microenvironment. Mice were intracranially implanted with GL261, GL261 Red-FLuc or GL261-Luc2 cells at varying doses. Cytokine profiles were evaluated by proteome microarray and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to determine survival differences. Median survival for mice implanted with 5 × 104 GL261 cells was 18 to 21 days. The GL261 Red-FLuc implanted mice cells did not reach median survival at any tumor dose. Mice injected with 3 × 105 GL261-Luc2 cells reached median survival at 23 days. However, median survival was significantly prolonged to 37 days in mice implanted with 5 × 104 GL261-Luc2 cells. Additionally, proteomic analyses revealed significantly elevated inflammatory cytokines in the supernatants of the GL261 Red-FLuc cells and GL261-Luc2 cells. Our data suggest that GL261 Red-FLuc and GL261-Luc2 murine models elicit an anti-tumor immune response by increasing pro-inflammatory modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E Sanchez
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John P Lynes
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Walbridge
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nancy A Edwards
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anthony K Nwankwo
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hannah P Sur
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gifty A Dominah
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arnold Obungu
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas Adamstein
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edjah K Nduom
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. .,Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Room 3D-20, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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8
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Chen PY, Wu CYJ, Fang JH, Chen HC, Feng LY, Huang CY, Wei KC, Fang JY, Lin CY. Functional Change of Effector Tumor-Infiltrating CCR5 +CD38 +HLA-DR +CD8 + T Cells in Glioma Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2395. [PMID: 31649684 PMCID: PMC6794477 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human glioma facilitates an impaired anti-tumor immunity response, including defects in circulation of T lymphocytes. The level of CD8+ T-cell activation acts as an immune regulator associated with disease progression. However, little is known about the characteristics of peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in patients with glioma. In this study, we examined the level of CD8+ T-cell activation in a group of 143 patients with glioma and determined that peripheral CD3+ T cells decreased in accordance with disease severity. The patients' peripheral CD8+ T-cell populations were similar to that of healthy donors, and a small amount of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes was identified in glioma tissues. An increase in activated CD8+ T cells, characterized as CD38+HLA-DR+, and their association with disease progression were identified in the patients' peripheral blood and glioma, and shown to display enriched CCR5+ and TNFR2+ expression levels. Ex vivo examination of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells indicated that this subset of cells displayed stronger secretion of IFN-γ and IL-2 before and after a 6-h stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin (ION) relative to healthy CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells, indicating the functional feasibility of CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells. Higher CCL5 protein and mRNA levels were identified in glioma tissues, which was consistent with the immunohistochemistry results revealing both CCL5 and CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cell expression. Patients' CCR5+CD38+HLA-DR+CD8+ T cells were further validated and shown to display increases in CD45RA+CCR7- and T-bet+ accompanied by substantial CD107-a, IFN-γ, and Granzyme B levels in response to glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Caren Yu-Ju Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jian-He Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ying Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-You Fang
- Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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9
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McCarthy C, Jayawardena N, Burga LN, Bostina M. Developing Picornaviruses for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E685. [PMID: 31100962 PMCID: PMC6562951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) form a group of novel anticancer therapeutic agents which selectively infect and lyse cancer cells. Members of several viral families, including Picornaviridae, have been shown to have anticancer activity. Picornaviruses are small icosahedral non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses infecting a wide range of hosts. They possess several advantages for development for cancer therapy: Their genomes do not integrate into host chromosomes, do not encode oncogenes, and are easily manipulated as cDNA. This review focuses on the picornaviruses investigated for anticancer potential and the mechanisms that underpin this specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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10
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Randall EC, Emdal KB, Laramy JK, Kim M, Roos A, Calligaris D, Regan MS, Gupta SK, Mladek AC, Carlson BL, Johnson AJ, Lu FK, Xie XS, Joughin BA, Reddy RJ, Peng S, Abdelmoula WM, Jackson PR, Kolluri A, Kellersberger KA, Agar JN, Lauffenburger DA, Swanson KR, Tran NL, Elmquist WF, White FM, Sarkaria JN, Agar NYR. Integrated mapping of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in a patient-derived xenograft model of glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4904. [PMID: 30464169 PMCID: PMC6249307 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for the treatment of glioblastoma remain inadequate despite concerted research efforts in drug development. Therapeutic failure can result from poor permeability of the blood-brain barrier, heterogeneous drug distribution, and development of resistance. Elucidation of relationships among such parameters could enable the development of predictive models of drug response in patients and inform drug development. Complementary analyses were applied to a glioblastoma patient-derived xenograft model in order to quantitatively map distribution and resulting cellular response to the EGFR inhibitor erlotinib. Mass spectrometry images of erlotinib were registered to histology and magnetic resonance images in order to correlate drug distribution with tumor characteristics. Phosphoproteomics and immunohistochemistry were used to assess protein signaling in response to drug, and integrated with transcriptional response using mRNA sequencing. This comprehensive dataset provides simultaneous insight into pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and indicates that erlotinib delivery to intracranial tumors is insufficient to inhibit EGFR tyrosine kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Randall
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kristina B Emdal
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Janice K Laramy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Minjee Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alison Roos
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E. Shea Blvd.MCCRB 03-055, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - David Calligaris
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michael S Regan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shiv K Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Ann C Mladek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Fa-Ke Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - X Sunney Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Raven J Reddy
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sen Peng
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Walid M Abdelmoula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pamela R Jackson
- Mathematical NeuroOncology Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Aarti Kolluri
- Mathematical NeuroOncology Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey N Agar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 412 TF (140 The Fenway), Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kristin R Swanson
- Mathematical NeuroOncology Lab, Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, 5777 E. Mayo Blvd, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA
| | - Nhan L Tran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 E. Shea Blvd.MCCRB 03-055, Scottsdale, AZ, 85259, USA
| | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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11
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Malo CS, Khadka RH, Ayasoufi K, Jin F, AbouChehade JE, Hansen MJ, Iezzi R, Pavelko KD, Johnson AJ. Immunomodulation Mediated by Anti-angiogenic Therapy Improves CD8 T Cell Immunity Against Experimental Glioma. Front Oncol 2018; 8:320. [PMID: 30211113 PMCID: PMC6124655 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal cancer of the central nervous system with a median survival rate of 15 months with treatment. Thus, there is a critical need to develop novel therapies for GBM. Immunotherapy is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy. However, current therapies for GBM, in particular anti-angiogenic therapies that block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), may have undefined consequences on the efficacy of immunotherapy. While this treatment is primarily prescribed to reduce tumor vascularization, multiple immune cell types also express VEGF receptors, including the most potent antigen-presenting cell, the dendritic cell (DC). Therefore, we assessed the role of anti-VEGF therapy in modifying DC function. We found that VEGF blockade results in a more mature DC phenotype in the brain, as demonstrated by an increase in the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules B7-1, B7-2, and MHC II. Furthermore, we observed reduced levels of the exhaustion markers PD-1 and Tim-3 on brain-infiltrating CD8 T cells, indicating improved functionality. Thus, anti-angiogenic therapy has the potential to be used in conjunction with and enhance immunotherapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Malo
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Roman H Khadka
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Fang Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Michael J Hansen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Raymond Iezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kevin D Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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12
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Kim M, Ma DJ, Calligaris D, Zhang S, Feathers RW, Vaubel RA, Meaux I, Mladek AC, Parrish KE, Jin F, Barriere C, Debussche L, Watters J, Tian S, Decker PA, Eckel-Passow JE, Kitange GJ, Johnson AJ, Parney IF, Anastasiadis PZ, Agar NYR, Elmquist WF, Sarkaria JN. Efficacy of the MDM2 Inhibitor SAR405838 in Glioblastoma Is Limited by Poor Distribution Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:1893-1901. [PMID: 29970480 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Controversy exists surrounding whether heterogeneous disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as seen in glioblastoma (GBM), leads to adequate drug delivery sufficient for efficacy in GBM. This question is especially important when using potent, targeted agents that have a poor penetration across an intact BBB. Efficacy of the murine double minute-2 (MDM2) inhibitor SAR405838 was tested in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of GBM. In vitro efficacy of SAR405838 was evaluated in PDX models with varying MDM2 expression and those with high (GBM108) and low (GBM102) expression were evaluated for flank and orthotopic efficacy. BBB permeability, evaluated using TexasRed-3 kDa dextran, was significantly increased in GBM108 through VEGFA overexpression. Drug delivery, MRI, and orthotopic survival were compared between BBB-intact (GBM108-vector) and BBB-disrupted (GBM108-VEGFA) models. MDM2-amplified PDX lines with high MDM2 expression were sensitive to SAR405838 in comparison with MDM2 control lines in both in vitro and heterotopic models. In contrast with profound efficacy observed in flank xenografts, SAR405838 was ineffective in orthotopic tumors. Although both GBM108-vector and GBM108-VEGFA readily imaged on MRI following gadolinium contrast administration, GBM108-VEGFA tumors had a significantly enhanced drug and gadolinium accumulation, as determined by MALDI-MSI. Enhanced drug delivery in GBM108-VEGFA translated into a marked improvement in orthotopic efficacy. This study clearly shows that limited drug distribution across a partially intact BBB may limit the efficacy of targeted agents in GBM. Brain penetration of targeted agents is a critical consideration in any precision medicine strategy for GBM. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(9); 1893-901. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kim
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - David Calligaris
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang Jin
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Malo CS, Huggins MA, Goddery EN, Tolcher HMA, Renner DN, Jin F, Hansen MJ, Pease LR, Pavelko KD, Johnson AJ. Non-equivalent antigen presenting capabilities of dendritic cells and macrophages in generating brain-infiltrating CD8 + T cell responses. Nat Commun 2018; 9:633. [PMID: 29434238 PMCID: PMC5809416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of antigen-presenting cell (APC) types in generating CD8+ T cell responses in the central nervous system (CNS) is not fully defined, limiting the development of vaccines and understanding of immune-mediated neuropathology. Here, we generate a transgenic mouse that enables cell-specific deletion of the H-2Kb MHC class I molecule. By deleting H-2Kb on dendritic cells and macrophages, we compare the effect of each APC in three distinct models of neuroinflammation: picornavirus infection, experimental cerebral malaria, and a syngeneic glioma. Dendritic cells and macrophages both activate CD8+ T cell responses in response to these CNS immunological challenges. However, the extent to which each of these APCs contributes to CD8+ T cell priming varies. These findings reveal distinct functions for dendritic cells and macrophages in generating CD8+ T cell responses to neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Malo
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Matthew A Huggins
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Emma N Goddery
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Heather M A Tolcher
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Danielle N Renner
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Fang Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Michael J Hansen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Larry R Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kevin D Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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14
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Greish K, Jasim A, Parayath N, Abdelghany S, Alkhateeb A, Taurin S, Nehoff H. Micellar formulations of Crizotinib and Dasatinib in the management of glioblastoma multiforme. J Drug Target 2017; 26:692-708. [PMID: 29251531 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1419357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) defies the currently practiced management of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery and hence, it is associated with a high fatality rate with a median survival of 14.6 months. In our previous work investigating different tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), we established that a combination of Crizotinib and Dasatinib exerted the most potent effect on different GBM cell lines. In this work, to improve targeted therapy at the site of the tumour and avoid systemic toxicity, we exploited the enhanced permeability and retention effect by designing micellar formulations of these two TKIs. Crizotinib and Dasatinib were successfully encapsulated in poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) (SMA) micelles which were then evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics, anti-proliferative effect, mode of cell death, efficacy in spheroid models, effect on cell signalling, antiangiogenic potential and in vivo anticancer activity. Our results showed that this combination had induced a potent anti-proliferative effect in four GBM cell lines grown as a monolayer and as a spheroid. The combination was also efficacious in in vitro models of angiogenesis and vascular mimicry. In vivo data showed the enhanced activity of the micellar TKIs compared to free drugs. In conclusion, we proved that micellar formulations of Crizotinib and Dasatinib carry promising in vitro and in vivo efficacy that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Greish
- a College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, and Nanomedicine Unit , Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University , Manama , Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Anfal Jasim
- a College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, and Nanomedicine Unit , Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University , Manama , Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Neha Parayath
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Sara Abdelghany
- a College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, and Nanomedicine Unit , Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University , Manama , Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ali Alkhateeb
- a College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Medicine, and Nanomedicine Unit , Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine, Arabian Gulf University , Manama , Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Sebastien Taurin
- c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Hayley Nehoff
- d Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand
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15
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Bähr O, Gross S, Harter PN, Kirches E, Mawrin C, Steinbach JP, Mittelbronn M. ASA404, a vascular disrupting agent, as an experimental treatment approach for brain tumors. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5443-5451. [PMID: 29098034 PMCID: PMC5652230 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors, including gliomas, brain metastases and anaplastic meningiomas, are associated with poor prognosis, and represent an unmet medical need. ASA404 (DMXAA), a vascular disrupting agent, has demonstrated promising results in several preclinical tumor models and early phase clinical trials. However, two phase III trials in non-small cell lung cancer reported insufficient results. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of ASA404 on brain tumors. The effects of ASA404 were evaluated in vitro and in vivo using subcutaneous, and orthotopical models for malignant glioma (U-87, LN-229, U-251, LN-308 and Tu-2449), brain metastasis (HT-29) and malignant meningioma (IOMM-Lee). The acute effects of ASA404 on tumor tissue were analyzed using conventional and immunohistochemical staining techniques [hematoxylin and eosin, MIB-1 antibody/proliferation maker protein Ki-67, cleaved caspase-8, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1]. Furthermore, the sizes of subcutaneous tumors were measured and the symptom-free survival rates of animals with intracranial tumors receiving ASA404 treatment were analyzed. ASA404 demonstrated low toxicity in vitro, but exhibited strong effects on subcutaneous tumors 24 h following a single dose of ASA404 (25 mg/kg). ASA404 induced necrosis, hemorrhages and inhibited the proliferation, and growth of tumors in the subcutaneous glioma models. However, ASA404 failed to demonstrate comparable effects in any of the intracranial tumor models examined and did not result in a prolongation of survival. Expression of STING, the molecular target of ASA404, and infiltration of macrophages, the cells mediating ASA404 activity, did not differ between subcutaneous and intracranial tumors. In conclusion, ASA404 demonstrates clear efficacy in subcutaneous tumor models, but has no relevant activity in orthotopic brain tumor models. The expression of STING and infiltration with macrophages were not determined to be involved in the differential activity observed among tumor models. It is possible that the low penetration of ASA-404 into the brain prevents concentrations sufficient enough reaching the tumor in order to exhibit acute effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bähr
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gross
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Kirches
- Institute of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Institute of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger-Institute), Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
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16
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Perforin Expression by CD8 T Cells Is Sufficient To Cause Fatal Brain Edema during Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00985-16. [PMID: 28264905 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00985-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral malaria (HCM) is a serious complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. The most severe outcomes for patients include coma, permanent neurological deficits, and death. Recently, a large-scale magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in humans identified brain swelling as the most prominent predictor of fatal HCM. Therefore, in this study, we sought to define the mechanism controlling brain edema through the use of the murine experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model. Specifically, we investigated the ability of CD8 T cells to initiate brain edema during ECM. We determined that areas of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability colocalized with a reduction of the cerebral endothelial cell tight-junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin. Furthermore, through small-animal MRI, we analyzed edema and vascular leakage. Using gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted MRI, we determined that vascular permeability is not homogeneous but rather confined to specific regions of the brain. Our findings show that BBB permeability was localized within the brainstem, olfactory bulb, and lateral ventricle. Concurrently with the initiation of vascular permeability, T2-weighted MRI revealed edema and brain swelling. Importantly, ablation of the cytolytic effector molecule perforin fully protected against vascular permeability and edema. Furthermore, perforin production specifically by CD8 T cells was required to cause fatal edema during ECM. We propose that CD8 T cells initiate BBB breakdown through perforin-mediated disruption of tight junctions. In turn, leakage from the vasculature into the parenchyma causes brain swelling and edema. This results in a breakdown of homeostatic maintenance that likely contributes to ECM pathology.
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17
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Superior isolation of antigen-specific brain infiltrating T cells using manual homogenization technique. J Immunol Methods 2016; 439:23-28. [PMID: 27623324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effective recovery of activated brain infiltrating lymphocytes is critical for investigations involving murine neurological disease models. To optimize lymphocyte recovery, we compared two isolation methods using brains harvested from seven-day Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and TMEV-OVA infected mice. Brains were processed using either a manual dounce based approach or enzymatic digestion using type IV collagenase. The resulting cell suspensions from these two techniques were transferred to a percoll gradient, centrifuged, and lymphocytes were recovered. Flow cytometric analysis of CD45hi cells showed greater percentage of CD44hiCD62lo activated lymphocytes and CD19+ B cells using the dounce method. In addition, we achieved a 3-fold greater recovery of activated virus-specific CD8 T cells specific for the immunodominant Db:VP2121-130 and engineered Kb:OVA257-264 epitopes through manual dounce homogenization approach as compared to collagenase digest. A greater percentage of viable cells was also achieved through dounce homogenization. Therefore, we conclude that manual homogenization is a superior approach to isolate activated T cells from the mouse brain.
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18
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The Effect of Vector Silencing during Picornavirus Vaccination against Experimental Melanoma and Glioma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162064. [PMID: 27560502 PMCID: PMC4999064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus vector-based vaccination against tumor-specific antigens remains a promising therapeutic approach to overcome the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment. However, the extent that the desired CD8 T cell response against the targeted tumor antigen is impacted by the CD8 T cell response against the virus vector is unclear. To address this question, we used picornavirus vaccination with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) as our vector against tumor-expressed ovalbumin (OVA257-264) antigen in both the B16-OVA murine melanoma and GL261-quad cassette murine glioma models. Prior to vaccination, we employed vector silencing to inhibit the CD8 T cell response against the immunodominant TMEV antigen, VP2121-130. We then monitored the resulting effect on the CD8 T cell response against the targeted tumor-specific antigen, ovalbumin. We demonstrate that employing vector silencing in the context of B16-OVA melanoma does not reduce tumor burden or improve survival, while TMEV-OVA vaccination without vector silencing controls tumor burden. Meanwhile, employing vector silencing during picornavirus vaccination against the GL261-quad cassette glioma resulted in a lower frequency of tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells. The results of this study are relevant to antigen-specific immunotherapy, in that the virus vector-specific CD8 T cell response is not competing with tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells. Furthermore, vector silencing may have the adverse consequence of reducing the tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cell response, as demonstrated by our findings in the GL261-quad cassette model.
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19
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Bell MP, Pavelko KD. Enhancing the Tumor Selectivity of a Picornavirus Virotherapy Promotes Tumor Regression and the Accumulation of Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:523-30. [PMID: 26823492 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Picornaviruses have emerged as promising cancer therapies due to their ability to drive cytotoxic cellular immune responses and for promoting oncolysis. These properties include preferential replication in tumor cells, the induction of strong innate and adaptive immune responses, and the ease with which their genomes can be manipulated. We have developed Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) as an immunotherapy vector that promotes strong adaptive immune responses to tumor antigens embedded within its genome. To further explore its usefulness as cancer therapy, we investigated whether direct intratumoral delivery of TMEV could promote tumor regression. We generated several picornavirus hybrids using substrains of TMEV that have unique immunopathologic characteristics, despite their extensive sequence homology. These hybrids exhibit a unique propensity to infect and replicate in melanoma. We have identified GD7-KS1, a virus that is particularly effective at replicating and infecting B16 melanoma in vitro and provides benefit as an oncolytic therapy in vivo after intratumoral injection. In addition, this virus promotes the mobilization and accumulation of CD8(+) T cells within treated tumors. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that picornavirus substrains can be used to rationally design virus hybrids that promote antitumor responses and add to the known strategies identified by us and others to further enhance the therapeutic potential of vectors used to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Bell
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin D Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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20
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Renner DN, Malo CS, Jin F, Parney IF, Pavelko KD, Johnson AJ. Improved Treatment Efficacy of Antiangiogenic Therapy when Combined with Picornavirus Vaccination in the GL261 Glioma Model. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:226-36. [PMID: 26620211 PMCID: PMC4720676 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of antiangiogenic therapy to the standard-of-care treatment regimen for recurring glioblastoma has provided some clinical benefits while also delineating numerous caveats, prompting evaluation of the elicited alterations to the tumor microenvironment. Of critical importance, given the steadily increasing incorporation of immunotherapeutic approaches clinically, is an enhanced understanding of the interplay between angiogenic and immune response pathways within tumors. In the present study, the GL261 glioma mouse model was used to determine the effects of antiangiogenic treatment in an immune-competent host. Following weekly systemic administration of aflibercept, an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor volume was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and changes to the tumor microenvironment were determined. Treatment with aflibercept resulted in reduced tumor burden and increased survival compared with controls. Additionally, decreased vascular permeability and preservation of the integrity of tight junction proteins were observed. Treated tumors also displayed hallmarks of anti-angiogenic evasion, including marked upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression and increased tumor invasiveness. Aflibercept was then administered in combination with a picornavirus-based antitumor vaccine and tumor progression was evaluated. This combination therapy significantly delayed tumor progression and extended survival beyond that observed for either therapy alone. As such, this work demonstrates the efficacy of combined antiangiogenic and immunotherapy approaches for treating established gliomas and provides a foundation for further evaluation of the effects of antiangiogenic therapy in the context of endogenous or vaccine-induced inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N Renner
- Neurobiology of Disease Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Fang Jin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Aaron J Johnson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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