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Giordano MV, Crisi PE, Gramenzi A, Cattaneo D, Corna L, Sung CH, Tolbert KM, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Boari A. Fecal microbiota and concentrations of long-chain fatty acids, sterols, and unconjugated bile acids in cats with chronic enteropathy. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1401592. [PMID: 38933703 PMCID: PMC11199873 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1401592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline chronic enteropathies (FCE) are common causes of chronic gastrointestinal signs in cats and include different diseases such as food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL). Although changes in intestinal microbiota and fecal metabolites have been reported in dogs and humans with chronic enteropathy, research in cats has been limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fecal microbiota and lipid-related fecal metabolites in cats with FCE to a clinically healthy comparison group (CG). A total of 34 cats with FCE (13 FRE, 15 IBD, and 6 LGITL) and 27 cats in the CG were enrolled in this study. The fecal microbiota was evaluated by the qPCR-based feline Dysbiosis Index (DI). The feline DI in cats with CE (median: 1.3, range: -2.4 to 3.8) was significantly higher (p < 0.0001) compared to CG (median: - 2.3, Range: -4.3 to 2.3), with no difference found among the FCE subgroups. The fecal abundances of Faecalibacterium (p < 0.0001), Bacteroides (p < 0.0001), Fusobacterium (p = 0.0398), Bifidobacterium (p = 0.0004), and total bacteria (p = 0.0337) significantly decreased in cats with FCE. Twenty-seven targeted metabolites were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, including long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), sterols, and bile acids (BAs). Fecal concentrations of 5 of 12 LCFAs were significantly increased in cats with FCE compared to CG. Fecal concentrations of zoosterol (p = 0.0109), such as cholesterol (p < 0.001) were also significantly increased in cats with FCE, but those of phytosterols were significantly decreased in this group. No differences in fecal BAs were found between the groups. Although no differences were found between the four groups, the fecal metabolomic pattern of cats with FRE was more similar to that of the CG than to those with IBD or LGITL. This could be explained by the mild changes associated with FRE compared to IBD and LGITL. The study showed changes in intestinal microbiota and alteration of fecal metabolites in FCE cats compared to the CG. Changes in fecal lipids metabolites suggest a dysmetabolism of lipids, including LCFAs, sterols, and unconjugated BAs in cats with CE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paolo Emidio Crisi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano D’Accio, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gramenzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano D’Accio, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Luca Corna
- Endovet Professional Association, Rome, Italy
| | - Chi-Hsuan Sung
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Katherine M. Tolbert
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Andrea Boari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Piano D’Accio, Teramo, Italy
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Drut A, Mkaouar H, Kriaa A, Mariaule V, Akermi N, Méric T, Sénécat O, Maguin E, Hernandez J, Rhimi M. Gut microbiota in cats with inflammatory bowel disease and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1346639. [PMID: 38812688 PMCID: PMC11133722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1346639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
In cats and humans, several physiological and environmental factors have been shown to alter the gut microbiota of healthy individuals. Cats share several diseases with humans such as inflammatory bowel diseases and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. The physiopathology of these chronic enteropathies is poorly understood but may involve disequilibrium of the gut microbiota composition and disruption of normal microbiome activity profiles. These disorders are increasingly diagnosed in the feline species due to improved medicalization and easier access to endoscopy in veterinary practice. This review addresses the current data on the gut microbiota of cats in health and in chronic enteropathies. Such functional analysis will help the advancement of innovative diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Drut
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Héla Mkaouar
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aicha Kriaa
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vincent Mariaule
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nizar Akermi
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Tristan Méric
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Odile Sénécat
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Juan Hernandez
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Oniris VetAgroBio Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- MIHA Team, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Garrigues Q, Mugnier A, Chastant S, Sicard F, Martin JC, Svilar L, Castex M, Ramis-Vidal MG, Rovere N, Michaud L, David P, Mansalier E, Rodiles A, Mila H, Apper E. The supplementation of female dogs with live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 acts as gut stabilizer at whelping and modulates immunometabolic phenotype of the puppies. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1366256. [PMID: 38680531 PMCID: PMC11048480 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1366256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Time around parturition is a stressful period for both bitches and their puppies. The use of probiotics has been proposed, e.g., in pigs, to improve health status of sows, their reproductive performances and in turn, the health and performance of their progeny. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact, on both dams and puppies, of a supplementation of bitches with the live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii CNCM I-1079 (SB-1079) during the second part of the gestation and the lactation period. A total of 36 bitches of medium and large-sized breeds were enrolled. They were divided into two groups, one of which received 1.3 × 109 colony forming units of live yeast per day. At dam's level, SB-1079 yeast shaped a different microbiota structure between the two groups just after whelping, impacted alpha diversity and some plasma metabolites related to energy metabolism. Regarding reproductive performances, SB-1079 improved gross energy of the colostrum (1.4 vs. 1.2 kcal of ME/g) as well as the concentration of protein in milk at Day 7 after parturition (10.4 vs. 7.6%). SB-1079 also reduced the odds of having low birth weight in the litter. At puppy's level, a modulation of immunometabolic phenotype is suggested by the observation of increased growth rates during the early pediatric period (i.e., between 21 and 56 days of life, 225 vs. 190%) and a decrease of the IL-8:IL-10 ratio after vaccination against rabies (4.2 vs. 16.9). Our findings suggest that SB-1079 supplementation during gestation and lactation has the potential to enhance health of bitches and in turn health of puppies through maternal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Flavie Sicard
- Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
- CriBioM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Ljubica Svilar
- Aix-Marseille Université, C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Marseille, France
- CriBioM, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Manuel Guillermo Ramis-Vidal
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Instituo Murciano de Investigación en Biomedicina (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicoletta Rovere
- Department of HASFS, VESPA, University of Veterinary, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pauline David
- NeoCare, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Hanna Mila
- NeoCare, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Ma L, Zhu Y, Zhu La ALT, Lourenco JM, Callaway TR, Bu D. Schizochytrium sp. and lactoferrin supplementation alleviates Escherichia coli K99-induced diarrhea in preweaning dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1603-1619. [PMID: 37769949 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Calf diarrhea, a common disease mainly induced by Escherichia coli infection, is one of the main reasons for nonpredator losses. Hence, an effective nonantibacterial approach to prevent calf diarrhea has become an emerging requirement. This study evaluated the microalgae Schizochytrium sp. (SZ) and lactoferrin (LF) as a nutrient intervention approach against E. coli O101:K99-induced preweaning calve diarrhea. Fifty 1-d-old male Holstein calves were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10): (1) control, (2) blank (no supplement or challenge), (3) 1 g/d LF, (4) 20 g/d SZ, or (5) 1 g/d LF plus 20 g/d SZ (LFSZ). The experimental period lasted 14 d. On the morning of d 7, calves were challenged with 1 × 1011 cfu of E. coli O101:K99, and rectum feces were collected on 3, 12, 24, and 168 h postchallenge for the control, LF, SZ, and LFSZ groups. The rectal feces of the blank group were collected on d 14. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.). The E. coli K99 challenge decreased the average daily gain (ADG) and increased feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) and diarrhea frequency (control vs. blank). Compared with the control group, the LFSZ group had a higher ADG and lower F:G, and the LFSZ and SZ groups had lower diarrhea frequency compared with the control group. In addition, the LFSZ and SZ groups have no differences in diarrhea frequency compared with the blank group. Compared with the control group, the blank group had lower serum nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1, d-lactic acid (D-LA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, as well as serum IgG, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels on d 7 and 14. On d 7, compared with the control group, all treatment groups had lower serum NO level, the SZ group had a lower serum D-LA concentration, and the LF and LFSZ groups had lower serum LPS concentration. On d 14, compared with the control group, the fecal microbiota of the blank group had lower Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, and ACE indexes, the LFSZ group had lower Shannon and Simpson indexes, the SZ and LFSZ groups had a higher Chao1 index, and all treatment groups had a higher ACE index. In fecal microbiota, Bifidobacterium and Actinobacteria were negatively associated with IL-10 and d-lactate, while Akkermansia was negatively associated with endothelin-1 and positively correlated with LPS, fecal scores, and d-lactate levels. Our results indicated that LF and SZ supplements could alleviate E. coli O101:K99-induced calf diarrhea individually or in combination. Supplementing 1 g/d LF and 20 g/d SZ could be a potential nutrient intervention approach to prevent bacterial diarrhea in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A La Teng Zhu La
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J M Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - T R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Beijing 100193, China.
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5
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Marchi PH, Vendramini THA, Zafalon RVA, Príncipe LDA, Cesar CGL, Perini MP, Putarov TC, Gomes COMS, Balieiro JCDC, Brunetto MA. Effects of Increasing Levels of Purified Beta-1,3/1,6-Glucans on the Fecal Microbiome, Digestibility, and Immunity Variables of Healthy Adult Dogs. Microorganisms 2024; 12:113. [PMID: 38257940 PMCID: PMC10818568 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Yeast-purified beta-1,3/1,6-glucans (BG) can modulate dogs' immune systems and microbiome, but the optimal inclusion dose remains unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of 0.0, 0.07, 0.14, and 0.28% inclusion of BG in a dry extruded diet on the digestibility, immunity, and fecal microbiota of healthy adult dogs. Eight male and female border collies [n = 4; body condition score (BCS) = 5] and English cocker spaniels (n = 4; BCS = 5), aged 3.5 ± 0.5 years, were randomly distributed into two 4 × 4 balanced Latin squares. Fecal microbiota (using 16S rRNA sequencing, Illumina®), apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients, fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFA), ammoniacal nitrogen, lactic acid, IgA and pH, lymphocyte immunophenotyping, intensity and percentage of phagocytosis and oxidative burst were determined. No differences were observed in Faith (p = 0.1414) and Pielou-evenness (p = 0.1151) between treatments, but beta diversity was different between 0.0% and 0.14% BG groups (p = 0.047). Moreover, the Firmicutes phylum was the most abundant in all groups and exhibited the highest relative abundance after the consumption of 0.14% BG, a finding considered beneficial for the canine microbiome. The Erysipelotrichaceae and Ruminococcaceae families, along with the Faecalibacterium and Prevotella genera, considered favorable for their involvement in butyrate production and other metabolites, showed increased abundance after the consumption of 0.14% BG. The potentially pathogenic Proteobacteria phylum displayed lower abundance after the consumption of 0.14% BG. Fecal concentrations of the evaluated compounds and pH did not differ after consumption of the BG at all percentages. Higher crude protein ADC was found after 0.14 and 0.28% BG consumption (p < 0.0001), but no differences were found for other nutrients. Phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and lymphocyte populations were not modulated by any of the treatments; however, 0.14% BG modulated the lymphocyte T CD4+:CD8+ ratio (p = 0.0368), an important marker of immune system efficiency. The inclusion of 0.14% BG resulted in the best responses and was the best dose evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Marchi
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Thiago Henrique Annibale Vendramini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Rafael Vessecchi Amorim Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Leonardo de Andrade Príncipe
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Cinthia Gonçalves Lenz Cesar
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Mariana Pamplona Perini
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | | | | | - Júlio Cesar de Carvalho Balieiro
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-000, Brazil; (P.H.M.); (R.V.A.Z.); (L.d.A.P.); (C.G.L.C.); (M.P.P.); (J.C.d.C.B.)
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Miller J, Żebrowska-Różańska P, Czajkowska A, Szponar B, Kumala-Ćwikła A, Chmielarz M, Łaczmański Ł. Faecal microbiota and fatty acids in feline chronic enteropathy. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:281. [PMID: 38124157 PMCID: PMC10731866 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline chronic enteropathy is a set of disorders defined as the presence of clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease for at least three weeks. The most common final diagnoses are inflammatory bowel disease and alimentary small cell lymphoma. The etiopathogenesis of these diseases is incompletely understood; however, it is hypothesised that they involve a combination of factors, including altered composition and/or functionality of the intestinal microbiome. An important factor in the interplay of the microbiome and host is the production of short- and branched-chain fatty acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible differences in faecal microbiota diversity, composition and fatty acid production between cats suffering from chronic enteropathy and healthy cats. Sixteen cats suffering from chronic enteropathy and fourteen healthy control cats were enrolled in the study. The microbiota compositions of faecal samples were analysed by using next-generation amplicon sequencing of the V3V4 fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. Fatty acids were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Both the alpha and beta diversities were significantly lower in samples obtained from cats with chronic enteropathy. The relative abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, orders Lactobacillales and Enterobacterales, family Enteriobacteriaceae and genus Escherichia Shigella were higher in diseased cats, whereas the abundance of the phylum Bacteroidota and order Peptococcales were higher in control cats. The faecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids were higher in cats with chronic enteropathy, with lower propionate proportions and higher butyrate proportions. CONCLUSION The study revealed alterations in microbiota compositions and short-chain fatty acid concentration in cats suffering from chronic enteropathy, which is an important finding both for research on the pathogenesis of the disease and for potential therapeutic interventions in the form of faecal microbiota transplantation and/or probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Miller
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, Wroclaw, 50-375, Poland.
| | - Paulina Żebrowska-Różańska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czajkowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Szponar
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kumala-Ćwikła
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Ji Y, Yang Y, Wu Z. Programming of metabolic and autoimmune diseases in canine and feline: linkage to the gut microbiome. Microb Pathog 2023; 185:106436. [PMID: 37913827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and autoimmune disorders have long represented challenging health problems because of their growing prevalence in companion animals. The gut microbiome, made up of trillions of microorganisms, is implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Similar to human beings, the complicated microbiome harbored in the gut of canines and felines emerges as a key factor determining a wide range of normal and disease conditions. Evidence accumulated from recent findings on canine and feline research uncovered that the gut microbiome is actively involved in host metabolism and immunity. Notably, the composition, abundance, activity, and metabolites of the gut microbiome are all elements that shape clinical outcomes concerning metabolism and immune function. This review highlights the implications of the gut microbiome for metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes, and hepatic lipidosis) and autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, asthma, and myasthenia gravis) in canine and feline animals, providing novel strategies and therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of pet diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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8
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Scarsella E, Fay JS, Jospin G, Jarett JK, Entrolezo Z, Ganz HH. Characterization and Description of the Fecal Microbiomes of Pet Domestic Ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo) Living in Homes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3354. [PMID: 37958109 PMCID: PMC10647649 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is a popular companion pet in the United States, with an estimated population of 500,000. Despite being obligate carnivores with a fast digestive system, little is known about their gut microbiomes. This study aims to compare the fecal microbiomes of healthy domestic ferrets and cats, which are both obligate carnivores. We collected and analyzed stool samples from 36 healthy ferrets and 36 healthy cats, sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Using QIIME 2, we assessed the alpha and beta diversities and identified the taxa differences. Compared to cats, ferrets exhibited a higher representation of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, while Bacteroidota and Actinomycetota were more prevalent in cats. The ferrets' microbiomes displayed lower alpha diversities. The highly present bacterial genera in the gut microbiomes of ferrets included Clostridium sensu stricto, Streptococcus, Romboutsia, Paeniclostridium, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Lactococcus. Notably, the ferrets' microbiomes significantly differed from those of cats. This research highlights the potential differences in gastrointestinal care for ferrets, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches. Future studies should explore microbiome variations in ferrets with gastrointestinal issues and their responses to dietary and medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Scarsella
- AnimalBiome, 400 29th Street, Suite 502, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (E.S.); (G.J.); (J.K.J.); (Z.E.)
| | - J. Skyla Fay
- Ferret Microbiome Research Institute, Hull, MA 02045, USA;
| | - Guillaume Jospin
- AnimalBiome, 400 29th Street, Suite 502, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (E.S.); (G.J.); (J.K.J.); (Z.E.)
| | - Jessica K. Jarett
- AnimalBiome, 400 29th Street, Suite 502, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (E.S.); (G.J.); (J.K.J.); (Z.E.)
| | - Zhandra Entrolezo
- AnimalBiome, 400 29th Street, Suite 502, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (E.S.); (G.J.); (J.K.J.); (Z.E.)
| | - Holly H. Ganz
- AnimalBiome, 400 29th Street, Suite 502, Oakland, CA 94609, USA; (E.S.); (G.J.); (J.K.J.); (Z.E.)
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9
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Sung CH, Pilla R, Marsilio S, Chow B, Zornow KA, Slovak JE, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Hill SL, Suchodolski JS. Fecal Concentrations of Long-Chain Fatty Acids, Sterols, and Unconjugated Bile Acids in Cats with Chronic Enteropathy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2753. [PMID: 37685017 PMCID: PMC10486672 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathy (CE) in cats encompasses food-responsive enteropathy, chronic inflammatory enteropathy (or inflammatory bowel disease), and low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma. While alterations in the gut metabolome have been extensively studied in humans and dogs with gastrointestinal disorders, little is known about the specific metabolic profile of cats with CE. As lipids take part in energy storage, inflammation, and cellular structure, investigating the lipid profile in cats with CE is crucial. This study aimed to measure fecal concentrations of various fatty acids, sterols, and bile acids. Fecal samples from 56 cats with CE and 77 healthy control cats were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, targeting 12 fatty acids, 10 sterols, and 5 unconjugated bile acids. Fecal concentrations of nine targeted fatty acids and animal-derived sterols were significantly increased in cats with CE. However, fecal concentrations of plant-derived sterols were significantly decreased in cats with CE. Additionally, an increased percentage of primary bile acids was observed in a subset of cats with CE. These findings suggest the presence of lipid maldigestion, malabsorption, and inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract of cats with CE. Understanding the lipid alterations in cats with CE can provide insights into the disease mechanisms and potential future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsuan Sung
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Sina Marsilio
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Betty Chow
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
- VCA Animal Specialty and Emergency Center, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan A. Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-H.S.)
| | - Steve L. Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
- Flagstaff Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting, Flagstaff, AZ 86004, USA
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (C.-H.S.)
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10
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Bai H, Liu T, Wang S, Gong W, Shen L, Zhang S, Wang Z. Identification of Gut Microbiome and Metabolites Associated with Acute Diarrhea in Cats. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0059023. [PMID: 37428087 PMCID: PMC10434016 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00590-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in diet and environment can lead to acute diarrhea in companion animals, but the composition and interactions of the gut microbiome during acute diarrhea remain unclear. In this multicenter case-control study, we investigated the relationship between intestinal flora and acute diarrhea in two breeds of cats. Acutely diarrheic American Shorthair (MD, n = 12) and British Shorthair (BD, n = 12) and healthy American Shorthair (MH, n = 12) and British Shorthair (BH, n = 12) cats were recruited. Gut microbial 16S rRNA sequencing, metagenomic sequencing, and untargeted metabolomic analysis were performed. We observed significant differences in beta-diversity (Adonis, P < 0.05) across breeds and disease state cohorts. Profound differences in gut microbial structure and function were found between the two cat breeds. In comparison to healthy British Shorthair cats, Prevotella, Providencia, and Sutterella were enriched while Blautia, Peptoclostridium, and Tyzzerella were reduced in American Shorthair cats. In the case-control cohort, cats with acute diarrhea exhibited an increased abundance of Bacteroidota, Prevotella, and Prevotella copri and a decreased abundance of Bacilli, Erysipelotrichales, and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae (both MD and BD cats, P < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis identified significant changes in the BD intestine, affecting 45 metabolic pathways. Moreover, using a random forest classifier, we successfully predicted the occurrence of acute diarrhea with an area under the curve of 0.95. Our findings indicate a distinct gut microbiome profile that is associated with the presence of acute diarrhea in cats. However, further investigations using larger cohorts of cats with diverse conditions are required to validate and extend these findings. IMPORTANCE Acute diarrhea is common in cats, and our understanding of the gut microbiome variations across breeds and disease states remains unclear. We investigated the gut microbiome of two cat breeds (British Shorthair and American Shorthair) with acute diarrhea. Our study revealed significant effects of breeds and disease states on the structure and function of the gut microbiota in cats. These findings emphasize the need to consider breed-related factors in animal nutrition and research models. Additionally, we observed an altered gut metabolome in cats with acute diarrhea, closely linked to changes in bacterial genera. We identified a panel of microbial biomarkers with high diagnostic accuracy for feline acute diarrhea. These findings provide novel insights into the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of feline gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasong Bai
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Songjun Wang
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Wenhui Gong
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Liya Shen
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Nourse Science Centre for Pet Nutrition, Wuhu, China
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11
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González F, Carelli A, Komarcheuski A, Uana M, do Prado RM, Rossoni D, Gomes M, Vasconcellos R. Yeast Cell Wall Compounds on The Formation of Fermentation Products and Fecal Microbiota in Cats: An In Vivo and In Vitro Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:637. [PMID: 36830424 PMCID: PMC9951743 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of yeast cell wall compounds (YCWs) being added to cat food on hindgut fermentation metabolites and fecal microbiota were assessed in in vivo Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) and in vitro Experiments 2 and 3 (Exp. 2 and 3). In Exp. 1, the cats' diets were supplemented with two dietary concentrations (46.2 and 92.4 ppm) of YCWs (YCW-15 and YCW-30, respectively), and a negative control diet with no compound in three groups (six cats per group) was used to assess the fecal score, pH, digestibility, fermentation products, and microbiota. In Exp. 2, feces from the cats that were not supplemented with YCWs (control) were used as an inoculum. A blend of pectin, amino acids, and cellulose was used as a substrate, and the YCW compound was added at two levels (5 and 10 mg). In Exp. 3, feces from cats fed YCWs were used as an inoculum to test three different substrates (pectin, amino acids, and cellulose). In Exp. 2 and 3, the gas production, pH, and fermentation products (ammonia, SCFAs, and BCFAs) were assessed. YCW-30 resulted in a higher digestibility coefficient of the crude protein, organic matter (OM) (p < 0.05), and energy of the diet (p < 0.10). Regarding the fermentation products, YCW-15 showed a trend toward higher concentrations of propionate, acetate, lactate, ammonia, isobutyrate, and valerate, while YCW-30 showed a trend (p < 0.10) toward higher levels of butyrate and pH values. The bacteroidia class and the genus Prevotella were increased by using YCW-30 and the control. At the gender level, decreased (p < 0.01) Megasphaera was observed with YCW inclusion. The microbiota differed (p < 0.01) among the groups in their Shannon indexes. For beta diversity, YCW-30 showed higher indexes (p = 0.008) than the control. The microbiota metabolic profile differed in the pathway CENTFERM-PWY; it was more expressed in YCW-30 compared to the control. In Exp. 2, the YCWs showed a higher ratio (p = 0.006) of the fermentation products in the treatments with additives with a trend towards a high dose of the additive (10 mg). In Exp. 3, the effects of the substrates (p < 0.001), but not of the YCWs, on the fermentation products were observed, perhaps due to the low dietary concentrations we used. However, the marked responses of the fermentation products to the substrates validated the methodology. We could conclude that the YCWs, even at low dietary concentrations, affected fecal SCFA production, reduced the fecal pH, and modulated the fecal microbiota in the cats. These responses were more pronounced under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP)—São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 13690-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carelli
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Alina Komarcheuski
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Mayara Uana
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho Martin do Prado
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Rossoni
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP)—São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 13690-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vasconcellos
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
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12
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Nealon NJ, Wood A, Rudinsky AJ, Klein H, Salerno M, Parker VJ, Quimby JM, Howard J, Winston JA. Fecal identification markers impact the feline fecal microbiota. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1039931. [PMID: 36846255 PMCID: PMC9946173 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1039931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fecal diagnostics are a mainstay of feline medicine, and fecal identification markers help to distinguish individuals in a multi-cat environment. However, the impact of identification markers on the fecal microbiota are unknown. Given the increased interest in using microbiota endpoints to inform diagnosis and treatment, the objective of this study was to examine the effects of orally supplemented glitter and crayon shavings on the feline fecal microbiota (amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene V4 region). Fecal samples were collected daily from six adult cats that were randomized to receive oral supplementation with either glitter or crayon for two weeks, with a two-week washout before receiving the second marker. No adverse effects in response to marker supplementation were seen for any cat, and both markers were readily identifiable in the feces. Microbiota analysis revealed idiosyncratic responses to fecal markers, where changes in community structure in response to glitter or crayon could not be readily discerned. Given these findings, it is not recommended to administered glitter or crayon shavings as a fecal marker when microbiome endpoints are used, however their clinical use with other diagnostics should still be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Jean Nealon
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alexandra Wood
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Adam J. Rudinsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hannah Klein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Salerno
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Valerie J. Parker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jessica M. Quimby
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James Howard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenessa A. Winston
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Comparative Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Research Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Jenessa A. Winston ✉
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13
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Liu H, Yan C, Hao C, Wang D, Liu Y, Luo ZB, Han SZ, Wang JX, Li D, Zhu J, Chang SY, Yang LH, Lin X, Yan C, Kang JD, Quan LH. Dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota and metabolite composition of pre-weaned beef calves. Microb Pathog 2023; 175:105991. [PMID: 36649780 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.105991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbes and their metabolites are essential for maintaining host health and production. The intestinal microflora of pre-weaned calves gradually tends to mature with growth and development and has high plasticity, but few studies have explored the dynamic changes of intestinal microbiota and metabolites in pre-weaned beef calves. In this study, we tracked the dynamics of faecal microbiota in 13 new-born calves by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analysed changes in faecal amino acid levels using metabolomics. Calves were divided into the relatively high average daily gain group (HA) and the relatively low average daily gain group (LA) for comparison. The results demonstrated that the alpha diversity of the faecal microbiota increased with calf growth and development. The abundance of Porphyromonadaceae bacterium DJF B175 increased in the HA group, while that of Lactobacillus reuteri decreased. The results of the LEfSe analysis showed that the microbiota of faeces of HA calves at eight weeks of age was enriched with P. bacterium DJF B175, while Escherichia coli and L. reuteri were enriched in the microbiota of faeces of LA calves. Besides, the total amino acid concentration decreased significantly in the eighth week compared with that in the first week (P < 0.05). Overall, even under the same management conditions, microorganisms and their metabolites interact to play different dynamic regulatory roles. Our results provide new insights into changes in the gut microbiota and metabolites of pre-weaned calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Liu
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Chunri Yan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Chunyun Hao
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Danqi Wang
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Yize Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Zhao-Bo Luo
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Sheng-Zhong Han
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Jun-Xia Wang
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Dongxu Li
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biological Functional Molecules, College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Shuang-Yan Chang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Liu-Hui Yang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Xuemei Lin
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Changguo Yan
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China; Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Jin-Dan Kang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
| | - Lin-Hu Quan
- Engineering Research Center of North-East Cold Region Beef Cattle Science & Technology Innovation, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China; College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, China.
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14
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Gookin JL, Strong SJ, Bruno-Bárcena JM, Stauffer SH, Williams S, Wassack E, Azcarate-Peril MA, Estrada M, Seguin A, Balzer J, Davidson G. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of feline-origin Enterococcus hirae probiotic effects on preventative health and fecal microbiota composition of fostered shelter kittens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:923792. [PMID: 36467638 PMCID: PMC9714445 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.923792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diarrhea is the second most common cause of mortality in shelter kittens. Studies examining prevention strategies in this population are lacking. Probiotics are of particular interest but studies in cats are largely limited to healthy adults or those with induced disease. Only one study in domestic cats describes the use of host-derived bacteria as a probiotic. We previously identified Enterococcus hirae as a dominant species colonizing the small intestinal mucosa in healthy shelter kittens. Oral administration of a probiotic formulation of kitten-origin E. hirae (strain 1002-2) mitigated the increase in intestinal permeability and fecal water loss resulting from experimental enteropathogenic E. coli infection in purpose-bred kittens. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that administration of kitten-origin E. hirae to weaned fostered shelter kittens could provide a measurable preventative health benefit. METHODS We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trial to determine the impact of a freeze-dried E. hirae probiotic on body weight gain, incidence of diarrhea, carriage of potential diarrheal pathogens, and composition of the intestinal microbiota in weaned fostered shelter kittens. RESULTS One-hundred thirty kittens completed the study. Fifty-eight kittens received the probiotic and 72 received the placebo. There were no significant differences in age, weight upon initiation of the study, number of days in the study, average daily gain in body weight, or weight at completion of the study. Kittens treated with E. hirae were 3.4 times less likely to develop diarrhea compared to kittens treated with placebo (odds ratio = 0.294, 95% CI 0.109-0.792, p = 0.022). A significant impact of E. hirae was not observed on the presence or abundance of 30 different bacterial, viral, protozoal, fungal, algal, and parasitic agents in feces examined by qPCR. With exception to a decrease in Megamonas, administration of the E. hirae probiotic did not alter the predominant bacterial phyla present in feces based on 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. DISCUSSION Decreased incidence of diarrhea associated with preventative administration of E. hirae to foster kittens supports a rationale for use of E. hirae for disease prevention in this young population at high risk for intestinal disease though additional studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Gookin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Sandra J Strong
- Department of Environmental Services, Wake County Animal Center, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Orange County Animal Services, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - José M Bruno-Bárcena
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Stephen H Stauffer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Shelby Williams
- Veterinary Hospital Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- University of Wisconsin Veterinary Care, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Erica Wassack
- Veterinary Hospital Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and UNC Microbiome Core, Department of Medicine, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Marko Estrada
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., West Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Alexis Seguin
- IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., West Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Joerg Balzer
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division, IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Gigi Davidson
- Veterinary Hospital Pharmacy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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15
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Schwaiger K, Storch J, Bauer C, Bauer J. Abundance of selected bacterial groups in healthy calves and calves developing diarrhea during the first week of life: Are there differences before the manifestation of clinical symptoms? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958080. [PMID: 36386688 PMCID: PMC9641020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrhea is still the most common and economically most significant disease of newborn calves. Objective Analysis of the development of selected bacterial groups in the feces of neonatal calves and its significance regarding diarrhea. Animals A total of 150 newborn Simmental calves reared in 13 Bavarian farms were included in the study. Methods Fecal samples of calves taken at 0/6/12/24/48/72/168 hours (h) since birth were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, enterococci, and lactobacilli, using cultural, biochemical, and molecular-biological methods. Concurrently, the health status of the animals was recorded. The bacterial levels of healthy and diarrheic animals were compared using statistical methods. In addition, feces samples from calves that developed diarrhea were examined by ELISA for the presence of rotaviruses, coronaviruses, E. coli F5, and Cryptosporidium (Cr.) parvum. Results Fifty-seven out of 150 calves (37.3 %) that were examined developed diarrhea within the first week of life. In the feces of calves with diarrhea on day 1 of life, the levels of aerobes, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while no significant differences in enterococci and lactobacilli were found. In animals with the onset of diarrhea on day 2 after birth, the load of lactobacilli was significantly reduced up to 24 h before the manifestation of clinical symptoms compared to healthy calves. For enterococci, this was only the case on the day of the onset of diarrhea. In addition, the ratios of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae or E. coli to lactobacilli, of calves with diarrhea starting on day 2 after birth are significantly higher than those of healthy calves. The detection frequency of specific pathogens in diarrheic calves increased over the first week of life. Conclusion The results suggest that the incidence of neonatal diarrhea in calves is favored by low levels of lactobacilli in the feces. From this, the hypothesis can be derived that, in addition to an optimal supply of colostrum, the earliest possible administration of lactobacilli might reduce neonatal diarrhea in calves. However, this must be verified in a subsequent feeding experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Schwaiger
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute for Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Karin Schwaiger
| | - Julia Storch
- Veterinary Office Landratsamt Fürstenfeldbruck, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Christoph Bauer
- Department of Quality Assurance and Analytics, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Freising, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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16
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The Effects of Bacillus licheniformis—Fermented Products on the Microbiota and Clinical Presentation of Cats with Chronic Diarrhea. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172187. [PMID: 36077904 PMCID: PMC9454741 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis-fermented products (BLFP) are probiotics with antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties that can improve growth performance. This study aimed to compare the fecal microbiota of diarrheal cats with chronic diarrhea (n = 8) with that of healthy cats (n = 4) from the same household using next-generation sequencing, and evaluate the effectiveness of oral administration of BLFP in relieving clinical signs and altering the intestinal microbiota in diarrheal cats. Six out of eight diarrheal cats showed clinical improvement after BLFP administration for 7 days, and the stool condition of the other two was normal. A higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was noted in the feces of diarrheal cats without clinical improvement as compared with those in the healthy cats and in the diarrheal cats with clinical improvement after receiving BLFP. The phylum Bacteroidetes and class Bacteroidia decreased significantly in diarrheal cats regardless of BLFP administration. Blautia spp., Ruminococcus torques, and Ruminococcus gnavus, which belong to the Clostridium cluster XIVa and have been reported as beneficial to intestinal health, increased significantly in feces after treatment. Furthermore, Clostridium perfringens also significantly decreased in diarrheal cats after BLFP administration. Overall, BLFP could be a potential probiotic to relieve gastrointestinal symptoms and improve fecal microbiota in cats with chronic diarrhea.
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17
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Sung CH, Marsilio S, Chow B, Zornow KA, Slovak JE, Pilla R, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Park SY, Hong MP, Hill SL, Suchodolski JS. Dysbiosis index to evaluate the fecal microbiota in healthy cats and cats with chronic enteropathies. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:e1-e12. [PMID: 35266809 PMCID: PMC9160961 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x221077876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have identified various bacterial taxa that are altered in cats with chronic enteropathies (CE) vs healthy cats. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a targeted quantitative molecular method to evaluate the fecal microbiota of cats. METHODS Fecal samples from 80 client-owned healthy cats and 68 cats with CE were retrospectively evaluated. A panel of quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays was used to measure the fecal abundance of total bacteria and seven bacterial taxa: Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium hiranonis, Escherichia coli, Faecalibacterium, Streptococcus and Turicibacter. The nearest centroid classifier algorithm was used to calculate a dysbiosis index (DI) based on these qPCR abundances. RESULTS The abundances of total bacteria, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, C hiranonis, Faecalibacterium and Turicibacter were significantly decreased, while those of E coli and Streptococcus were significantly increased in cats with CE (P <0.027 for all). The DI in cats with CE was significantly higher compared with healthy cats (P <0.001). When the cut-off value of the DI was set at 0, it provided 77% (95% confidence interval [CI] 66-85) sensitivity and 96% (95% CI 89-99) specificity to differentiate the microbiota of cats with CE from those of healthy cats. Fifty-two of 68 cats with CE had a DI >0. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A qPCR-based DI for assessing the fecal microbiota of cats was established. The results showed that a large proportion of cats with CE had an altered fecal microbiota as evidenced by an increased DI. Prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the utility of this assay for clinical assessment of feline CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hsuan Sung
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Sina Marsilio
- UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Betty Chow
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- VCA Animal Specialty and Emergency Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jörg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - So Young Park
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Min-Pyo Hong
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Steve L Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA
- Flagstaff Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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18
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Whole-Genome Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing Reveals Distinct Gut Microbiome Signatures of Obese Cats. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0083722. [PMID: 35467389 PMCID: PMC9241680 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00837-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity are growing health problems in domestic cats, increasing the risks of insulin resistance, lipid dyscrasias, neoplasia, cardiovascular disease, and decreasing longevity. The signature of obesity in the feline gut microbiota has not been studied at the whole-genome metagenomic level. We performed whole-genome shotgun metagenomic sequencing in the fecal samples of eight overweight/obese and eight normal cats housed in the same research environment. We obtained 271 Gbp of sequences and generated a 961-Mbp de novo reference contig assembly, with 1.14 million annotated microbial genes. In the obese cat microbiome, we discovered a significant reduction in microbial diversity (P < 0.01) and Firmicutes abundance (P = 0.005), as well as decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios (P = 0.02), which is the inverse of obese human/mouse microbiota. Linear discriminant analysis and quantitative PCR (qPCR) validation revealed significant increases of Bifidobacterium sp., Olsenella provencensis, Dialister sp.CAG:486, and Campylobacter upsaliensis as the hallmark of obese microbiota among 400 enriched species, whereas 1,525 bacterial species have decreased abundance in the obese microbiome. Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens and an uncharacterized Erysipelotrichaceae bacterium are highly abundant (>0.05%) in the normal gut with over 400-fold depletion in the obese microbiome. Fatty acid synthesis-related pathways are significantly overrepresented in the obese compared with the normal cat microbiome. In conclusion, we discovered dramatically decreased microbial diversity in obese cat gut microbiota, suggesting potential dysbiosis. A panel of seven significantly altered, highly abundant species can serve as a microbiome indicator of obesity. Our findings in the obese cat microbiome composition, abundance, and functional capacities provide new insights into feline obesity. IMPORTANCE Obesity affects around 45% of domestic cats, and licensed drugs for treating feline obesity are lacking. Physical exercise and calorie restrictions are commonly used for weight loss but with limited efficacy. Through comprehensive analyses of normal and obese cat gut bacteria flora, we identified dramatic shifts in the obese gut microbiome, including four bacterial species significantly enriched and two species depleted in the obese cats. The key bacterial community and functional capacity alterations discovered from this study will inform new weight management strategies for obese cats, such as evaluations of specific diet formulas that alter the microbiome composition, and the development of prebiotics and probiotics that promote the increase of beneficial species and the depletion of obesity-associated species. Interestingly, these bacteria identified in our study were also reported to affect the weight loss success in human patients, suggesting translational potential in human obesity.
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19
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Yu YY, Liang L, Xiao HB. Comparative study on fecal flora and blood biochemical indexes in normal and diarrhea British Shorthair cats. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:257. [PMID: 35416536 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 16S ribosomal DNA (16S rDNA) sequencing has been widely developed. In the present study, we investigated the changes of fecal flora analyzed by sequencing of 16S rDNA and the alteration of blood biochemical indexes in cats during diarrhea. Seven normal fecal samples and seven fecal samples of British Shorthair cats with bacterial diarrhea about 6 months old were collected. The 16S rDNA V3 region of the bacteria was amplified for high-throughput sequencing. Finally, species analysis at various levels was performed. At the same time, samples of blood were taken to examine the changes of biochemical indexes in cats with diarrhea. The abundance and diversity of microflora in the healthy group were greater than those in the diarrhea group. The normal floras in the feces of healthy cats were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. The content of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes varied greatly in diarrheal cats. In addition, the number of white blood cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and globulin were increased in cats with diarrhea, whereas albumin level was decreased in diarrheal cats. In conclusion, the present study suggests 16SrDNA technology showed that the intestinal Proteus was abundant, and the content of Firmicutes was scarce in cats with diarrhea. Escherichia-Shigella was the main pathogens in this sample. Rapid blood biochemical tests may help clinicians to assess the severity and prognosis of cats with diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Lin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Hong-Bo Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Furong District, Changsha, 410128, China.
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20
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Cao H, Yang X, Peng C, Wang Y, Guo Q, Su H. Gut microbiota reveals the environmental adaption in gastro-intestinal tract of wild boar in karst region of Southwest China. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-022-01669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Gut microbes has become one of the research hotspots in animal ecology, playing an important role in monitoring dietary adaptation and health status of host. However, there are few studies on the gut microbiota in the stomach, smallintestine (ileum), and large intestine (cecum, colon, and rectum) of wild boar.
Results
Alpha diversity and Beta diversity showed there were significant differences in the abundance and distribution of microbes in gastrointestinal tract of wild boar. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most dominant phyla in stomach, cecum, colon and rectum of wild boar, while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most dominant in ileum. At genus level, there were different leading genera in stomach (Prevotella and Lactobacillus), small intestine (Escherichia-Shigella and Lactobacillus), and large intestine (Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, and Escherichia-Shigella). PICRUSt function predictive analysis suggested that there were significant differences in microbial metabolic pathways among five locations of wild boar.
Conclusions
This study comprehensively revealed the differences in composition of microbial community in gastrointestinal trac of wild boar. Future work links microbes with the metabolites to accurately reveal the health of wild boar.
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21
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Islam J, Tanimizu M, Shimizu Y, Goto Y, Ohtani N, Sugiyama K, Tatezaki E, Sato M, Makino E, Shimada T, Ueda C, Matsuo A, Suyama Y, Sakai Y, Furukawa M, Usami K, Yoneyama H, Aso H, Tanaka H, Nochi T. Development of a rational framework for the therapeutic efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation for calf diarrhea treatment. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:31. [PMID: 35184756 PMCID: PMC8858662 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to prevent multifactorial diarrhea in calves is challenging because of the differences in farm management practices, the lack of optimal donors, and recipient selection. In this study, the underlying factors of successful and unsuccessful FMT treatment cases are elucidated, and the potential markers for predicting successful FMT are identified using fecal metagenomics via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, fecal metabolomics via capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and machine learning approaches. RESULTS Specifically, 20 FMT treatment cases, in which feces from healthy donors were intrarectally transferred into recipient diarrheal calves, were conducted with a success rate of 70%. Selenomonas was identified as a microorganism genus that showed significant donor-recipient compatibility in successful FMT treatments. A strong positive correlation between the microbiome and metabolome data, which is a prerequisite factor for FMT success, was confirmed by Procrustes analysis in successful FMT (r = 0.7439, P = 0.0001). Additionally, weighted gene correlation network analysis confirmed the positively or negatively correlated pairs of bacterial taxa (family Veillonellaceae) and metabolomic features (i.e., amino acids and short-chain fatty acids) responsible for FMT success. Further analysis aimed at establishing criteria for donor selection identified the genus Sporobacter as a potential biomarker in successful donor selection. Low levels of metabolites, such as glycerol 3-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and isoamylamine, in the donor or recipients prior to FMT, are predicted to facilitate FMT. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we provide the first substantial evidence of the factors related to FMT success or failure; these findings could improve the design of future microbial therapeutics for treating diarrhea in calves. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahidul Islam
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Masae Tanimizu
- East Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 1533 Naruto, Sanmu, Chiba, 289-1326, Japan
| | - Yu Shimizu
- East Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 1533 Naruto, Sanmu, Chiba, 289-1326, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Goto
- North Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 99-1 Nira, Katori, Chiba, 289-0407, Japan
| | - Natsuki Ohtani
- North Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 99-1 Nira, Katori, Chiba, 289-0407, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sugiyama
- North Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 99-1 Nira, Katori, Chiba, 289-0407, Japan
| | - Eriko Tatezaki
- North Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 99-1 Nira, Katori, Chiba, 289-0407, Japan
| | - Masumi Sato
- West Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 154-11, Shisui-machi, Imba-gun, Chiba, 285-0902, Japan
| | - Eiji Makino
- West Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 154-11, Shisui-machi, Imba-gun, Chiba, 285-0902, Japan
| | - Toru Shimada
- Central Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 736 Amoda, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0126, Japan
| | - Chise Ueda
- Central Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 736 Amoda, Ichihara, Chiba, 299-0126, Japan
| | - Ayumi Matsuo
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Sakai
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Furukawa
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Katsuki Usami
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneyama
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tanaka
- North Veterinary Clinical Center, Chiba Prefectural Federation of Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 99-1 Nira, Katori, Chiba, 289-0407, Japan.
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8572, Japan.
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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22
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Kathrani A, Yen S, Swann JR, Hall EJ. The effect of a hydrolyzed protein diet on the fecal microbiota in cats with chronic enteropathy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2746. [PMID: 35177696 PMCID: PMC8854717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06576-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a hydrolyzed protein diet on the fecal microbiota has not been studied in feline chronic enteropathy (CE). Our study aimed to (1) compare the fecal microbiota of cats with CE to control cats with no gastrointestinal signs and (2) determine the effect of a hydrolyzed protein diet on the fecal microbiota of cats with CE and whether this differs between dietary responders and non-responders. The fecal microbiome of cats with CE (n = 36) showed decreased α-diversity in terms of genus richness (P = 0.04) and increased β-diversity in terms of Bray–Curtis Dissimilarity (P < 0.001) compared to control cats (n = 14). Clostridium was the only genera significantly over-represented in cats with CE compared to control cats (adjusted P < 0.1). After 6-weeks of feeding the diet, fifteen cats were classified as responders and 18 as non-responders, based on clinical signs. At the genus level, α-diversity was increased in non-responders versus responders at diagnosis, but decreased after dietary intervention in both groups (P < 0.05). At the family level, non-responders became increasingly dissimilar after dietary intervention (P = 0.012). In general, the abundance of bacteria decreased with feeding a hydrolyzed diet, with the genera most significantly affected being more frequently observed in non-responders. Bifidobacterium was the only genus that increased significantly in abundance post-diet and this effect was observed in both responders and non-responders. Both Oscillibacter and Desulfovibrionaceae_unclassified were most abundant in non-responders at diagnosis but were rarely observed post diet in neither responders nor non-responders. Cats with CE had similar microbiota changes to those described in human inflammatory bowel disease. Whether the presence of Oscillibacter and Desulfovibrionaceae_unclassified are indicators of non-response to the diet at diagnosis requires further investigation. Despite the hydrolyzed diet reducing α-diversity in all cats with CE, this did not resolve gastrointestinal signs in some cats. However, responders metabolized the diet in a similar manner, reflected by sustained β-diversity, while the microbiome of non-responders became increasingly dissimilar compared to diagnosis at the family level. Therefore, the microbiome may not be as tightly regulated in cats with CE that are non-responders and therefore, these cats would require additional therapy for remission of clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kathrani
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Sandi Yen
- Oxford Centre for Microbiome Studies, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Jonathan R Swann
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Edward J Hall
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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23
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Short- and long-term effects of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or doxycycline on the gastrointestinal microbiome of growing cats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253031. [PMID: 34910719 PMCID: PMC8673677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment in early life influences gastrointestinal (GI) microbial composition and function. In humans, the resultant intestinal dysbiosis is associated with an increased risk for certain diseases later in life. The objective of this study was to determine the temporal effects of antibiotic treatment on the GI microbiome of young cats. Fecal samples were collected from cats randomly allocated to receive either amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20 mg/kg q12h) for 20 days (AMC group; 15 cats) or doxycycline (10 mg/kg q24h) for 28 days (DOX group;15 cats) as part of the standard treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. In addition, feces were collected from healthy control cats (CON group;15 cats). All cats were approximately two months of age at enrolment. Samples were collected on days 0 (baseline), 20 or 28 (AMC and DOX, respectively; last day of treatment), 60, 120, and 300. DNA was extracted and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and qPCR assays were performed. Fecal microbial composition was different on the last day of treatment for AMC cats, and 1 month after the end of antibiotic treatment for DOX cats, compared to CON cats. Species richness was significantly greater in DOX cats compared to CON cats on the last day of treatment. Abundance of Enterobacteriales was increased, and that of Erysipelotrichi was decreased in cats of the AMC group on the last day of treatment compared to CON cats. The abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria was increased in cats of the DOX group on days 60 and 120 compared to cats of the CON group. Only minor differences in abundances between the treatment groups and the control group were present on day 300. Both antibiotics appear to delay the developmental progression of the microbiome, and this effect is more profound during treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and one month after treatment with doxycycline. Future studies are required to determine if these changes influence microbiome function and whether they have possible effects on disease susceptibility in cats.
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24
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Butowski CF, Moon CD, Thomas DG, Young W, Bermingham EN. The effects of raw-meat diets on the gastrointestinal microbiota of the cat and dog: a review. N Z Vet J 2021; 70:1-9. [PMID: 34463606 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1975586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarise the available literature on the effects of consuming raw, red meat diets on the gastrointestinal microbiome of the cat and dog. In recent years, feeding raw meat diets to cats and dogs has increased, in part associated with trends in human nutrition for "natural" and "species-appropriate" diets. These diets range from home-prepared unprocessed, nutritionally incomplete diets to complete and balanced diets with sterilisation steps in their manufacturing process. Feeding some formats of raw meat diets has been associated with nutritional inadequacies and zoonotic transfer of pathogens. The feeding of raw meat diets has been shown to alter the gastrointestinal microbiome of the cat and dog, increasing the relative abundances of bacteria associated with protein and fat utilisation, including members of the genera Fusobacterium and Clostridium. While in humans, these genera are more commonly known for members that are associated with disease, they are a diverse group that also contains harmless commensals that are a normal component of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Moreover, members of these genera are known to produce butyrate from protein and amino acid fermentation and contribute to intestinal homeostasis in raw meat-fed dogs and cats. Currently, only a limited number of studies have examined the impacts of raw meat diets on the cat and dog microbiota, with many of these being descriptive. Additional controlled and systems-based studies are required to functionally characterise the roles of key microbial groups in the metabolism of raw meat diets, and determine their impacts on the health and nutrition of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Butowski
- Smart Foods, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C D Moon
- Resilient Agriculture, AgResearch Limited, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D G Thomas
- Centre for Feline Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - W Young
- Smart Foods, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E N Bermingham
- Smart Foods, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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25
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Suchodolski JS. Analysis of the gut microbiome in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2021; 50 Suppl 1:6-17. [PMID: 34514619 PMCID: PMC9292158 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome is an important immune and metabolic organ. Intestinal bacteria produce various metabolites that influence the health of the intestine and other organ systems, including kidney, brain, and heart. Changes in the microbiome in diseased states are termed dysbiosis. The concept of dysbiosis is constantly evolving and includes changes in microbiome diversity and/or structure and functional changes (eg, altered production of bacterial metabolites). Molecular tools are now the standard for microbiome analysis. Sequencing of microbial genes provides information about the bacteria present and their functional potential but lacks standardization and analytical validation of methods and consistency in the reporting of results. This makes it difficult to compare results across studies or for individual clinical patients. The Dysbiosis Index (DI) is a validated quantitative PCR assay for canine fecal samples that measures the abundance of seven important bacterial taxa and summarizes the results as one single number. Reference intervals are established for dogs, and the DI can be used to assess the microbiome in clinical patients over time and in response to therapy (eg, fecal microbiota transplantation). In situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry allows the identification of mucosa‐adherent and intracellular bacteria in animals with intestinal disease, especially granulomatous colitis. Future directions include the measurement of bacterial metabolites in feces or serum as markers for the appropriate function of the microbiome. This article summarizes different approaches to the analysis of gut microbiota and how they might be applicable to research studies and clinical practice in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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26
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Hashimoto-Hill S, Alenghat T. Inflammation-Associated Microbiota Composition Across Domestic Animals. Front Genet 2021; 12:649599. [PMID: 34239536 PMCID: PMC8257562 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.649599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic animals represent important resources for understanding shared mechanisms underlying complex natural diseases that arise due to both genetic and environmental factors. Intestinal inflammation, particularly inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is a significant health challenge in humans and domestic animals. While the etiology of IBD is multifactorial, imbalance of symbiotic gut microbiota has been hypothesized to play a central role in disease pathophysiology. Advances in genomic sequencing and analytical pipelines have enabled researchers to decipher the composition of the intestinal microbiota during health and in the context of naturally occurring diseases. This review compiles microbiome genomic data across domestic species and highlights a common occurrence of gut microbiome dysbiosis during idiopathic intestinal inflammation in multiple species, including dogs, cats, horses, cows, and pigs. Current microbiome data obtained from animals with intestinal inflammation are mostly limited to taxonomical analyses in association with broad clinical phenotype. In general, a pathogen or pathosymbiont were not detected. Rather, functional potential of the altered microbiota has been suggested to be one of the key etiologic factors. Among the domestic species studied, canine analyses are currently the most advanced with incorporation of functional profiling of microbiota. Canine IBD parallels features of the disease in humans, thus canines represent a strong natural model for human IBD. While deeper analyses of metagenomic data, coupled with host molecular analyses are needed, comparative studies across domestic species can reveal shared microbial alterations and regulatory mechanisms that will improve our understanding of intestinal inflammation in both animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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27
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Association between Dietary Habits and Fecal Microbiota Composition in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051479. [PMID: 33925672 PMCID: PMC8170891 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal dysbiosis seems to play a role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The present pilot study aimed to elucidate the association between nutrient intake and Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence with IBS symptoms and gut microbiota in IBS patients. The nutrient intake of 28 IBS patients and 21 controls was assessed through a food diary, the reference intake ranges (RIs) for energy-yielding macronutrients and the MD serving score (MDSS) index. MD adherence and nutrients intake were compared to IBS symptoms and fecal microbiota, obtained by 16S rRNA targeted-metagenomics. In IBS patients MDSS index was altered compared to controls (p < 0.01). IBS patients with low-MD score reported severe abdominal pain and higher flatulence point-scales. Through Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), Erysipelotrichaceae were detected as a microbial biomarker in IBS patients with altered RIs for macronutrients intake, compared to controls. Lactobacillaceae and Lactobacillus were associated to an altered carbohydrates intake in IBS patients, while specific taxonomic biomarkers, such as Aldercreuzia, Mogibacteriaceae, Rikenellaceae, Parabacteroides and F. prausnitzii were associated with an adequate intake of nutrient in these patients. This study supports an association between dietary patterns and gut microbial biomarkers in IBS patients. Further investigations are needed to clarify these connections.
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Kim ET, Lee SJ, Kim TY, Lee HG, Atikur RM, Gu BH, Kim DH, Park BY, Son JK, Kim MH. Dynamic Changes in Fecal Microbial Communities of Neonatal Dairy Calves by Aging and Diarrhea. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1113. [PMID: 33924525 PMCID: PMC8070554 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota plays a critical role in the overall growth performance and health status of dairy cows, especially during their early life. Several studies have reported that fecal microbiome of neonatal calves is shifted by various factors such as diarrhea, antibiotic treatment, or environmental changes. Despite the importance of gut microbiome, a lack of knowledge regarding the composition and functions of microbiota impedes the development of new strategies for improving growth performance and disease resistance during the neonatal calf period. In this study, we utilized next-generation sequencing to monitor the time-dependent dynamics of the gut microbiota of dairy calves before weaning (1-8 weeks of age) and further investigated the microbiome changes caused by diarrhea. Metagenomic analysis revealed that continuous changes, including increasing gut microbiome diversity, occurred from 1 to 5 weeks of age. However, the composition and diversity of the fecal microbiome did not change after 6 weeks of age. The most prominent changes in the fecal microbiome composition caused by aging at family level were a decreased abundance of Bacteroidaceae and Enterobacteriaceae and an increased abundance of Prevotellaceae. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis indicated that the abundance of microbial genes associated with various metabolic pathways changed with aging. All calves with diarrhea symptoms showed drastic microbiome changes and about a week later returned to the microbiome of pre-diarrheal stage regardless of age. At phylum level, abundance of Bacteroidetes was decreased (p = 0.09) and that of Proteobacteria increased (p = 0.07) during diarrhea. PICRUSt analysis indicated that microbial metabolism-related genes, such as starch and sucrose metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, alanine aspartate, and glutamate metabolism were significantly altered in diarrheal calves. Together, these results highlight the important implications of gut microbiota in gut metabolism and health status of neonatal dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Tae Kim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea; (E.-T.K.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-K.S.)
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (T.-Y.K.); (H.-G.L.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (T.-Y.K.); (H.-G.L.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Hyo-Gun Lee
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (T.-Y.K.); (H.-G.L.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Rahman M. Atikur
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (T.-Y.K.); (H.-G.L.); (R.M.A.)
| | - Bon-Hee Gu
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Dong-Hyeon Kim
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea; (E.-T.K.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-K.S.)
| | - Beom-Young Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Jun-Kyu Son
- Dairy Science Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000, Korea; (E.-T.K.); (D.-H.K.); (J.-K.S.)
| | - Myung-Hoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (S.-J.L.); (T.-Y.K.); (H.-G.L.); (R.M.A.)
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
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Jarett JK, Kingsbury DD, Dahlhausen KE, Ganz HH. Best Practices for Microbiome Study Design in Companion Animal Research. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644836. [PMID: 33898544 PMCID: PMC8062777 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a community of microorganisms that inhabits an animal host's gastrointestinal tract, with important effects on animal health that are shaped by multiple environmental, dietary, and host-associated factors. Clinical and dietary trials in companion animals are increasingly including assessment of the microbiome, but interpretation of these results is often hampered by suboptimal choices in study design. Here, we review best practices for conducting feeding trials or clinical trials that intend to study the effects of an intervention on the microbiota. Choices for experimental design, including a review of basic designs, controls, and comparison groups, are discussed in the context of special considerations necessary for microbiome studies. Diet is one of the strongest influences on the composition of gut microbiota, so applications specific to nutritional interventions are discussed in detail. Lastly, we provide specific advice for successful recruitment of colony animals and household pets into an intervention study. This review is intended to serve as a resource to academic and industry researchers, clinicians, and veterinarians alike, for studies that test many different types of interventions.
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Lucyshyn DR, Maggs DJ, Cooper AE, Rousseau JD, Weese JS. Feline conjunctival microbiota in a shelter: effects of time, upper respiratory disease and famciclovir administration. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:316-330. [PMID: 32820981 PMCID: PMC10812210 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20949038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the conjunctival microbiota of shelter-housed cats with time, upper respiratory disease (URD) and famciclovir administration. METHODS Cats were assigned to treatment groups on shelter entry. Healthy cats or cats with URD received ~30 mg/kg or ~90 mg/kg of famciclovir or placebo PO q12h for 7 days, or were untreated. Swabs were collected from ventral conjunctival fornices prior to (day 1) and immediately after (day 8) the treatment period. Microbiota analysis was conducted on 124 randomly selected swabs from healthy (56 swabs) or URD-affected (68 swabs) cats. Following DNA extraction and amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene, sequences were assembled into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Over-represented OTUs (as determined by linear discriminate analysis effect size), alpha and beta diversity, and median relative abundance of known feline ocular surface pathogens were assessed for the entire population and in 10 clinically relevant subpopulations of cats. RESULTS Bacteria from 33 phyla and 70 genera were identified. Considering all cats, median relative abundance of Mycoplasma increased from day 1 to day 8, while Proteobacteria decreased. Community membership and structure (beta diversity) differed between days 1 and 8 for all famciclovir-treated cats (regardless of health status or dose) and healthy or URD-affected cats (regardless of famciclovir dose). Differences in taxonomic diversity within a sample (alpha diversity) between day 1 and day 8 were not detected in any subpopulations. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Within 1 week of shelter entry, there were significant changes in community structure and membership of the feline conjunctival microbiota, with a shift towards over-representation of feline ocular surface pathogens. Although famciclovir may impact beta diversity of the feline conjunctival microbiota, absence of change in alpha diversity suggests minimal shift in individual cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica R Lucyshyn
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - David J Maggs
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ann E Cooper
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joyce D Rousseau
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - J Scott Weese
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Patra AK, Kar I. Heat stress on microbiota composition, barrier integrity, and nutrient transport in gut, production performance, and its amelioration in farm animals. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:211-247. [PMID: 33987600 PMCID: PMC8071753 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Livestock species experience several stresses, particularly weaning,
transportation, overproduction, crowding, temperature, and diseases in their
life. Heat stress (HS) is one of the most stressors, which is encountered in
livestock production systems throughout the world, especially in the tropical
regions and is likely to be intensified due to global rise in environmental
temperature. The gut has emerged as one of the major target organs affected by
HS. The alpha- and beta-diversity of gut microbiota composition are altered due
to heat exposure to animals with greater colonization of pathogenic microbiota
groups. HS also induces several changes in the gut including damages of
microstructures of the mucosal epithelia, increased oxidative insults, reduced
immunity, and increased permeability of the gut to toxins and pathogens.
Vulnerability of the intestinal barrier integrity leads to invasion of
pathogenic microbes and translocation of antigens to the blood circulations,
which ultimately may cause systematic inflammations and immune responses.
Moreover, digestion of nutrients in the guts may be impaired due to reduced
enzymatic activity in the digesta, reduced surface areas for absorption and
injury to the mucosal structure and altered expressions of the nutrient
transport proteins and genes. The systematic hormonal changes due to HS along
with alterations in immune and inflammatory responses often cause reduced feed
intake and production performance in livestock and poultry. The altered
microbiome likely orchestrates to the hosts for various relevant biological
phenomena occurring in the body, but the exact mechanisms how functional
communications occur between the microbiota and HS responses are yet to be
elucidated. This review aims to discuss the effects of HS on microbiota
composition, mucosal structure, oxidant-antioxidant balance mechanism, immunity,
and barrier integrity in the gut, and production performance of farm animals
along with the dietary ameliorations of HS. Also, this review attempts to
explain the mechanisms how these biological responses are affected by HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kumar Patra
- Department of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal 700037, India
| | - Indrajit Kar
- Department of Avian Sciences, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, West Bengal 700037, India
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Bierlein M, Hedgespeth BA, Azcarate-Peril MA, Stauffer SH, Gookin JL. Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in cats with naturally occurring and experimentally induced Tritrichomonas foetus infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246957. [PMID: 33606740 PMCID: PMC7894905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoal pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus infects the colon of domestic cats and is a major cause of chronic colitis and diarrhea. Treatment failure is common, but antibiotics may improve clinical signs in a subset of cats, leading researchers to question involvement of the colonic microbiota in disease pathogenesis. Studies performed in women with venereal Trichomonas vaginalis infections have revealed that dysbiosis of host microbiota contributes to pathogenicity with similar findings also found in mice with intestinal Tritrichomonas musculis The aim of this study was to characterize differences in the fecal microbiota of cats with and without naturally occurring T. foetus infection and in a group of kittens prior to and after experimentally induced infection. Archived fecal DNA from cats undergoing testing for T. foetus infection (n = 89) and experimentally infected kittens (n = 4; at pre-, 2 weeks, and 9 weeks post-infection) were analyzed by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Amongst the naturally infected population, the genera Megamonas and Helicobacter were significantly increased in prevalence and abundance in cats testing positive for T. foetus infection. In the group of four experimentally infected kittens, fecal samples post-infection had significantly lower abundance of genus Dialister and Megamonas and greater abundance of the class Betaproteobacteria and family Succinivibrionaceae. We hypothesize that T. foetus promotes dysbiosis by competition for fermentable substrates used by these bacteria and that metabolic byproducts may contribute to the pathogenesis of colonic inflammation and diarrhea. Future studies are warranted for the measurement of fecal concentrations of microbial and protozoal metabolites in cats with T. foetus infection for the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metzere Bierlein
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barry A. Hedgespeth
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, UNC Microbiome Core, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Stauffer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jody L. Gookin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Oba PM, Lee AH, Vidal S, Wyss R, Miao Y, Adesokan Y, Swanson KS. Effect of a novel animal milk oligosaccharide biosimilar on macronutrient digestibility and gastrointestinal tolerance, fecal metabolites, and fecal microbiota of healthy adult cats. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skaa399. [PMID: 33320182 PMCID: PMC7799586 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GNU100 is a novel animal milk oligosaccharide (AMO) biosimilar. In a recent in vitro fermentation study, GNU100 was shown to be fermentable by feline gastrointestinal microbiota and lead to increased short-chain fatty acid production. Our objectives herein were to evaluate the palatability, safety, and gastrointestinal tolerance of GNU100 in healthy adult cats. Exploratory end-points were measured to assess utility. In study 1, 20 adult cats were used to test the palatability of diets containing 0% or 1% GNU100. In study 2, 32 (mean age = 1.9 yr; mean body weight = 4.6 kg) male (n = 12) and female (n = 20) adult cats were used in a completely randomized design. After a 2-wk baseline, cats were assigned to one of the following treatment groups and fed for 26 wk: control (CT, no GNU100), low dose (LD, 0.5% GNU100), medium dose (MD, 1.0% GNU100), and high dose (HD, 1.5% GNU100). On weeks 2, 4, and 26, fresh fecal samples were collected for the measurement of stool quality and immune and inflammatory markers and on weeks 2 and 4 for microbiota and metabolites. On week 4, total feces were collected to measure apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility. On weeks 2, 4, and 26, blood samples were collected for serum chemistry, hematology, and inflammatory marker measurement. The palatability test showed that 1% GNU100 was strongly preferred (P < 0.05), with GNU100 having a 17.6:1 consumption ratio compared with control. In the long-term study, all cats remained healthy, without any signs of gastrointestinal intolerance or illness. All diets were well accepted, resulting in similar (P > 0.05) food intake, fecal characteristics, immunoglobulin A, and calprotectin, and dry matter, organic matter, fat, and crude protein digestibilities. Fecal butyrate was greater (P = 0.02) in cats fed HD than cats fed LD or MD. Fecal indole was lower (P = 0.02) in cats fed HD than cats fed LD. Cats fed CT had a higher (P = 0.003) relative abundance of Actinobacteria than cats fed LD. The relative abundance of Peptococcus was impacted by diet and time. At 4 wk, Campylobacter was lower in fecal samples of cats fed HD. Overall, the data suggest that dietary GNU100 supplementation was highly palatable, well tolerated, did not cause detrimental effects on fecal quality or nutrient digestibility, increased fecal butyrate concentrations, and reduced fecal indole concentrations, supporting the safety of GNU100 for inclusion in feline diets and suggesting potential benefits on gastrointestinal health of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Anne H Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Sara Vidal
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Romain Wyss
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Yong Miao
- Gnubiotics Sciences SA, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Saettone V, Biasato I, Radice E, Schiavone A, Bergero D, Meineri G. State-of-the-Art of the Nutritional Alternatives to the Use of Antibiotics in Humans and Monogastric Animals. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122199. [PMID: 33255356 PMCID: PMC7759783 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Antibiotic resistance represents a worldwide recognized issue affecting both human and veterinary medicine, with a particular focus being directed towards monogastric animals destined for human consumption. This scenario is the result of frequent utilization of the antibiotics either for therapeutic purposes (humans and animals) or as growth promoters (farmed animals). Therefore, the search for nutritional alternatives has progressively been the object of significant efforts by the scientific community. So far, probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics are considered the most promising products, as they are capable of preventing or treating gastrointestinal diseases as well as restoring a eubiosis condition after antibiotic-induced dysbiosis development. This review provides an updated state-of-the-art of these nutritional alternatives in both humans and monogastric animals. Abstract In recent years, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has been perpetrated across human medicine, animals destined for zootechnical productions and companion animals. Apart from increasing the resistance rate of numerous microorganisms and generating multi-drug resistance (MDR), the nonrational administration of antibiotics causes sudden changes in the structure of the intestinal microbiota such as dysbiotic phenomena that can have a great clinical significance for both humans and animals. The aim of this review is to describe the state-of-the-art of alternative therapies to the use of antibiotics and their effectiveness in humans and monogastric animals (poultry, pigs, fish, rabbits, dogs and cats). In particular, those molecules (probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics) which have a direct function on the gastrointestinal health are herein critically analysed in the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal diseases or dysbiosis induced by the consumption of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Saettone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.S.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Elisabetta Radice
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.S.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Domenico Bergero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.S.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Giorgia Meineri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Torino, Italy; (V.S.); (A.S.); (D.B.); (G.M.)
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Maldonado-Contreras A, Ferrer L, Cawley C, Crain S, Bhattarai S, Toscano J, Ward DV, Hoffman A. Dysbiosis in a canine model of human fistulizing Crohn's disease. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1785246. [PMID: 32730134 PMCID: PMC7524328 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1785246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory condition caused by the loss of mucosal tolerance toward the commensal microbiota. On average, 29.5% and 42.7% CD patients experience perianal complications at 10 and 20 y after diagnosis, respectively. Perianal CD (pCD) result in high disease burden, diminished quality of life, and elevated health-care costs. Overall pCD are predictors of poor long-term outcomes. Animal models of gut inflammation have failed to fully recapitulate the human manifestations of fistulizing CD. Here, we evaluated dogs with spontaneous canine anal furunculosis (CAF), a disease with clinical similarities to pCD, as a surrogate model for understanding the microbial contribution of human pCD pathophysiology. By comparing the gut microbiomes between dogs suffering from CAF (CAF dogs) and healthy dogs, we show CAF-dog microbiomes are either very dissimilar (dysbiotic) or similar (healthy-like), yet unique, to healthy dog's microbiomes. Compared to healthy or healthy-like CAF microbiomes, dysbiotic CAF microbiomes showed an increased abundance of Bacteroides vulgatus and Escherichia coli and a decreased abundance of Megamonas species and Prevotella copri. Our results mirror what have been reported in previous microbiome studies of patients with CD; particularly, CAF dogs exhibited two distinct microbiome composition: dysbiotic and healthy-like, with determinant bacterial taxa such as E. coli and P. copri that overlap what it has been found on their human counterpart. Thus, our results support the use of CAF dogs as a surrogate model to advance our understanding of microbial dynamics in pCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maldonado-Contreras
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA,CONTACT Ana Maldonado-Contreras Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Lluís Ferrer
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Cawley
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Crain
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Shakti Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Juan Toscano
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Doyle V. Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Hoffman
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Alessandri G, Argentini C, Milani C, Turroni F, Cristina Ossiprandi M, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Catching a glimpse of the bacterial gut community of companion animals: a canine and feline perspective. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1708-1732. [PMID: 32864871 PMCID: PMC7533323 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats have gained a special position in human society by becoming our principal companion animals. In this context, efforts to ensure their health and welfare have increased exponentially, with in recent times a growing interest in assessing the impact of the gut microbiota on canine and feline health. Recent technological advances have generated new tools to not only examine the intestinal microbial composition of dogs and cats, but also to scrutinize the genetic repertoire and associated metabolic functions of this microbial community. The application of high-throughput sequencing techniques to canine and feline faecal samples revealed similarities in their bacterial composition, with Fusobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as the most prevalent and abundant phyla, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Although key bacterial members were consistently present in their gut microbiota, the taxonomic composition and the metabolic repertoire of the intestinal microbial population may be influenced by several factors, including diet, age and anthropogenic aspects, as well as intestinal dysbiosis. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multitude of factors which play a role in the modulation of the canine and feline gut microbiota and that of their human owners with whom they share the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Alessandri
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Chiara Argentini
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Maria Cristina Ossiprandi
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience InstituteNational University of IrelandCorkIreland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
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Vojtkovská V, Voslářová E, Večerek V. Methods of Assessment of the Welfare of Shelter Cats: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091527. [PMID: 32872242 PMCID: PMC7552334 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At any moment, there are millions of cats housed in foster care facilities for abandoned and stray animals for various reasons worldwide. Care, management and regulation among these facilities differ. Moreover, shelters can never substitute the full comfort of a good home for the animal, and the welfare of cats in shelters is a subject of discussion in many respects. Cats are animals sensitive to changes; for most of them, placement in a shelter is a stressful experience because of changes in routine, environment and the presence of other animals. Stress is reflected in changes in behaviour, causes fluctuations in physiological values and disrupts the immune system, which is a predisposition to the development or reactivation of disease. Evaluation of the presence and intensity of negative impacts is possible through the use of evaluation tools based on indicators that help set the environment and management of keeping so as to disrupt the quality of life as little as possible. Although a comprehensive and valid welfare tool that would evaluate animal-based and at the same time resource-based (or management-based) indicators of cats in shelters is not currently available, it is possible to use partial evaluation of individual welfare indicators to assess welfare. This review aims to provide the readers with an insight into current options of assessment of the welfare of cats in shelters with an emphasis on behavioural, physiological and health indicators with an application in both practical and scientific contexts.
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Lyu Y, Su C, Verbrugghe A, Van de Wiele T, Martos Martinez-Caja A, Hesta M. Past, Present, and Future of Gastrointestinal Microbiota Research in Cats. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1661. [PMID: 32793152 PMCID: PMC7393142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between microbial community and host has profound effects on the health of animals. A balanced gastrointestinal (GI) microbial population provides nutritional and metabolic benefits to its host, regulates the immune system and various signaling molecules, protects the intestine from pathogen invasion, and promotes a healthy intestinal structure and an optimal intestinal function. With the fast development of next-generation sequencing, molecular techniques have become standard tools for microbiota research, having been used to demonstrate the complex intestinal ecosystem. Similarly to other mammals, the vast majority of GI microbiota in cats (over 99%) is composed of the predominant bacterial phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Many nutritional and clinical studies have shown that cats' microbiota can be affected by several different factors including body condition, age, diet, and inflammatory diseases. All these factors have different size effects, and some of these may be very minor, and it is currently unknown how important these are. Further research is needed to determine the functional variations in the microbiome in disease states and in response to environmental and/or dietary modulations. Additionally, further studies are also needed to explain the intricate relationship between GI microbiota and the genetics and immunity of its host. This review summarizes past and present knowledge of the feline GI microbiota and looks into the future possibilities and challenges of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lyu
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Chunxia Su
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Martos Martinez-Caja
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Shinohara M, Kiyosue M, Tochio T, Kimura S, Koga Y. Activation of butyrate-producing bacteria as well as bifidobacteria in the cat intestinal microbiota by the administration of 1-kestose, the smallest component of fructo-oligosaccharide. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:866-874. [PMID: 32389951 PMCID: PMC7399319 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
1-kestose is a structural component of fructo-oligosaccharides and is composed of 2 fructose residues bound to sucrose through β2-1 bonds. In the present study, the influence of the ingestion of 1-kestose on the intestinal microbiota was investigated in cats. Six healthy cats were administered 1 g/day of 1-kestose for 8 weeks followed by a 2-week wash-out period. Fecal samples were collected from cats after 0, 4, 8, and 10 weeks. The intestinal microbiota was examined by a 16S rRNA gene metagenomic analysis and real-time PCR. Short-chain fatty acids were measured by GC/MS. The results suggested that the intestinal bacterial community structure in feline assigned to this study was divided into 2 types: one group mainly composed of the genus Lactobacillus (GA) and the other mainly composed of the genus Blautia with very few bacteria of Lactobacillus (GB). Furthermore, the number of Bifidobacterium slightly increased after the administration of 1-kestose (at 4 and 8 weeks) (P<0.1). The administration of 1-kestose also increased the abundance of Megasphaera, the butyric acid-producing bacteria, at 4 and 8 weeks (P<0.1). Furthermore, an increase in butyric acid levels was observed after the administration of 1-kestose for 4 weeks (P<0.1). These results suggest that 1-kestose activated butyrate-producing bacteria as well as bifidobacteria and propose its potential as a new generation prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takumi Tochio
- B Food Science Co., Ltd., Chita, Aichi 478-0046, Japan
| | - Seiji Kimura
- Nisshin Petfood Inc., Nasu-Shiobara, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Koga
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan.,Japanese Society for Probiotic Science, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1143, Japan
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Ibrahim M, Ahmad F, Yaqub B, Ramzan A, Imran A, Afzaal M, Mirza SA, Mazhar I, Younus M, Akram Q, Ali Taseer MS, Ahmad A, Ahmed S. Current trends of antimicrobials used in food animals and aquaculture. ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE GENES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818882-8.00004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Human population has been increasing rapidly, which ultimately increases human consumption, especially, animal protein requirements. Therefore, demands of animal protein consumption are increasing worldwide at an extraordinary rate. In order to meet the protein demand, intensive animal and aquaculture farming are considered. Like livestock farming (poultry, pigs, sheep, livestock, horses, rabbits, etc.), aquaculture farming (fish, crustaceans, mollusks, etc.) is also becoming the globe's emergent protein production sector. More than 580 aquaculture species are farmed worldwide. Current food animal and aquaculture farming are coupled with standard usage of antimicrobials. The antimicrobial drugs are major solutions for the management of contagious illnesses in food animals and aquaculture. In animal husbandry, antimicrobials are widely utilized for animal therapy, prophylaxis, or as growth promoters. Imprudent usage of these antimicrobials in food animals and aquaculture is a major contributing factor in the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The widespread use of veterinary medicines is considered to signify a frightening population health threat. It not only results in the disclosure and escalation of resistant microbes but also causes other individual, animal, and ecological deterioration. The contribution of resistant microbes from various sources seems to be the major base of resistance in the environment. However, strict policies and regulations for antimicrobial usage in food animals and aquaculture must be made and applied. It is important to prevent their negative effects in humans, food animals, aquaculture, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fiaz Ahmad
- Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Yaqub
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ramzan
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Imran
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Sustainable development study center GC University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Iqra Mazhar
- Sustainable development study center GC University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Qaisar Akram
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sarfraz Ahmed
- Department of Basic Siences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan
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Fusi E, Rizzi R, Polli M, Cannas S, Giardini A, Bruni N, Marelli SP. Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL (CECT 4529) supplementation on healthy cat performance. Vet Rec Open 2019; 6:e000368. [PMID: 31897301 PMCID: PMC6924845 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus D2/CSL (CECT 4529) on nutritional condition and faecal quality in cats. Methods Ten healthy adult cats from the same cattery were included (aged >9 months; male:female sex ratio=3:7). The animals were randomly assigned to a control group (CTR; n=5; male:female=1:4; room 1: 16 m2) and to a treated group (LACTO; n=5; male:female=2:3; room 2: 16 m2) receiving the same commercial dry diet. The LACTO group diet was supplemented with the probiotic (5 x 109 cfu/kg feed at least). A five-week experimental period was applied, and nutritional status was monitored by bodyweight (BW) and body condition score (BCS). Faecal quality was evaluated using faecal score (FS) and faecal moisture (FM) parameters. Plate counts of some faecal bacteria species were carried out. The data obtained were analysed using MIXED, GLM and NPAR1WAY procedures (SAS V.9.4; P≤0.05). Results The two groups did not show differences in BW and BCS data. A clear effect of the probiotic supplementation on FM was recorded (LACTO 44 per cent v CTR group 46 per cent; P=0.04). FS in the LACTO group (3.35) was close to ideal values (2-3) in comparison with the CTR group (3.75). Positive effects of L acidophilus D2/CSL have been recorded in terms of increase in faecal lactobacilli counts and reduction in faecal coli counts. Conclusions This study's preliminary results describe how inclusion of L acidophilus D2/CSL (CECT 4529) probiotic strain in cats' diets could effectively improve faecal quality parameters and consequently gut health in adult healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Fusi
- VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Rita Rizzi
- Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Polli
- DIMEVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Simona Cannas
- DIMEVET, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Alberto Giardini
- Centro Sperimentale del Latte Srl, Zelo Buon Persico, Lodi, Italy
| | - Natascia Bruni
- R&D, Istituto Farmaceutico Candioli SPA, Beinasco, Torino, Italy
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Marsilio S, Pilla R, Sarawichitr B, Chow B, Hill SL, Ackermann MR, Estep JS, Lidbury JA, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS. Characterization of the fecal microbiome in cats with inflammatory bowel disease or alimentary small cell lymphoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19208. [PMID: 31844119 PMCID: PMC6914782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55691-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline chronic enteropathy (CE) is a common gastrointestinal disorder in cats and mainly comprises inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and small cell lymphoma (SCL). Both IBD and SCL in cats share features with chronic enteropathies such as IBD and monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma in humans. The aim of this study was to characterize the fecal microbiome of 38 healthy cats and 27 cats with CE (13 cats with IBD and 14 cats with SCL). Alpha diversity indices were significantly decreased in cats with CE (OTU p = 0.003, Shannon Index p = 0.008, Phylogenetic Diversity p = 0.019). ANOSIM showed a significant difference in bacterial communities, albeit with a small effect size (P = 0.023, R = 0.073). Univariate analysis and LEfSE showed a lower abundance of facultative anaerobic taxa of the phyla Firmicutes (families Ruminococcaceae and Turicibacteraceae), Actinobacteria (genus Bifidobacterium) and Bacteroidetes (i.a. Bacteroides plebeius) in cats with CE. The facultative anaerobic taxa Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcaceae were increased in cats with CE. No significant difference between the microbiome of cats with IBD and those with SCL was found. Cats with CE showed patterns of dysbiosis similar to those in found people with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Marsilio
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA.
- University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - Benjamin Sarawichitr
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - Betty Chow
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, 10435 Sorrento Valley Rd, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- VCA Animal Specialty & Emergency Center, 1535 South Sepulveda Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90025, USA
| | - Steve L Hill
- Veterinary Specialty Hospital, 10435 Sorrento Valley Rd, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Flagstaff Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting (FLG VIM-C), 6135 Kaitlin Way, Flagstaff, AZ, 86003, USA
| | - Mark R Ackermann
- Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - J Scot Estep
- Texas Veterinary Pathology, LLC, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - Joerg M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
| | - Jan S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Science, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4474, USA
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Sohail MU, Elrayess MA, Al Thani AA, Al-Asmakh M, Yassine HM. Profiling the Oral Microbiome and Plasma Biochemistry of Obese Hyperglycemic Subjects in Qatar. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120645. [PMID: 31816998 PMCID: PMC6955820 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is designed to compare demographic characteristics, plasma biochemistry, and the oral microbiome in obese (N = 37) and lean control (N = 36) subjects enrolled at Qatar Biobank, Qatar. Plasma hormones, enzymes, and lipid profiles were analyzed at Hamad Medical Cooperation Diagnostic Laboratory. Saliva microbiome characterization was carried out by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform. Obese subjects had higher testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations compared to the control group. A negative association between BMI and testosterone (p < 0.001, r = −0.64) and SHBG (p < 0.001, r = −0.34) was observed. Irrespective of the study groups, the oral microbiome was predominantly occupied by Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Veillonella species. A generalized linear model revealed that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (2.25 ± 1.83 vs. 1.76 ± 0.58; corrected p-value = 0.04) was higher, and phylum Fusobacteria concentration (4.5 ± 3.0 vs. 6.2 ± 4.3; corrected p-value = 0.05) was low in the obese group compared with the control group. However, no differences in microbiome diversity were observed between the two groups as evaluated by alpha (Kruskal–Wallis p ≥ 0.78) and beta (PERMANOVA p = 0.37) diversity indexes. Certain bacterial phyla (Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes, and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes) were positively associated (p = 0.05, r ≤ +0.5) with estradiol, fast food consumption, creatinine, breastfed during infancy, triglycerides, and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations. In conclusion, no differences in oral microbiome diversity were observed between the studied groups. However, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, a recognized obesogenic microbiome trait, was higher in the obese subjects. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings in a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad U. Sohail
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.A.E.); (A.A.A.T.); (M.A.-A.)
- Correspondence: (M.U.S.); (H.M.Y.)
| | - Mohamed A. Elrayess
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.A.E.); (A.A.A.T.); (M.A.-A.)
| | - Asma A. Al Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.A.E.); (A.A.A.T.); (M.A.-A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.A.E.); (A.A.A.T.); (M.A.-A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.A.E.); (A.A.A.T.); (M.A.-A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Correspondence: (M.U.S.); (H.M.Y.)
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Tretola M, Luciano A, Ottoboni M, Baldi A, Pinotti L. Influence of Traditional vs Alternative Dietary Carbohydrates Sources on the Large Intestinal Microbiota in Post-Weaning Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9080516. [PMID: 31374923 PMCID: PMC6719221 DOI: 10.3390/ani9080516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nutritional and environmental changes result in significant physiological changes in pigs at the weaning stage. The post-weaning period is mainly characterized by low feed intake and feed efficiency, together with intestinal disturbances. Maximizing the energy intake is known to be critical for promoting growth in weaned piglets, and it is essential to formulate diets with highly digestible and absorbable nutrients/ingredients, as the degree of intestinal maturation is limited. The current challenge is to find new sustainable, effective, and simple carbohydrate sources to satisfy these conditions without producing detrimental effects on the gut ecosystem. In this research, processed and ready-to-eat food products that are no longer suitable for humans were tested, which have high potential as an alternative energy source for pig nutrition. The results demonstrated that replacing conventional ingredients with highly digestible and simple carbohydrate-rich ingredients in the diets of post-weaning piglets did not affect their growth. However, both the abundance and composition of the bacterial community in the large intestine changed. Thus, the results should be interpreted with caution, as they are case-specific, and when these alternative feed ingredients are used in the post-weaning period, their inclusion rate and their effect on microbiota must be carefully considered. Abstract In this study, common cereal grains were partially replaced by former foodstuffs products (FFPs) in post-weaning piglets’ diets, to investigate how these alternative ingredients influence the faecal microbiota in the post-weaning period. Twelve post-weaning piglets were housed for 16 days in individual pens and were then fed two diets: a standard wheat-barley-corn meal diet and a diet containing 30% FFPs, thus partially substituting conventional cereals. The growth performance was monitored and faecal microbiota was characterized by the next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed no detrimental effects on growth performance when FFPs were used. However, the FFP diet decreased the bacterial richness and evenness in the large intestine, while minor differences were observed in the taxa composition. The core microbiota composition was only slightly affected, and no differences between the two groups in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum level over time were observed. Thus, although these results should be interpreted with caution, as they are case-specific, FFPs can be potentially used as alternative carbohydrate sources in post-weaning piglets, but further investigations are necessary to clarify their impact on gut health when used for a longer period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tretola
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Alice Luciano
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Ottoboni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonella Baldi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luciano Pinotti
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Meazzi S, Stranieri A, Lauzi S, Bonsembiante F, Ferro S, Paltrinieri S, Giordano A. Feline gut microbiota composition in association with feline coronavirus infection: A pilot study. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:272-278. [PMID: 31326703 PMCID: PMC7111766 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoV) colonize the intestinal tract, however, due to not fully understood mutations, they can spread systemically and cause feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Recent studies on human medicine report that gut microbiota is involved in the development of systemic disorders and could influence the immune response to viral diseases. The aim of this study was to provide preliminary data on the fecal microbiota composition in healthy cats compared to FCoV-infected cats, with and without FIP. Cats were equally grouped as healthy FCoV-negative, healthy FCoV-positive or FIP affected (total n = 15). Fecal sample were evaluated for the microbiota composition. A total of 3,231,916 sequences were analyzed. The samples' alpha-diversity curves did not reach a proper plateau and, for the beta-diversity, the samples seemed not to group perfectly by category, even if the healthy FCoV-positive group showed a hybrid microbial composition between FCoV-negative and FIP groups. Although there were no taxa significantly linked to the different conditions, some peculiar patterns were recognized: Firmicutes was always the most represented phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. In FCoV-positive cats, the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were respectively over- and under-represented, compared to the other groups. Among FIP cats, three subjects shared a similar microbiome, one cat showed a different microbial profile and the other one had the lowest number of diverse phyla. Despite the limited number of animals, some differences in the fecal microbiome between the groups were observed, suggesting to further investigate the possible correlation between gut microbiota and FCoV infection in cats. Mutated form of enteric feline coronaviruses (FCoV) may spread systemically inducing feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Gut microbiota is known to be influenced by viral diseases in people and in some animal species. Fecal microbiota was evaluated in 15 cats divided in three groups as healthy, positive to FCoV and affected by FIP. Some microbiota peculiarities have been observed associated with the presence of coronavirus and/or disease. Feline gut microbiota composition may be associated with FCoV infection and thus need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy.
| | - Angelica Stranieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Stefania Lauzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Federico Bonsembiante
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 15, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 15, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 10, 20122 Milano, MI, Italy; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Milan, via dell'Università, 6, 26900 Lodi, LO, Italy
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Fitzgerald E, Murphy S, Martinson HA. Alpha-Synuclein Pathology and the Role of the Microbiota in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:369. [PMID: 31068777 PMCID: PMC6491838 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a principle in science, known as Occam’s razor, that says the correct solution is usually the one with the simplest explanation. The microbiota-gut-brain axis, an interdependent series of communication loops between the enteric nervous system (ENS), the microbiota, the gut, and the brain, offers important insight into how changes in our gut affect distant organs like our brains. The inherent complexity of this axis with the crosstalk between the immune system, inflammatory states, and the thousands of bacteria, viral, and fungal species that together make up the microbiota make studying the interactions that govern this axis difficult and far from parsimonious. It is becoming increasingly clear that the microbiota is integral to this axis. Disruption of the healthy flora, a phenomenon collectively referred to as dysbiosis, has been implicated as a driver for several diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, diabetes, liver disease, and neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Teasing apart these complex interactions as they pertain to PD is critical for our understanding of this debilitating disease, but more importantly, for the development of future treatments. So far, treatments have been unable to stop this neurodegenerative disease, succeeding only in briefly dampening symptoms and buying patients time before the inevitable loss of function ensues. Given that the 10 years prognosis for death or life-limiting disability with someone diagnosed with PD is upwards of 80%, there is a desperate need for curative treatments that go beyond symptom management. If PD does begin in the periphery with bidirectional communication between the microbiota and the immune system, as recent literature suggests, there is an exciting possibility that progression could be stopped before it reaches the brain. This systematic review assesses the current literature surrounding the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of alpha-synucleinopathies and explores the hypothesis that alpha-synuclein folding is modulated by the microbiota. Furthermore, we discuss how changes in the gut environment can lead to pathology and outline the implications that advances in understanding the interactions between host and microbiota will have on future research and the development of potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Fitzgerald
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sarah Murphy
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Holly A Martinson
- WWAMI School of Medical Education, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, United States
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Han S, Guan Y, Dou H, Yang H, Yao M, Ge J, Feng L. Comparison of the fecal microbiota of two free-ranging Chinese subspecies of the leopard ( Panthera pardus) using high-throughput sequencing. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6684. [PMID: 30944781 PMCID: PMC6441561 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of gut microbiota using fecal samples provides a non-invasive approach to understand the complex interactions between host species and their intestinal bacterial community. However, information on gut microbiota for wild endangered carnivores is scarce. The goal of this study was to describe the gut microbiota of two leopard subspecies, the Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) and North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis). Fecal samples from the Amur leopard (n = 8) and North Chinese leopard (n = 13) were collected in Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park and Shanxi Tieqiaoshan Provincial Nature Reserve in China, respectively. The gut microbiota of leopards was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA gene using the Life Ion S5™ XL platform. A total of 1,413,825 clean reads representing 4,203 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected. For Amur leopard samples, Firmicutes (78.4%) was the dominant phylum, followed by Proteobacteria (9.6%) and Actinobacteria (7.6%). And for the North Chinese leopard, Firmicutes (68.6%), Actinobacteria (11.6%) and Fusobacteria (6.4%) were the most predominant phyla. Clostridiales was the most diverse bacterial order with 37.9% for Amur leopard and 45.7% for North Chinese leopard. Based on the beta-diversity analysis, no significant difference was found in the bacterial community composition between the Amur leopard and North Chinese leopard samples. The current study provides the initial data about the composition and structure of the gut microbiota for wild Amur leopards and North Chinese leopards, and has laid the foundation for further investigations of the health, dietary preferences and physiological regulation of leopards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Han
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Guan
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Dou
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Shandong, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yao
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianping Ge
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Feng
- Northeast Tiger and Leopard Biodiversity National Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory for Conservation Ecology of Northeast Tiger and Leopard National Park, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Amur tiger and Amur leopard Monitoring and Research Center, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Alessandri G, Milani C, Mancabelli L, Mangifesta M, Lugli GA, Viappiani A, Duranti S, Turroni F, Ossiprandi MC, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Metagenomic dissection of the canine gut microbiota: insights into taxonomic, metabolic and nutritional features. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:1331-1343. [PMID: 30680877 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Domestication of dogs from wolves is the oldest known example of ongoing animal selection, responsible for generating more than 300 dog breeds worldwide. In order to investigate the taxonomic and functional evolution of the canine gut microbiota, a multi-omics approach was applied to six wild wolves and 169 dog faecal samples, the latter encompassing 51 breeds, which fully covers currently known canine genetic biodiversity. Specifically, 16S rRNA gene and bifidobacterial Internally Transcribed Spacer (ITS) profiling were employed to reconstruct and then compare the canine core gut microbiota to those of wolves and humans, revealing that artificial selection and subsequent cohabitation of dogs with their owners influenced the microbial population of canine gut through loss and acquisition of specific bacterial taxa. Moreover, comparative analysis of the intestinal bacterial population of dogs fed on Bones and Raw Food (BARF) or commercial food (CF) diet, coupled with shotgun metagenomics, highlighted that both bacterial composition and metabolic repertoire of the canine gut microbiota have evolved to adapt to high-protein or high-carbohydrates intake. Altogether, these data indicate that artificial selection and domestication not only affected the canine genome, but also shaped extensively the bacterial population harboured by the canine gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Alessandri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Mangifesta
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gabriele A Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Duranti
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria C Ossiprandi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,Microbiome Research Hub, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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49
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Diabetic cats have decreased gut microbial diversity and a lack of butyrate producing bacteria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4822. [PMID: 30886210 PMCID: PMC6423039 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and inactivity are major risk factors of feline diabetes mellitus (FDM) and human type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In recent years, changes in the gut microbiota have been suggested as a contributing factor to T2DM. Whether the gut microbiota (GM) composition plays a role in FDM remains unknown. The aim of the current study was firstly a cross-sectional comparison of the GM of diabetic cats, to that of lean, and of obese/overweight non-diabetic cats of a similar age. Specifically, fecal samples from 82 privately-owned cats from Denmark and Switzerland were sequenced using 16S rRNA gene amplicon metabarcoding. Secondly dietary intervention data was generated, by obtaining additional samples from a subset of cats after placing them on a high-protein diet for four weeks. The GM diversity of diabetic cats was lower than that of lean cats in the cross-sectional study, and lower compared to lean and to overweight/obese cats after diet intervention. Diabetic cats also exhibited fewer Anaerotruncus, Dialister, and unknown Ruminococcaceae than lean cats. Serum fructosamine levels correlated negatively with Prevotellaceae abundance and positively with Enterobacteriaceae abundance. In summary the intestinal microbiota of diabetic cats was characterized by decreased GM diversity and loss of butyrate producing bacterial genera.
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50
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Sohail M, Hume M. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Action of Chitosan and Acetic Acid on Broiler Cecal Bacterial Profiles in Anaerobic Cultures Inoculated With Salmonella Typhimurium. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfy061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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