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Colli-Silva M, Pirani JR, Zizka A. Ecological niche models and point distribution data reveal a differential coverage of the cacao relatives (Malvaceae) in South American protected areas. ECOL INFORM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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Lasso E, Matheus-Arbeláez P, Gallery RE, Garzón-López C, Cruz M, Leon-Garcia IV, Aragón L, Ayarza-Páez A, Curiel Yuste J. Homeostatic Response to Three Years of Experimental Warming Suggests High Intrinsic Natural Resistance in the Páramos to Warming in the Short Term. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.615006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Páramos, tropical alpine ecosystems, host one of the world’s most diverse alpine floras, account for the largest water reservoirs in the Andes, and some of the largest soil carbon pools worldwide. It is of global importance to understand the future of this extremely carbon-rich ecosystem in a warmer world and its role on global climate feedbacks. This study presents the result of the first in situ warming experiment in two Colombian páramos using Open-Top Chambers. We evaluated the response to warming of several ecosystem carbon balance-related processes, including decomposition, soil respiration, photosynthesis, plant productivity, and vegetation structure after 3 years of warming. We found that OTCs are an efficient warming method in the páramo, increasing mean air temperature by 1.7°C and mean daytime temperature by 3.4°C. The maximum air temperature differences between OTC and control was 23.1°C. Soil temperature increased only by 0.1°C. After 3 years of warming using 20 OTC (10 per páramo) in a randomized block design, we found no evidence that warming increased CO2 emissions from soil respiration, nor did it increase decomposition rate, photosynthesis or productivity in the two páramos studied. However, total C and N in the soil and vegetation structure are slowly changing as result of warming and changes are site dependent. In Sumapaz, shrubs, and graminoids cover increased in response to warming while in Matarredonda we observed an increase in lichen cover. Whether this change in vegetation might influence the carbon sequestration potential of the páramo needs to be further evaluated. Our results suggest that páramos ecosystems can resist an increase in temperature with no significant alteration of ecosystem carbon balance related processes in the short term. However, the long-term effect of warming could depend on the vegetation changes and how these changes alter the microbial soil composition and soil processes. The differential response among páramos suggest that the response to warming could be highly dependent on the initial conditions and therefore we urgently need more warming experiments in páramos to understand how specific site characteristics will affect their response to warming and their role in global climate feedbacks.
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3
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Structure and Composition of Terra Firme and Seasonally Flooded Várzea Forests in the Western Brazilian Amazon. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11121361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Rare, or sparsely distributed, species drive the floristic diversity of upland, terra firme and seasonally flooded forests in the central Juruá—a remote and hitherto floristically poorly known area in the Brazilian Amazon. Background and Objectives: Floristic inventories are critical for modelling and understanding the role of Amazonian forests in climate regulation, for sustainable management of forest resources and efficient conservation planning. Yet, detailed information about the often complex spatial distributions of many Amazonian woody plants is limited. Here, we provide information about forest structure and species composition from a remote terra firme forest and an adjacent floodplain forest in the western Brazilian Amazon. More specifically, we ask (1) how floristically different are the terra firme and floodplain forests? and (2) how variable is species composition within the same forest type? Materials and Methods: Between September 2016 and October 2017, we inventoried 97 plots (each 0.1 ha; 100 × 10 m) placed at least 800 m apart, with 46 plots in terra firme forest and 51 in seasonally flooded forest. We included all trees, hemi-epiphytes and palms with diameter at breast height (dbh) > 10 cm and woody lianas > 5 cm dbh. We examine forest structure, family- and species-level floristic composition and species diversity within and between forest types using family and species importance values, rarefaction curves and dissimilarity matrices. Results: Terra firme forest and seasonally flooded forest woody plant communities differ both in structure and species composition, which was highly variable within forest types. Many species were shared between terra firme and seasonally flooded forests, but most species were forest type-specific. Whereas species richness was greatest in the terra firme forest, floodplain species richness was among the highest regionally. Conclusions: Floodplain forests are a crucial complement to terra firme forests in terms of Amazonian woody plant diversity.
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4
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Draper FC, Baker TR, Baraloto C, Chave J, Costa F, Martin RE, Pennington RT, Vicentini A, Asner GP. Quantifying Tropical Plant Diversity Requires an Integrated Technological Approach. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:1100-1109. [PMID: 32912632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tropical biomes are the most diverse plant communities on Earth, and quantifying this diversity at large spatial scales is vital for many purposes. As macroecological approaches proliferate, the taxonomic uncertainties in species occurrence data are easily neglected and can lead to spurious findings in downstream analyses. Here, we argue that technological approaches offer potential solutions, but there is no single silver bullet to resolve uncertainty in plant biodiversity quantification. Instead, we propose the use of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to build a data-driven framework that integrates several data sources - including spectroscopy, DNA sequences, image recognition, and morphological data. Such a framework would provide a foundation for improving species identification in macroecological analyses while simultaneously improving the taxonomic process of species delimitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick C Draper
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | | | - Christopher Baraloto
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB) CNRS/UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Flavia Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Roberta E Martin
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - R Toby Pennington
- Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Gregory P Asner
- Center for Global Discovery and Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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5
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Zizka A, Azevedo J, Leme E, Neves B, Costa AF, Caceres D, Zizka G. Biogeography and conservation status of the pineapple family (Bromeliaceae). DIVERS DISTRIB 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zizka
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Josue Azevedo
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Center University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Elton Leme
- Herbarium Bradeanum Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Beatriz Neves
- Department of Botany Museu Nacional Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Andrea Ferreira Costa
- Department of Botany Museu Nacional Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Georg Zizka
- Department of Botany and Molecular Evolution Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity J. W. Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
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6
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Bystriakova N, Alves De Melo PH, Moat J, Lughadha EN, Monro AK. A Preliminary Evaluation of The Karst Flora of Brazil Using Collections Data. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17037. [PMID: 31745111 PMCID: PMC6863846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Karst is defined as landscapes that are underlain by soluble rock in which there is appreciable water movement arising from a combination of high rock solubility and well-developed secondary (fracture) porosity. Karsts occupy approximately 20% of the planet’s dry ice-free land and are of great socioeconomic importance, as they supply water to up to 25% of the world’s population and represent landscapes of cultural and touristic importance. In Southeast Asia karst is associated with high species-richness and endemism in plants and seen as priority areas for the conservation of biodiversity. There has been little research into the floras associated with karst in South America, most of which occurs in Brazil. We therefore sought to evaluate the importance of Brazilian karst with respect to its species-richness and endemism. We sought to do so using curated plant specimen data in the Botanical Information and Ecology Network (BIEN) dataset. We show that, except for Amazonia, the BIEN dataset is representative of the Brazilian flora with respect to the total number of species and overall patterns of species richness. We found that karst is under-sampled, as is the case for much of Brazil. We also found that whilst karst represent an important source of plant diversity for Brazil, including populations of approximately 1/3 of the Brazilian flora, it is not significantly more species-rich or richer in small-range and endemic species than surrounding landscapes. Similarly, whilst important for conservation, comprising populations of 26.5–37.4% of all Brazilian species evaluated as of conservation concern by International Union for Nature Conservation (IUCN), karst is no more so than the surrounding areas. Whilst experimental error, including map resolution and the precision and accuracy of point data may have under-estimated the species-richness of Brazilian karst, it likely represents an important biodiversity resource for Brazil and one that can play a valuable role in conservation. Our findings are in sharp contrast to those for Southeast Asia where karst represents a more important source of species-richness and endemism. We also show that although BIEN represents a comprehensive and curated source of point data, discrepancies in the application of names compared to current more comprehensive taxonomic backbones, can have profound impacts on estimates of species-richness, distribution ranges and estimates of endemism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bystriakova
- Core Research Laboratories, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Pablo Hendrigo Alves De Melo
- UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Av. 24-A 1515 - Bela Vista, CEP 13506-900, Rio Claro, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Justin Moat
- Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, TW9 3AE, UK.,School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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7
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Ball-Damerow JE, Brenskelle L, Barve N, Soltis PS, Sierwald P, Bieler R, LaFrance R, Ariño AH, Guralnick RP. Research applications of primary biodiversity databases in the digital age. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215794. [PMID: 31509534 PMCID: PMC6738577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Our world is in the midst of unprecedented change-climate shifts and sustained, widespread habitat degradation have led to dramatic declines in biodiversity rivaling historical extinction events. At the same time, new approaches to publishing and integrating previously disconnected data resources promise to help provide the evidence needed for more efficient and effective conservation and management. Stakeholders have invested considerable resources to contribute to online databases of species occurrences. However, estimates suggest that only 10% of biocollections are available in digital form. The biocollections community must therefore continue to promote digitization efforts, which in part requires demonstrating compelling applications of the data. Our overarching goal is therefore to determine trends in use of mobilized species occurrence data since 2010, as online systems have grown and now provide over one billion records. To do this, we characterized 501 papers that use openly accessible biodiversity databases. Our standardized tagging protocol was based on key topics of interest, including: database(s) used, taxa addressed, general uses of data, other data types linked to species occurrence data, and data quality issues addressed. We found that the most common uses of online biodiversity databases have been to estimate species distribution and richness, to outline data compilation and publication, and to assist in developing species checklists or describing new species. Only 69% of papers in our dataset addressed one or more aspects of data quality, which is low considering common errors and biases known to exist in opportunistic datasets. Globally, we find that biodiversity databases are still in the initial stages of data compilation. Novel and integrative applications are restricted to certain taxonomic groups and regions with higher numbers of quality records. Continued data digitization, publication, enhancement, and quality control efforts are necessary to make biodiversity science more efficient and relevant in our fast-changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Brenskelle
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Narayani Barve
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Pamela S. Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Petra Sierwald
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Rüdiger Bieler
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Raphael LaFrance
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Arturo H. Ariño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Robert P. Guralnick
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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8
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McFadden IR, Sandel B, Tsirogiannis C, Morueta-Holme N, Svenning JC, Enquist BJ, Kraft NJB. Temperature shapes opposing latitudinal gradients of plant taxonomic and phylogenetic β diversity. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1126-1135. [PMID: 31066203 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Latitudinal and elevational richness gradients have received much attention from ecologists but there is little consensus on underlying causes. One possible proximate cause is increased levels of species turnover, or β diversity, in the tropics compared to temperate regions. Here, we leverage a large botanical dataset to map taxonomic and phylogenetic β diversity, as mean turnover between neighboring 100 × 100 km cells, across the Americas and determine key climatic drivers. We find taxonomic and tip-weighted phylogenetic β diversity is higher in the tropics, but that basal-weighted phylogenetic β diversity is highest in temperate regions. Supporting Janzen's 'mountain passes' hypothesis, tropical mountainous regions had higher β diversity than temperate regions for taxonomic and tip-weighted metrics. The strongest climatic predictors of turnover were average temperature and temperature seasonality. Taken together, these results suggest β diversity is coupled to latitudinal richness gradients and that temperature is a major driver of plant community composition and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R McFadden
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, 500 El Camino Real, Santa Clara, CA, 95053, USA
| | - Constantinos Tsirogiannis
- Center for Massive Data Algorithmics, Department of Computer Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 8750, USA
| | - Nathan J B Kraft
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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9
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Antonelli A, Ariza M, Albert J, Andermann T, Azevedo J, Bacon C, Faurby S, Guedes T, Hoorn C, Lohmann LG, Matos-Maraví P, Ritter CD, Sanmartín I, Silvestro D, Tejedor M, ter Steege H, Tuomisto H, Werneck FP, Zizka A, Edwards SV. Conceptual and empirical advances in Neotropical biodiversity research. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5644. [PMID: 30310740 PMCID: PMC6174874 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The unparalleled biodiversity found in the American tropics (the Neotropics) has attracted the attention of naturalists for centuries. Despite major advances in recent years in our understanding of the origin and diversification of many Neotropical taxa and biotic regions, many questions remain to be answered. Additional biological and geological data are still needed, as well as methodological advances that are capable of bridging these research fields. In this review, aimed primarily at advanced students and early-career scientists, we introduce the concept of "trans-disciplinary biogeography," which refers to the integration of data from multiple areas of research in biology (e.g., community ecology, phylogeography, systematics, historical biogeography) and Earth and the physical sciences (e.g., geology, climatology, palaeontology), as a means to reconstruct the giant puzzle of Neotropical biodiversity and evolution in space and time. We caution against extrapolating results derived from the study of one or a few taxa to convey general scenarios of Neotropical evolution and landscape formation. We urge more coordination and integration of data and ideas among disciplines, transcending their traditional boundaries, as a basis for advancing tomorrow's ground-breaking research. Our review highlights the great opportunities for studying the Neotropical biota to understand the evolution of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Organismic Biology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - María Ariza
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Laboratory Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Team “Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose”, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - James Albert
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, USA
| | - Tobias Andermann
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josué Azevedo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christine Bacon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Søren Faurby
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thais Guedes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
- Museum of Zoology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carina Hoorn
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Universidad Regional Amazonica IKIAM, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Lúcia G. Lohmann
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pável Matos-Maraví
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camila D. Ritter
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo Tejedor
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología, Puerto Madryn, Guatemala
| | - Hans ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Systems Ecology, Free University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanna Tuomisto
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Alexander Zizka
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Scott V. Edwards
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Organismic Biology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Gothenburg Centre for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems. Nature 2018; 559:517-526. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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11
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Luize BG, Magalhães JLL, Queiroz H, Lopes MA, Venticinque EM, Leão de Moraes Novo EM, Silva TSF. The tree species pool of Amazonian wetland forests: Which species can assemble in periodically waterlogged habitats? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198130. [PMID: 29813116 PMCID: PMC5973586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the filtered tree species pool of Amazonian wetland forests, based on confirmed occurrence records, to better understand how tree diversity in wetland environments compares to tree diversity in the entire Amazon region. The tree species pool was determined using data from two main sources: 1) a compilation of published tree species lists plus one unpublished list of our own, derived from tree plot inventories and floristic surveys; 2) queries on botanical collections that include Amazonian flora, curated by herbaria and available through the SpeciesLink digital biodiversity database. We applied taxonomic name resolution and determined sample-based species accumulation curves for both datasets, to estimate sampling effort and predict the expected species richness using Chao’s analytical estimators. We report a total of 3 615 valid tree species occurring in Amazonian wetland forests. After surveying almost 70 years of research efforts to inventory the diversity of Amazonian wetland trees, we found that 74% these records were registered in published species lists (2 688 tree species). Tree species richness estimates predicted from either single dataset underestimated the total pooled species richness recorded as occurring in Amazonian wetlands, with only 41% of the species shared by both datasets. The filtered tree species pool of Amazonian wetland forests comprises 53% of the 6 727 tree species taxonomically confirmed for the Amazonian tree flora to date. This large proportion is likely to be the result of significant species interchange among forest habitats within the Amazon region, as well as in situ speciation processes due to strong ecological filtering. The provided tree species pool raises the number of tree species previously reported as occurring in Amazonian wetlands by a factor of 3.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Garcia Luize
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ecosystem Dynamics Observatory, Departamento de Geografia, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - José Leonardo Lima Magalhães
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Guamá, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Helder Queiroz
- Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria Aparecida Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará/Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Guamá, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Martins Venticinque
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte—UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Sanna Freire Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Ecosystem Dynamics Observatory, Departamento de Geografia, Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Moulatlet GM, Zuquim G, Figueiredo FOG, Lehtonen S, Emilio T, Ruokolainen K, Tuomisto H. Using digital soil maps to infer edaphic affinities of plant species in Amazonia: Problems and prospects. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:8463-8477. [PMID: 29075463 PMCID: PMC5648677 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonia combines semi‐continental size with difficult access, so both current ranges of species and their ability to cope with environmental change have to be inferred from sparse field data. Although efficient techniques for modeling species distributions on the basis of a small number of species occurrences exist, their success depends on the availability of relevant environmental data layers. Soil data are important in this context, because soil properties have been found to determine plant occurrence patterns in Amazonian lowlands at all spatial scales. Here we evaluate the potential for this purpose of three digital soil maps that are freely available online: SOTERLAC, HWSD, and SoilGrids. We first tested how well they reflect local soil cation concentration as documented with 1,500 widely distributed soil samples. We found that measured soil cation concentration differed by up to two orders of magnitude between sites mapped into the same soil class. The best map‐based predictor of local soil cation concentration was obtained with a regression model combining soil classes from HWSD with cation exchange capacity (CEC) from SoilGrids. Next, we evaluated to what degree the known edaphic affinities of thirteen plant species (as documented with field data from 1,200 of the soil sample sites) can be inferred from the soil maps. The species segregated clearly along the soil cation concentration gradient in the field, but only partially along the model‐estimated cation concentration gradient, and hardly at all along the mapped CEC gradient. The main problems reducing the predictive ability of the soil maps were insufficient spatial resolution and/or georeferencing errors combined with thematic inaccuracy and absence of the most relevant edaphic variables. Addressing these problems would provide better models of the edaphic environment for ecological studies in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Zuquim
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland.,Programa de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade - PP BioInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Manaus AM Brazil
| | | | - Samuli Lehtonen
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland.,Biodiversity Unit University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Thaise Emilio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA Manaus AM Brazil.,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology Royal Botanic Gardens Richmond London UK
| | - Kalle Ruokolainen
- Department of Biology University of Turku Turku Finland.,Department of Geography and Geology University of Turku Turku Finland
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Zuquim G, Tuomisto H, Prado J. A free-access online key to identify Amazonian ferns. PHYTOKEYS 2017; 78:1-15. [PMID: 28781548 PMCID: PMC5543271 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.78.11370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is urgent need for more data on species distributions in order to improve conservation planning. A crucial but challenging aspect of producing high-quality data is the correct identification of organisms. Traditional printed floras and dichotomous keys are difficult to use for someone not familiar with the technical jargon. In poorly known areas, such as Amazonia, they also become quickly outdated as new species are described or ranges extended. Recently, online tools have allowed developing dynamic, interactive, and accessible keys that make species identification possible for a broader public. In order to facilitate identifying plants collected in field inventories, we developed an internet-based free-access tool to identify Amazonian fern species. We focused on ferns, because they are easy to collect and their edaphic affinities are relatively well known, so they can be used as an indicator group for habitat mapping. Our key includes 302 terrestrial and aquatic entities mainly from lowland Amazonian forests. It is a free-access key, so the user can freely choose which morphological features to use and in which order to assess them. All taxa are richly illustrated, so specimens can be identified by a combination of character choices, visual comparison, and written descriptions. The identification tool was developed in Lucid 3.5 software and it is available at http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org:8080/sandbox/keys.jsp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Zuquim
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland
- Brazilian National Program for Biodiversity Research (PPBio), Av. André Araújo, 2.936, 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Hanna Tuomisto
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Jefferson Prado
- Instituto de Botânica, Herbário SP, Av. Miguel Estéfano, 3687, 04301-902, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Sosef MSM, Dauby G, Blach-Overgaard A, van der Burgt X, Catarino L, Damen T, Deblauwe V, Dessein S, Dransfield J, Droissart V, Duarte MC, Engledow H, Fadeur G, Figueira R, Gereau RE, Hardy OJ, Harris DJ, de Heij J, Janssens S, Klomberg Y, Ley AC, Mackinder BA, Meerts P, van de Poel JL, Sonké B, Stévart T, Stoffelen P, Svenning JC, Sepulchre P, Zaiss R, Wieringa JJ, Couvreur TLP. Exploring the floristic diversity of tropical Africa. BMC Biol 2017; 15:15. [PMID: 28264718 PMCID: PMC5339970 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the patterns of biodiversity distribution and what influences them is a fundamental pre-requisite for effective conservation and sustainable utilisation of biodiversity. Such knowledge is increasingly urgent as biodiversity responds to the ongoing effects of global climate change. Nowhere is this more acute than in species-rich tropical Africa, where so little is known about plant diversity and its distribution. In this paper, we use RAINBIO - one of the largest mega-databases of tropical African vascular plant species distributions ever compiled - to address questions about plant and growth form diversity across tropical Africa. RESULTS The filtered RAINBIO dataset contains 609,776 georeferenced records representing 22,577 species. Growth form data are recorded for 97% of all species. Records are well distributed, but heterogeneous across the continent. Overall, tropical Africa remains poorly sampled. When using sampling units (SU) of 0.5°, just 21 reach appropriate collection density and sampling completeness, and the average number of records per species per SU is only 1.84. Species richness (observed and estimated) and endemism figures per country are provided. Benin, Cameroon, Gabon, Ivory Coast and Liberia appear as the botanically best-explored countries, but none are optimally explored. Forests in the region contain 15,387 vascular plant species, of which 3013 are trees, representing 5-7% of the estimated world's tropical tree flora. The central African forests have the highest endemism rate across Africa, with approximately 30% of species being endemic. CONCLUSIONS The botanical exploration of tropical Africa is far from complete, underlining the need for intensified inventories and digitization. We propose priority target areas for future sampling efforts, mainly focused on Tanzania, Atlantic Central Africa and West Africa. The observed number of tree species for African forests is smaller than those estimated from global tree data, suggesting that a significant number of species are yet to be discovered. Our data provide a solid basis for a more sustainable management and improved conservation of tropical Africa's unique flora, and is important for achieving Objective 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011-2020. In turn, RAINBIO provides a solid basis for a more sustainable management and improved conservation of tropical Africa's unique flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc S M Sosef
- Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860, Meise, Belgium.
| | - Gilles Dauby
- DIADE, Université Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire d'Évolution biologique et Écologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- CESAB/FRB, Domaine du Petit Arbois, Av. Louis Philibert, Aix-en-Provence, 13100, France
| | - Anne Blach-Overgaard
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Luís Catarino
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Theo Damen
- Wageningen University, Biosystematics Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Deblauwe
- DIADE, Université Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique Africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Écologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, École Normale Supérieure, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Box 951496, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, BP 2008 (Messa), Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Steven Dessein
- Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860, Meise, Belgium
| | | | - Vincent Droissart
- Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique Africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri, 63166-0299, USA
- AMAP, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Cristina Duarte
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henry Engledow
- Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860, Meise, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey Fadeur
- Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique Africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Rui Figueira
- CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- CEABN/InBio, Centro de Ecologia Aplicada "Professor Baeta Neves", Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Roy E Gereau
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri, 63166-0299, USA
| | - Olivier J Hardy
- Laboratoire d'Évolution biologique et Écologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David J Harris
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janneke de Heij
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Picturae, De Droogmakerij 12, 1851LX, Heiloo, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Janssens
- Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860, Meise, Belgium
| | - Yannick Klomberg
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra C Ley
- Institut für Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Im Neuwerk 21, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara A Mackinder
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pierre Meerts
- Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique Africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie végétale et Biogéochimie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jeike L van de Poel
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Écologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, École Normale Supérieure, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Tariq Stévart
- Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860, Meise, Belgium
- Herbarium et Bibliothèque de Botanique Africaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Missouri Botanical Garden, Africa & Madagascar Department, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri, 63166-0299, USA
| | - Piet Stoffelen
- Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, BE-1860, Meise, Belgium
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Section for Ecoinformatics & Biodiversity, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pierre Sepulchre
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rainer Zaiss
- AMAP, CNRS, INRA, IRD, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan J Wieringa
- Wageningen University, Biosystematics Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas L P Couvreur
- DIADE, Université Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier, France.
- Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Écologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, École Normale Supérieure, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Ancient human disturbances may be skewing our understanding of Amazonian forests. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:522-527. [PMID: 28049821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1614577114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the Amazon rainforest houses much of Earth's biodiversity and plays a major role in the global carbon budget, estimates of tree biodiversity originate from fewer than 1,000 forest inventory plots, and estimates of carbon dynamics are derived from fewer than 200 recensus plots. It is well documented that the pre-European inhabitants of Amazonia actively transformed and modified the forest in many regions before their population collapse around 1491 AD; however, the impacts of these ancient disturbances remain entirely unaccounted for in the many highly influential studies using Amazonian forest plots. Here we examine whether Amazonian forest inventory plot locations are spatially biased toward areas with high probability of ancient human impacts. Our analyses reveal that forest inventory plots, and especially forest recensus plots, in all regions of Amazonia are located disproportionately near archaeological evidence and in areas likely to have ancient human impacts. Furthermore, regions of the Amazon that are relatively oversampled with inventory plots also contain the highest values of predicted ancient human impacts. Given the long lifespan of Amazonian trees, many forest inventory and recensus sites may still be recovering from past disturbances, potentially skewing our interpretations of forest dynamics and our understanding of how these forests are responding to global change. Empirical data on the human history of forest inventory sites are crucial for determining how past disturbances affect modern patterns of forest composition and carbon flux in Amazonian forests.
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ter Steege H, Vaessen RW, Cárdenas-López D, Sabatier D, Antonelli A, de Oliveira SM, Pitman NCA, Jørgensen PM, Salomão RP. The discovery of the Amazonian tree flora with an updated checklist of all known tree taxa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29549. [PMID: 27406027 PMCID: PMC4942782 DOI: 10.1038/srep29549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amazonia is the most biodiverse rainforest on Earth, and the debate over how many tree species grow there remains contentious. Here we provide a checklist of all tree species collected to date, and describe spatial and temporal trends in data accumulation. We report 530,025 unique collections of trees in Amazonia, dating between 1707 and 2015, for a total of 11,676 species in 1225 genera and 140 families. These figures support recent estimates of 16,000 total Amazonian tree species based on ecological plot data from the Amazonian Tree Diversity Network. Botanical collection in Amazonia is characterized by three major peaks, centred around 1840, 1920, and 1980, which are associated with flora projects and the establishment of inventory plots. Most collections were made in the 20th century. The number of collections has increased exponentially, but shows a slowdown in the last two decades. We find that a species' range size is a better predictor of the number of times it has been collected than the species' estimated basin-wide population size. Finding, describing, and documenting the distribution of the remaining species will require coordinated efforts at under-collected sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans ter Steege
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil
| | - Rens W. Vaessen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Vondellaan 55, Postbus 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dairon Cárdenas-López
- Herbario Amazónico Colombiano, Instituto SINCHI, Calle 20 No 5-44, Bogotá, DF, Colombia
| | - Daniel Sabatier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, UMR AMAP), TA A-51/PS2, Bd. de la Lironde, 34398 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Botanical Garden, Carl Skottsbergs gata 22A, SE-413 19, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Nigel C. A. Pitman
- Science and Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605–2496, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA
| | | | - Rafael P. Salomão
- Coordenação de Botânica, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376, C.P. 399, Belém, PA 66040–170, Brazil
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